Wide Use Of Methods Research Articles

МЕТОДИКА ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ РАЗМЕРНЫХ СВЯЗЕЙ ПРИ РЕГУЛИРОВКЕ КЛАПАННОГО ЗАЗОРА В МЕХАНИЗМЕ ГАЗОРАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ АВТОМОБИЛЬНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ

The relevance of research is due to the problems of organizing auto repair production in modern conditions associated with the difficulty of logistics and the high cost of foreign spare parts, which is confirmed by the analysis of domestic and foreign literary sources. Of particular importance in this case are the methods of optimizing the balance of costs for performing repair and restoration actions and replacing defective parts. The purpose of the work is to improve the quality of repair of rolling stock of road transport based on the use of methods for restoring dimensional connections. This study is designed to fill the existing knowledge gap caused by the lack of methods for restoring specific repair links. The use of new parts in repair, along with restored or used ones, necessitates the wider use of methods for optimizing the limit values of wear and recovery processes of dimension chain elements. The materials and methods of research are presented as an example of the development of a technique for restoring the necessary parameters of dimensional connections when adjusting the valve gap value, since the thermal gap in the timing mechanism of an internal combustion engine is an important element affecting the efficiency of the car engine. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of two different methods potentially suitable for implementation in the repair industry for restoring dimensional ties while reducing the valve gap by machining the outer or inner contact surfaces of car engine pushers. Studies have been carried out in relation to the decrease in the gap in operating conditions, which is widespread in automobile engines with overhead camshafts, since a decrease in the valve gap to a greater extent than an increase in it affects the efficiency of the machines. The equation of the size chain of the valve group is given, in which the valve gap is the closing link. As a result of sequentially discretely removing the surface layers of the pusher metal at 0.05 mm intervals and measuring the hardness of the surface layers, it has been found that this approach to restoring repair bonds can be recommended for use in auto repair production, with a more preferred method being to adjust the valve clearance by grinding the outer surface of the pushers. The data obtained can serve as the basis for further research in the development of a set of technologies for restoring specific size chains using repair kits that include parts with different manufacturing accuracy or that have been in operation.

Some issues of the national liberation movement in Turkestan in the legacy of Mustafa Shokay

Relevance. The history of the Turkestan uprising in the works of Mustafa Shokay is rather poorly researched, especially the biographical writings that covered these processes were barely analysed. The Turkestan uprising of 1916 is a grey area in historiography, and the study of Mustafa Shokay's writings for the interpretation of those events is still relevant nowadays. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the writings of Mustafa Shokay for the interpretation of the 1916 uprising, to trace the processes and causes that followed, and to examine Mustafa Shokay's role in the Muslim faction - which was important in clarifying the issue. Methodology. The study used a variety of historical methods and approaches to analyse and select information regarding the issue of the uprising in Turkestan in the works of Mustafa Shokay. The research also made wide use of methods of analysis and synthesis, general methods of scientific cognition, and methods of empirical investigation. The historical-comparative, retrospective and abstractive methods made it possible to reconstruct and model the processes on the days before the uprising in Turkestan, and its consequences, in as much detail as possible. The study analysed Mustafa Shokay's work, his role in these processes, and his views on all the processes that occurred in Turkestan during the uprising. Results/Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were made: the role of Mustafa Shokay in the Turkestan uprising of 1916 is implicit, his standpoint of this event is insufficiently studied by modern historians, which gives grounds to consider his writings as another important source for the coverage of those events. However, it is Mustafa Shokay's work in the 1916 uprising commission and his biographical notes from that time that provide valuable and complete information for a comprehensive consideration of the issue.

Developing the methodology for health risk assessment within public management of sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population

The article focuses on generalizing Russian scientific and methodical developments aimed at updating and supplementing the health risk assessment methodology. This methodology is a key component in tackling tasks related to providing sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population. Russian approaches to risk assessment are shown to have a significant peculiarity, which is a wide use of methods of multidimensional statistical analysis, mathematical modeling, fuzzy logic, and their combinations. The most significant Russian scientific innovations include development of qualitative risk assessment, non-carcinogenic health risks included; severity of health disorders taken into account in risk assessment; methodical support for assessing integral risks under exposure to heterogeneous environmental factors. Russian experts suggested and developed an idea that it was possible to model evolution of risks and their growth under changing exposures. Approaches to assessing risks evolution under long-term exposure to variable factors made it possible to solve a whole set of applied hygienic tasks. In addition to establishing qualitative characteristics of non-carcinogenic risks under exposure to chemicals, methods for assessing risks under exposure to environmental noise, certain lifestyle factors and factors related to work process have also been substantiated and implemented. Progressive development of the health risk assessment methodology ensured operative, smooth and effective transitions of control and surveillance activities performed by Rospotrebnadzor onto a fundamentally new control platform that relies on the risk-based model. Obviously, analytical opportunities offered by the health risk assessment methodology are extensive. Development of methodical grounds in hygiene and epidemiology as well as design of applied algorithms and approaches to risk assessment and management based on the fundamental methodology should involve several trends. We should extend our knowledge on mechanisms of health disorders under exposure to heterogeneous environmental factors and work-related ones; hygienic standardization needs improvement; we should apply situational modeling and prediction of sanitary-epidemiological welfare under changing or preset conditions; we should provide substantiation for the strategic and tactical regulatory actions aimed at managing threats and risks. The experience accumulated in developing the health risk assessment methodology in variable spheres should be considered a starting point for creating new risk assessment and risk management technologies. They should give an opportunity to solve any tasks related to providing sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation.

Развитие методологии анализа риска здоровью в задачах государственного управления санитарно-эпидемиологическим благополучием населения

The article focuses on generalizing Russian scientific and methodical developments aimed at updating and supplementing the health risk assessment methodology. This methodology is a key component in tackling tasks related to providing sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population. Russian approaches to risk assessment are shown to have a significant peculiarity, which is a wide use of methods of multidimensional statistical analysis, mathematical modeling, fuzzy logic, and their combinations. The most significant Russian scientific innovations include development of qualitative risk assessment, non-carcinogenic health risks included; severity of health disorders taken into account in risk assessment; methodical support for assessing integral risks under exposure to heterogeneous environmental factors. Russian experts suggested and developed an idea that it was possible to model evolution of risks and their growth under changing exposures. Approaches to assessing risks evolution under long-term exposure to variable factors made it possible to solve a whole set of applied hygienic tasks. In addition to establishing qualitative characteristics of non-carcinogenic risks under exposure to chemicals, methods for assessing risks under exposure to environmental noise, certain lifestyle factors and factors related to work process have also been substantiated and implemented. Progressive development of the health risk assessment methodology ensured operative, smooth and effective transitions of control and surveillance activities performed by Rospotrebnadzor onto a fundamentally new control platform that relies on the risk-based model. Obviously, analytical opportunities offered by the health risk assessment methodology are extensive. Development of methodical grounds in hygiene and epidemiology as well as design of applied algorithms and approaches to risk assessment and management based on the fundamental methodology should involve several trends. We should extend our knowledge on mechanisms of health disorders under exposure to heterogeneous environmental factors and work-related ones; hygienic standardization needs improvement; we should apply situational modeling and prediction of sanitary-epidemiological welfare under changing or preset conditions; we should provide substantiation for the strategic and tactical regulatory actions aimed at managing threats and risks. The experience accumulated in developing the health risk assessment methodology in variable spheres should be considered a starting point for creating new risk assessment and risk management technologies. They should give an opportunity to solve any tasks related to providing sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation.

P.І. Shatilov as a public actor, scientist, fighter with epidemic diseases: to the centenary of death

Prerequisites. The relevance of the study is caused by the fact that the personality of P. Shatilov does not have a sufficient scientific reflection in the literature from the standpoint and with the use of methods of studying medical local lore. In particular, historical research methods are neglected, however, they can be used to study the work of P. Shatilov in Kharkov in more detail during the epidemics that engulfed the city in 1919-1921. Today, when the whole world suffers from coronavirus infection, it is extremely important to give an example of medical struggle in emergencies, the victories of P. Shatilov not only as a physician but also as a citizen, because such examples instill responsibility to society. Task was to provide an updated biographical study of P. Shatilov for the centenary of his death, taking into account the methods of historical research, which had not previously been used in works of this kind. After all, medical personnel require a wider use of methods than previously represented biographical studies on the figure of P. Shatilov. To reproduce the biography of a scientist on a historical background, highlighting not only personal data, but also depicting the era in which the scientist lived and worked. Materials and methods. The results of similar studies have indicated that it is necessary to rely on conceptually important general scientific epistemological principles: historicism, objectivity, a combination of both logic and historicity, systematicity. The same methods were used in this study. The methodological basis of this type of research is a specific group of approaches and methods that are used for systematic analysis of the general historical process and medical personalia as an integral part of historical and medical knowledge. The biographical approach, thanks to which the historical reality is considered in time and space, widely covers the problem in a large historical context is a leading one. Phenomenological and paradigmatic approaches provide the necessary scientific tools to reproduce the atmosphere of the time period, reconstruct the preconditions for the formation of worldviews of P. Shatilov, clarify the sources of influence on personality development, the formation of views and beliefs of the scientist, generalization of views and beliefs and his impact on the development of medical science. The high share of this innovative and traditional form of research is provided upon the condition of following the principle of historicism, objectivity of coverage of facts, adequacy in the use of all sources of information, as well as avoiding idealization of the provisions and ideas of the past, giving them a dogmatic status. Results. As a result of a comprehensive study, a medical personalia of P. Shatilov was created, which is based on the application of a comprehensive methodological approach. This is what distinguishes this study from previously created ones and provides an example to researchers for studying topics related to personalities. Conclusions. P.I. Shatilov's work in Kharkiv in recent years has been marked by difficulties in combating the plagues that have engulfed the city. However, the scientist tried to introduce a systematic action to combat plagues, based on the principles of contemporary scientific knowledge.

Вітамін D: нові аспекти застосування, ефективні дози. Сучасний стан проблеми

Крім класичної ролі вітаміну D в підтримці нормального стану скелетно-м’язової системи, в останнє десятиліття отримані докази того, що знижені концентрації в сироватці крові 25(OH)D асоційовані з низкою позаскелетних захворювань (цукровий діабет, артеріальна гіпертензія, захворювання щитоподібної залози, вікове зниження пізнавальної здатності, порушення функцій імунної та репродуктивної систем й ін.). Запобігання розвитку цих захворювань досягається при значно більш високих концентраціях 25(OH)D в сироватці крові, ніж це необхідно для підтримки нормального стану кісткової тканини, регуляції абсорбції й підтримки гомеостазу кальцію. Для забезпечення концентрації циркулюючої форми вітамінуD— 25(OH)D в сироватці крові на рівні, що забезпечує оптимальне функціонування, необхідне більш високе споживання цього вітаміну. Знижена концентрація вітаміну D в крові (< 30 нг/мл) відзначається у 92% дорослого населення України незалежно від пори року. Причинами дефіциту вітаміну D є низька ефективність його ендогенного синтезу в шкірі через недостатню інсоляцію та неадекватне надходження цього вітаміну з їжею. Завдяки періоду напіввиведення вітаміну D близько двох місяців, періодичне щотижневе або щомісячне споживання сукупних доз холекальциферолу дає змогу досягти тих самих значень у сироватці крові, як і щоденне споживання. В огляді літератури розглядається значення дефіциту та недостатності вітамінуD у порушеннях регуляції багатьох систем організму людини та розвитку різних патологічних станів, що обґрунтовує доцільність ширшого використання методів корекції статусу вітаміну D. Попри необхідність проведення масштабних рандомізованих клінічних випробувань для визначення схем використання препаратів вітаміну D, уже зараз не викликає сумніву той факт, що нормалізація рівня 25(ОН)D у сироватці крові потрібна на всіх вікових етапах онтогенезу.

Меморіал професора П. І. Шатілова (до сотих роковин смерті)

The relevance of the study is caused by the fact that the personality of P. Shatilov does not have a sufficient scientific reflection in the literature from the standpoint and with the use of methods of studying medical local lore. In particular, historical research methods are neglected, however, they can be used to study the work of P. Shatilov in Kharkiv in more detail during the epidemics that engulfed the city in 1919-1921. Today, when the whole world suffers from coronavirus infection, it is extremely important to give an example of medical struggle in emergencies, the victories of P. Shatilov not only as a physician but also as a citizen, because such examples instill responsibility to society. Task: to provide an updated biographical study of P. Shatilov for the centenary of his death, taking into account the methods of historical research, which had not previously been used in works of this kind. After all, medical personnel require a wider use of methods than previously represented biographical studies on the figure of P. Shatilov. To reproduce the biography of a scientist on a historical background, highlighting not only personal data, but also depicting the era in which the scientist lived and worked.

Differential coexpression in human tissues and the confounding effect of mean expression levels.

MotivationDifferential coexpression—the alteration of gene coexpression patterns observed in different biological conditions—has been proposed to be a mechanism for revealing rewiring of transcription regulatory networks. Despite wide use of methods for differential coexpression analysis, the phenomenon has not been well-studied. In particular, in many applications, differential coexpression is confounded with differential expression, that is, changes in average levels of expression across conditions. This confounding, despite affecting the interpretation of the differential coexpression, has rarely been studied.ResultsWe constructed high-quality coexpression networks for five human tissues and identified coexpression links (gene pairs) that were specific to each tissue. Between 3 and 32% of coexpression links were tissue-specific (differentially coexpressed) and this specificity is reproducible in an external dataset. However, we show that up to 75% of the observed differential coexpression is substantially explained by average expression levels of the genes. ‘Pure’ differential coexpression independent from differential expression is a minority and is less reproducible in external datasets. We also investigated the functional relevance of pure differential coexpression. Our conclusion is that to a large extent, differential coexpression is more parsimoniously explained by changes in average expression levels and pure links have little impact on network-based functional analysis.Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

The Convergence Problems of Eigenfunction Expansions of Elliptic Differential Operators

In the present research we investigate the problems concerning the almost everywhere convergence of multiple Fourier series summed over the elliptic levels in the classes of Liouville. The sufficient conditions for the almost everywhere convergence problems, which are most difficult problems in Harmonic analysis, are obtained. The methods of approximation by multiple Fourier series summed over elliptic curves are applied to obtain suitable estimations for the maximal operator of the spectral decompositions. Obtaining of such estimations involves very complicated calculations which depends on the functional structure of the classes of functions. The main idea on the proving the almost everywhere convergence of the eigenfunction expansions in the interpolation spaces is estimation of the maximal operator of the partial sums in the boundary classes and application of the interpolation Theorem of the family of linear operators. In the present work the maximal operator of the elliptic partial sums are estimated in the interpolation classes of Liouville and the almost everywhere convergence of the multiple Fourier series by elliptic summation methods are established. The considering multiple Fourier series as an eigenfunction expansions of the differential operators helps to translate the functional properties (for example smoothness) of the Liouville classes into Fourier coefficients of the functions which being expanded into such expansions. The sufficient conditions for convergence of the multiple Fourier series of functions from Liouville classes are obtained in terms of the smoothness and dimensions. Such results are highly effective in solving the boundary problems with periodic boundary conditions occurring in the spectral theory of differential operators. The investigations of multiple Fourier series in modern methods of harmonic analysis incorporates the wide use of methods from functional analysis, mathematical physics, modern operator theory and spectral decomposition. New method for the best approximation of the square-integrable function by multiple Fourier series summed over the elliptic levels are established. Using the best approximation, the Lebesgue constant corresponding to the elliptic partial sums is estimated. The latter is applied to obtain an estimation for the maximal operator in the classes of Liouville.

Experience of Regional Vascular Centre in assisting patients with severe cerebrovascular accidents in Novosibirsk

The analysis of the work of the neurological department of the Novosibirsk regional vascular center of City Clinical Hospital #1 for the period from 2013 to 2015 was done. We analyzed the annual reports of the regional vascular center, dynamics of cerebrovascular disease patterns, lethality, about the provision of medical care to patients with stroke, the use of high-tech methods of diagnosis and treatment. Ascertain the progress achieved and the perspectives of further improving the quality of care to patients with stroke due to wider use of methods of rehabilitation in the acute stage of stroke.

Principles and Methods of Modification of Fibres and Fibre Materials. A Review

Thanks to the technical progress in the field of chemical fibres and textiles made from them, in addition to the traditional kinds of first-generation chemical fibres and fibre materials, new types with optimized properties based on the wide use of methods of physical, composite, and chemical modification — second-generation fibres and fibre materials (textiles) — have been created. This significantly affected the evolution of production of different kinds of fibres by partially altering the ratio of the production volumes. Modified fibres and textiles for domestic use with improved properties have become widespread — “people-friendly” materials and articles. Modified types of fibres, filament, and fabrics for industrial use are also manufactured, for example, for reinforcing mechanical rubber goods, fireproofing, antimicrobials, etc. The wide use of methods of modifying fibres and fibre (textile) materials is technically, economically, and environmentally justified. The modified fibres, by acquiring new functional properties, are not only used for manufacturing single-component fibre materials (textile cloth) but also are included in blended materials. The characteristics of the articles made of both hydrated cellulose and synthetic fibres are improved in both cases. Methods of enhancing fireproofing and giving them antimicrobial properties are widely used for viscose fibres. Making them hydrophilic and giving them antistatic and fireproof properties are especially important for synthetic (polyester, acrylic, polypropylene, etc.) fibres.

La fonction publique territoriale : enjeux de la formation au management

The Local Civil Service : Issues Involved in Management Training. The Centre national de la fonction publique territoriale (CNFPT — a local civil service organization) successfully organizes a mid-career training course for the supervisory staff of the more important local authorities. Designed to meet the new needs created by decentralization at a moment when local finances are in a troubled state, this local management course makes wide use of methods directly related to administrative practice (case studies, simulations and field projects), improves trainees’ knowledge of the workings of local authorities and increases their self confidence.

Virus removal by drinking water treatment processes

Viruses are very small microorganisms that are parasites of human, animals, bacteria, and plants. In water, the only viruses that can be a health risk for man or animals are the enteric viruses: viruses that are excreted in feces by infected individuals. Some of these viruses are extremely resistant in the aquatic environment and can be found in relatively low numbers in most waters contaminated by fecal material. However, because as little as one to ten infectious viruses are sufficient to infect a susceptible individual, it is important to eliminate even minute numbers of these microorganisms from drinking water. Methods have been developed for the detection of viruses in volumes of water exceeding 10001. With the increase in sensitivity and the wider use of methods for their detection in drinking water, viruses have been detected in drinking water meeting current standards of water quality. This paper reviews the literature on these occurrences.