Wide Pore Size Distribution Research Articles

The performance and mechanism for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue catalyzed by ultrathin NiAl-layered double hydroxides

Ultrathin materials are widely used in various photocatalytic reactions due to their large specific surface area, multi-surface active sites, easy carrier separation and transport. In this work, ultrathin NiAl-layered double hydroxides (U-LDHs) nanosheets were prepared by a urea-assisted strategy for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements show that the thickness of U-LDHs nanosheet is generally between 3 and 8 nm, with a wide pore size distribution and a high specific surface area (109 m2/g). U-LDHs nanosheets can remove 92.42% of methylene blue after 90 min light irradiation, which is nearly 40% higher than that of bulk NiAl-LDHs (B-LDHs). In addition, combined with photoelectric performance characterization and density functional theory calculation, it is confirmed that the U-LDHs nanosheets are much better to the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers compared with the bulk LDHs. Besides, U-LDHs is conducive to adsorb oxygen to generate superoxide radicals, promoting the progress of photocatalytic reactions and significantly improving photodegradation performance.

Weibull distribution models for describing soil hydraulic properties over the entire matric suction range

Accurate descriptions of soil hydraulic properties over the entire matric suction range require the consideration of both capillary and noncapillary processes. This study extended the Weibull distribution models of hydraulic properties to complete dryness by the modular frameworks of Peters-Durner-Iden (PDI) and Brunswick (BW). Model-data comparison results showed that the original Weibull distribution models, accounting solely for capillary phenomena, provided inadequate descriptions of measurements in the dry range of water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity curve. The improved models of PDI and BW, accounting for both capillary and noncapillary processes, effectively described the hydraulic properties data from saturation to complete dryness, although the BW model violated the linearity requirement for water retention in dry soils with wide pore-size distributions. The PDI model overall performed better than the BW model in terms of their capability to fit the retention data and predict the conductivity data. Adopting the physically-based approach developed recently, the improved PDI and BW models can reliably predict the hydraulic conductivity along the complete matric suction range from water retention only, without use of fitted conductivity parameters. Thus, the improved PDI and BW models are applicable to cases where measured conductivity data (particularly noncapillary-dominated range) are not available.

Development of selective Pd–Ag membranes on porous metal filters

Metallic supports with sufficient surface quality to achieve highly selective thin Pd–Ag membranes require specific pre-treatments, are not readily available on the market and are generally very expensive. To reduce costs, rough and large media grade Hastelloy X filters have been acquired and pre-treated via polishing and chemical etching. The loss in gas permeance given by the polishing treatment proved fully recovered after chemical etching. A method to fill the large pores of the filters via aspiration of α-Al2O3 water-powder suspension has been applied and characterized via imaging of the filled pores, inferential statistics, and capillary flow porometry measurements. The most suitable filler particle size for pore size distribution reduction has been identified as 18 μm, while a 5 μm filler proved optimal for further pore morphology improvement. The wide pore size distribution of the filters has thus been reduced up to 200 nm by filling with α-Al2O3 particles of decreasing size, similarly to the ceramic supports used for thin Pd–Ag membranes deposition. A boehmite based interdiffusion barrier has been deposited, achieving further surface roughness reduction. A highly H2 selective membrane has been obtained via simultaneous Pd–Ag plating on the pre-treated filter.

Probing diffusional exchange in mesoporous zeolite by NMR diffusion and relaxation methods

We propose NMR relaxation techniques to evaluate diffusional exchange between the different porosity compartments of heterogeneous catalyst extrudates in addition to NMR diffusion measurements. The two systems considered are close to industrial products and contain a wide distribution of pore sizes spanning from microporosity (2 types of zeolites CBV400 and CBV720), mesoporosity induced by the alumina binder, and macroporosity introduced during the shaping procedure. The question is to determine in which system the meso and macroporosity provide the best access to microporosity. Beside standard techniques, we measured the pore size distribution using NMR cryoporometry in the range 2 nm up to 1 μm, and the amount of microporosity below 2 nm from relaxation data at −29 °C. These measurements provide reference values independently of the connectivity or the hierarchical organization of the pore network. Long range diffusion was measured using methane and cyclohexane to evaluate the effect of macropores. When saturated with squalane, the diffusive exchange between micro and mesoporosity was evaluated using two techniques: (i) the comparison of the apparent mesoporosity fraction in the T2 distribution to the true value measured by cryoporometry, (ii) the measurement of exchange times using T2-exchange-T2 experiments. These two approaches give coherent results. The diffusive coupling was also observed with 2-propanol saturated extrudates, for which the surface residence time τS was evaluated from the interpretation of the 3 relaxation times T2, T1 and T1ρ; for the 2 samples τS differ by 2 orders of magnitude due to the very different Si/Al ratio of the 2 zeolites used in the extrudates. All these methods lead to the conclusion that the presence of mesoporosity in zeolite crystals is beneficial to the diffusive transport with the surrounding porosity only when molecule/zeolite interactions are not predominant.

Monolithic Covalent Organic Frameworks with Hierarchical Architecture: Attractive Platform for Contaminant Remediation

The insolubility in solvents and poor processability of powder covalent organic frameworks (COFs) considerably impede their practical application. To address these issues and bridge the gap between powder COFs and their practical application, the construction of monolithic COFs has emerged as a feasible and effective solution. Monolithic COFs (i.e., macroscopic three-dimensional architectures) with hierarchical structures have attracted tremendous interest for environmental remediation and exhibited good contaminant removal performances owing to their wide distribution of pore sizes ranging from micropores to macropores, large specific surface area, tailored chemical components, and excellent chemical stability. Monolithic COFs can be either pure COFs with self-supporting structures or composites of COFs with other materials. The resulting COF-based monoliths inherit the merits of the parent powder COFs (such as tunable pore size, tailored structure, and super chemical/thermal stability) and the intriguing features of monolithic materials, such as hierarchical structure, high porosity, and easy handling, endowing them with fast mass transfer and high adsorption capacity. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the synthesis of monolithic COF materials. Additionally, the recent progress of their application in environmental remediation is summarized, including metal-ion removal, organic-pollutant capture, and oil–water separation. Furthermore, this review discusses the current challenges and provides future perspectives. We sincerely hope that it will contribute to the further development of COF-based materials in other fields, especially environmental remediation.

The implementation of an easy-to-apply NMR cryoporometric instrument for porous materials

Time-domain NMR has been extensively utilised to study various characteristics of fluid-saturated porous,materials for instance their mobility, dynamics, stiffness, viscosity and rigidity features, particularly for solid hydrocarbons, rubbers and other polymers. As a unique time-domain technique available for over 30 years, NMR cryoporometry (NMRC) may be used to obtain pore-size distributions of the measured samples. To accurately control the sample temperature, a Peltier thermo-electrically cooled variable temperature probe has been developed and integrated with a highly compact precision NMR time-domain relaxation spectrometer, therefore providing the community with a high-performance instrument for NMR Cryoporometry. To extend the application of aforementioned high-performance NMRC instrument into more senarios, we designed a series of light-weight, compact and integral models with optional NMR frequencies from 12 MHz up to 23 MHz. The measured sample temperature can be precisely controlled from about −60 °C to +80 °C, with an excellent temperature resolution of 10 mK or better near the probe liquid bulk melting point. Therefore, it offers a fairly wide NMRC pore-size distribution ranging from about 1 nm to 2 μm by using water as the probe liquid in the pores, significantly wider than is possible when applying generic NMR Spectrometers for NMRC. A preliminary example of NMR Cryoporometric measurements on two special cement samples is shown in the paper in which the measured pore scales as well as their repeatability are demonstrated. Furthermore, various nano-materials, such as MOF, zeolite and shale kerogen would be potential materials to study by using these new available NMRC instrument models. We aim to offer this technique as a quantitative and easy-to-apply unitary benck-top tool for an even wider range of porous material.

Pore flow and solute rejection in pilot-scale air-gap membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) is a desalination technology with promising applications in treating brines generated by reverse osmosis. Theoretically, MD can achieve 100% rejection of non-volatile contaminants such as organic and inorganic solutes and pathogens because only the vapor phase permeates through the membrane. However, polymeric membranes are subject to a wide distribution of pore sizes that may result in pore flow or liquid flux through even a new membrane resulting in poor contaminant rejection. In pilot-scale MD systems, a larger membrane area increases the hydraulic pressure in the flow channel and the transmembrane hydraulic pressure difference, thus increasing the probability of pore flow of non-volatile contaminants through the membrane and providing enhanced resolution of contaminant detection. This work reports membrane rejection of organic and inorganic non-volatile solutes in a pilot-scale air-gap MD (AGMD) element and quantifies, for the first time, transport of non-volatile solutes through the membrane because of pore flow. Pathogen rejection in the pilot-scale MD system was also measured using enteric virus surrogates MS2 and PhiX174 as tracers. Organic and inorganic solutes and both viruses were detected in the distillate, suggesting the presence of pore flow. No difference between organic and inorganic solute rejection was observed, and both decreased (from 2.5-log10 to 1.5-log10) with an increase in air-gap vacuum (from 50 to 500 mbar). At 50 mbar and low evaporator inlet temperature (40 °C), virus rejection (2.4 -log10) was higher than organic and inorganic solute rejection (1.7-log10).

Preparation of biomorphic porous La0.8Ce0.2Fe0.3Co0.7O3 perovskite‐type catalysts for automobile exhaust purification

AbstractBiomorphic porous La0.8Ce0.2Fe0.3Co0.7O3 perovskite‐type catalysts are synthesized through a facile bio‐templating method taking wood fiber as template for achieving the four‐way purification of PM, NOx, CO, and HC emitted by automobile exhausts. The catalyst samples were characterized by X‐ray diffractometer, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The results showed that catalyst sample calcined at 700°C obtained high purity, high surface area (4.01 m2/g), wide pore size distribution and retained the initial wood fiber structure, which was suitable for purifying automobile exhausts. In addition, the performances for four‐way purification under the simulated exhaust were analyzed by simulation test bench. The highest purification efficiency of PM, NOx, HC, and CO can reach 92%, 92%, 98%, and 76%, separately. Moreover, four‐way purification mechanism was deduced according to the theoretical research of Mars‐van krevelen on the redox reaction mechanism and experimental result.

Effect of starch on pore structure and thermal conductivity of diatomite-based porous ceramics

Considering the low-cost and environmental protection, the porous ceramics with high porosity using natural diatomite powder were successfully prepared by utilizing hot injection moulding and sacrificial fugitives. The impacts of different content of starch as a pore-forming agent on the phase composition, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and micro-structure of porous ceramics were investigated. The results demonstrate that starch content can significantly affect the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of diatomite-based porous ceramics. When the starch content increased from 0 wt % to 50 wt %, the porosity increased from 61.2% to 80%, while the thermal conductivity decreases from 0.239 W/(m K) to 0.098 W/(m K). The low thermal conductivity of porous ceramics may be related to the macroporous–mesoporous composite structure. With the starch content increased, a greater chance of starch granule contact, higher internal pore sizes and a wider pore size distribution in the prepared samples, which resulting in lower mechanical strength, such as the three-point bending strength from 2.83 MPa to 0.46 MPa.

Microporous Matrimid/PIM-1 Thin Film Composite Membranes with Narrow Pore Size Distribution used for Molecular Separation in Organic Solvents.

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are a class of microporous organic materials that contain interconnected pores of less than 2nm in diameter. Such materials are of great potential used in membranes for molecular separation, such as drug fractionation in pharmaceutical industry. However, the PIMs membranes are often susceptible to low separation selectivity toward different molecules due to their wide pore size distribution. Herein, a linear polyimide, Matrimid, is incorporated with PIM-1 (a typical member of PIMs) by solution blending, and the blends are dip-coated onto a polyimide P84 support membrane to prepare thin-film composite (TFC) membranes to control pore size distribution while keep high microporosity. The component miscibility, pore characteristics, and molecular separation performances of the Matrimid/PIM-1 TFC membranes are investigated in detail. The Matrimid and PIM-1 are partially miscible due to their similar Hansen solubility parameters. The Matrimid endows the selective layers (coatings) with narrower pore size distribution due to more compact chain packing. The prepared Matrimid/PIM-1 TFC membranes show high selectivity for separation of riboflavin (80% of retention) and isatin (only 5% of retention). The developed membranes exhibit great potential for separating molecules with different molecular weights.

Continuous depth filtration in perfusion cell culture

As the biopharmaceutical industry embraces continuous manufacturing there has been significant progress made in converting standard unit operations from batch to continuous. Cellulose-based depth filters are composed of a complex mix of cellulose fibers, inorganic filter aids, and resins that create wide pore size distributions and multiple modes of separation (e.g. size exclusion, adsorption). They are heavily used in batch processing due to their scalability, footprint, and cost-effectiveness, but have not yet been widely adopted in continuous processing and questions remain on their ability to provide consistent long-term performance. Here, we use a continuous secondary clarification application to investigate depth filter performance over long continuous operation. After initial offline screening, select depth filters were sterilized and connected inline with a CHO cell perfusion bioreactor and run for between one and nine days. We evaluate how fouling changes in continuous operation by fitting fouling models to the differential pressure data. Instantaneous filtrate quality is evaluated over run time and filter loading. Finally, we assess how flux and run duration impact filter capacities and process economics.

Narrowing the pore size distribution of polyamide nanofiltration membranes via dragging piperazines to enhance ion selectivity

Traditional polyamide nanofiltration membranes often can't obtain ideal ion selectivity due to their wide pore size distribution. In this work, a β-cyclodextrin modified sodium hyaluronate (HA-CD) was introduced to achieve the dragging effect of piperazine by non-specific hydrogen bond interaction between HA-CD and substrate and piperazine, thus realizing the purpose of sustained release of piperazine. The MD simulation results demonstrated that the diffusion rate of piperazine was reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude due to the interaction effect. In addition to making the polyamide layer thinner and smoother, HA-CD also narrows the pore size distribution. The salt filtration test showed that the prepared membrane has excellent anion selectivity (αmax:114) and permeability (10.66 L m−2 h−1 bar−1). Long-term filtration and nano-scratch test results demonstrated that the prepared membranes have good operational stability (the permeability only decreased about 30%) and mechanical strength (the interface bonding strength increased about 270%). By exploring the effect of the interaction between HA-CD and substrate and piperazine on the interfacial polymerization process, which proved the feasibility of realizing high permeability selectivity and stability of the membrane by constructing the functional bridge between substrates and aqueous monomers.

Coordination-driven structure reconstruction in polymer of intrinsic microporosity membranes for efficient propylene/propane separation

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), integrating unique microporous structure and solution-processability, are one class of the most promising membrane materials for energy-efficient gas separations. However, the micropores generated from inefficient chain packing often exhibit wide pore size distribution, making it very challenging to achieve efficient olefin/paraffin separations. Here, we propose a coordination-driven reconstruction (CDR) strategy, where metal ions are incorporated into amidoxime-functionalized PIM-1 (AO-PIM) to in situ generate coordination crosslinking networks. By varying the type and content of metal ions, the resulting crosslinking structures can be optimized, and the molecular sieving capability of PIM membranes can be dramatically enhanced. Particularly, the introduction of alkali or alkaline earth metals renders more precise micropores contributing to superior C3H6/C3H8 separation performance. K+ incorporated AO-PIM membranes exhibit a high ideal C3H6/C3H8 selectivity of 50, surpassing almost all the reported polymer membranes. Moreover, the coordination crosslinking structure significantly improves the membrane stability under higher pressure as well as the plasticization resistant performance. We envision that this straightforward and generic CDR strategy could potentially unlock the potentials of PIMs for olefin/paraffin separations and many other challenging gas separations.

Fractal analysis of pore structures in transitional shale gas reservoirs in the Linxing area, Ordos Basin

Studying complex pore structures and fractal characteristics of gas shale provides significant guidance for clarifying the mechanism of shale gas accumulation and realizing its efficient development. In this paper, 12 samples of Taiyuan Formation shale are used as the research object, and the fractal theory is combined with mercury intrusion porosimetry and N2 adsorption technology to innovatively solve the problem of splicing point selection, which can reveal the full-scale pore size distribution of shale. The results demonstrate that the most common types of pores in the chosen samples are pores between or within clay minerals, micropores and mesopores inside organic matter, and microfractures, based on scanning electron microscopy imagery analyses. The pores of shale samples have fractal geometries. The fractal dimension DM1 values in the mercury intrusion porosimetry experiments range from 2.3060 to 2.6528. Two fractal dimensions, DN1 and DN2, may be obtained using the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill fractal method. DN1 values vary from 2.4780 to 2.6387, whereas DN2 values range from 2.5239 to 2.7388. Most macropores in shale samples have a size range of about 0.2 mm, with a wide pore size distribution, and the largest peak of the micro-mesopore volume is generally about 50 nm. The fractal dimension correlates positively with the corresponding pore volume, although the correlation between volume and composition is weak. The relatively strong correlation between fractals and the basic compositions of shale proves the fractal theory’s relevance in defining pore inhomogeneity. This study would contribute to the development of a fractal perspective-based method for pore splicing while also expanding our understanding of pore morphology and structure in transitional shale.

Synthesis of carbon molecular sieves from agricultural residues: Status, challenges and prospects

Adsorption is the most promising technology used in the gas separation and purification process. The key success of this technology relies on the selection of an adsorbent. Activated carbon and zeolites are the most commonly used adsorbents in the separation of particular gas from gaseous mixtures. Activated carbon deriving from fossil and biomass-based resources has wide pore size distribution and thereby results in lower selectivity. Whereas, zeolites synthesized from natural minerals are expensive which increases the cost of the purification process. Taking this into concern, the quest for synthesizing low-cost and effective adsorbents has gained greater attention in recent years. Carbon Molecular Sieves (CMSs), are considered as an attractive alternative to replace the conventional adsorbents. Furthermore, CMSs exhibit higher selectivity and adsorption capacity, due to their narrow micropore size distribution (0.3–0.5 nm). CMSs are synthesized from any organic carbonaceous precursor with low inorganic content. Since most of the agricultural residues fall under this category, they can be used as a feedstock for CMSs production. The synthesis of CMSs involves three stages: carbonization, activation, and pore modification. In this review, physicochemical characteristics of various agricultural residues, the effects of carbonization process parameters, activation methods, and pore modification techniques adopted for producing CMSs are comprehensively discussed. The effect of deposition temperature, time, and flow rate of depositing agent on pore characteristics of CMSs is briefed. The prospects and challenges in CMSs production are also studied. The insights in this review provide guidelines for synthesizing CMSs from agro-residues.

Performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cell under wet/dry conditions with hydrophilic and hydrophobic electrospun microporous layers

The electrospinning method is used to fabricate the microporous layers (MPL). The hydrophobic and hydrophilic electrospun MPLs (E-MPLs) are realized by using acetylene black and pigmented carbon black in the electrospinning ink, respectively. Scanning electron microscope shows that the E-MPLs have three-dimensional inter-connected pore structure formed by disordered nanofibers. Mercury intrusion porosimetry results indicate that the E-MPLs have larger porosity (more than 85%) and wider pore size distribution (0.8–4 μm) compared with the commercial MPL (from SGL 29BC). Hydrophobic E-MPL exhibits lower mass transport resistance at 100% relative humidity (RH) due to its larger pore size and better water drainage capability, while the hydrophilic E-MPL shows lower ohmic resistance at 40% RH due to its higher water retention capability. Fuel cell with a double-layer E-MPL, an integrated MPL containing a hydrophilic layer and a hydrophobic layer, is found to perform well under wider RH range. The fuel cell with double-layer E-MPL is found to have a better dynamic response to a current step, in that it has lower amplitude of voltage undershoot and overshoot, and reaches a steady state more quickly.

Polymerization-Pyrolysis Assisted Construction of Multiscale Porous Carbon for High-Performance Supercapacitors

High energy density combined with rapid mass transport is highly desired for carbon-based electrical double-layer capacitors. Here, multiscale porous carbon has been constructed by an efficient polymerization-pyrolysis strategy. The resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer anchored with Fe3+ is firstly prepared, and the in situ formed Fe3O4 nanoparticles act as mesoporous template during the pyrolysis process. The resultant hierarchically porous carbon achieves an extended surface area of 2260.3 m2 g−1 and wide pore size distributions including micro-, meso-, and macropores. The synergism of large surface area, high conductivity, and interconnected ion transport channels leads to superior energy storage performances of prepared multiscale porous carbon electrode. It delivers a high specific capacitance of 271.7 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in KOH electrolyte, accompanied with a prominent capacitance retention of 88.5% when the current density is 10.0 A g−1. Besides, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor using organic electrolyte exhibits a maximum energy density of 54.0 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 750.0 W kg−1, as well as the superior cyclic stability with a capacitance retention of 88.2% after 10000 cycles.

Zirconium based metal-organic framework for the adsorption of Cu (II) ions in real water samples

Copper (II) is one of the most abundant heavy metal ions commonly found in water resources from industrial effluents discharge. Subsequently, it contaminates the food chain and becomes a source of toxicity to human beings and the entire ecological system. High intake of Cu (II) causes serious health effects and even death. The amino acid ligands possess high interaction towards metal ions. To efficiently remove Cu (II) ions from wastewater, we designed and prepared an eco-friendly Zirconium-based Metal-Organic Framework (Zr-MOF) using solitary amino acid (L-tyrosine) as ligand via a simple solvothermal method. The Zr-MOF is partially amorphous, strong solid with a thermal stability of 180 °C. The Zr-MOF has a surface area of 295 m2 g−1, wide pore size distribution ranges from 0.2 to 1.2 nm, with a pore volume of 0.6 cm3 g−1, which can easily trap the Cu (II) ions. Cu (II) ions adsorption analyses are carried out using a simple one-step method (UV Visible Spectroscopy) over other complicated experiments and equations. Zr-MOF exhibits adsorptive behavior on Cu (II) ions from water under any pH range from 1 to 13. The newly developed adsorption technique iss successfully employed to remove Cu (II) with an average adsorption capacity (qe) of Zr-MOF is 79.34 mg g−1 (maximum: 125 mg g−1) and a maximum Cu (II) ion removal efficiency (R) of Zr-MOF is found as 50% (average: 31.7%) in real water samples. This amino acid ligated MOF synthesis will open the doors towards biocompatible MOF development for the environmental remediation applications.

Kollajen/Jelatin/Bal Esaslı Çift Katmanlı Doku İskelesi Üretimi ve Karakterizasyonu

In this project, a porous tissue scaffold composed of collagen/gelatin, which are natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymers, was fabricated by lyophilization, then a nanofibrous gelatin/polyethylene oxide (PEO)/honey blend was accumulated onto this layer via the electro-spinning process. The tissue scaffold was cross-linked by treating with glutaraldehyde vapor followed by EDC/NHS reagents. For the characterization, Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), pore size distribution analysis, and aqueous degradation tests were performed. While the lyophilized layer was fabricated by 1:1 (w/w) collagen/gelatin mixture, the top layer was electro-spun onto this layer by selecting the most appropriate blend ratio (2:2:2 w/w, %6 w/v total material). The lyophilized scaffold layer had a wide pore size distribution in the 5−200 µm range. After the cross-linking, pore size distribution became more homogenous (concentrating around 30−40 µm). According to SEM analysis, a uniform fiber size distribution (Dave = 423 ± 85 nm) was obtained and after the cross-linking and rinsing processes a slight fiber fusion occurred. Regarding the TGA and degradation results, the scaffold robustness increased after the cross-linking. Overall, the developed tissue scaffold with its stable, porous and fibrous form could be a suitable candidate for different tissue engineering applications.

Alumina separation layer with uniform pore size applied on a support with broad pore size distribution

Coal fly ash (CFA) is a promising substitute material in ceramic membrane fabrication to address the high membrane cost issue. However, supports prepared with CFA usually have wide pore size distributions, leading to difficulties in fabricating separation layers. This study focused on overcoming the selectivity-permeability trade-off of membranes based on the CFA support. Five different sizes of alumina powders were adopted to optimize the particle size for separation layer preparation. The membrane prepared using the powder with mean particle size of 1.11 μm under 1150 °C sintering had the best comprehensive performance. The mean pore size was 161 nm and the permeability was 879.71 L/(m2∙h∙bar). Membranes with smaller coating particles had defects because of the particle penetration while membranes with larger particles showed little pore size difference with the support. This work offers opportunities to broaden the application of low-cost CFA membranes.