Wide Application Of Nanomaterials Research Articles

Effect of interactions between humic acid and cerium oxide nanoparticles on the toxicity to the Chlorella sp.

With the wide application of nanomaterials, the concentration of nanomaterials in natural water continues to increase, which poses a severe threat to the water environment. However, the influence of organic matter and nanomaterials rich in natural water on the toxic effect of algae growth is still unclear. In this study, the effects of humic acid (HA) and nano-cerium oxide (nCeO2) on the physiology and transcriptome of Chlorella sp. were analyzed, and the mechanism of the toxic effect of HA on Chlorella sp. under nCeO2 stress was revealed. Under 20-200 mg/L nCeO2 stress, the growth of Chlorella cells was inhibited and the highest inhibition rate reached 52% within 200 mg/L nCeO2. The Fv/Fm and ETRmax values of Chlorella sp. decreased from 0.490 and 24.45 (20 mg/L nCeO2) to 0.488 and 23.4 (100 mg/L nCeO2), respectively. Under the stimulation of nCeO2, the level of reactive oxygen species in algal cells was increased, accompanied by lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. However, the addition of HA at concentrations of 5-10 mg/L effectively alleviated the toxic effect of nCeO2 on Chlorella sp. Transcriptome analysis showed that 10 mg/L HA could alleviate the cellular stress at 100 mg/L nCeO2 on Chlorella sp. by regulating genes related to photosynthesis and metabolism pathways. Moreover, the downregulation of genes (e.g., Lhca1, Lhcb1, AOC3, and AOC2) indicated that HA reduced the level of oxidative stress in Chlorella sp. These findings offer novel insights of evaluating the ecotoxicity nCeO2 and HA in natural water environment and their impact on Chlorella sp.

Soybean rhizosphere microorganisms alleviate Mo nanomaterials induced stress by improving soil microbial community structure

With the wide application of nanomaterials (NMs) in agriculture, it is particularly important to assess the impact of these NMs on soil microorganisms. In this study, different varieties of soybean rhizosphere microorganisms (RM) were employed to simulate the alleviate effect of molybdenum nanoparticles (Mo NPs) induced stress in presence of soybean plants. Mo NPs caused serious toxic effects on soybean growth and nitrogen fixation at a concentration of 100 mg kg−1: plant height and biomass were reduced by 56.4% and 82.8%, respectively, and the ability to fix nitrogen was almostly lost. However, after adding different varieties of soybean RM (RM-Williams 82, RM-Youchun 1204, and RM-Zhongdou 41), the stress caused by high concentrations of Mo NPs on soybean plants was significantly reduced. The plant height, root length, biomass, and nitrogen fixation ability were improved by 70.8%, 80.7%, 145.8%, and 349.8%, respectively, following the addition of soybean RM-Williams 82. High-throughput sequencing revealed that Mo NPs treatment affected the microbial community structure. Among them, Flavisolibacter and Caulobacter genera abundance increased significantly, which might be the key factor in relieving Mo NPs-induced stress on soybean growth. These findings suggest a novel mode of RM as a promising strategy to prevent deleterious effects of stress with NPs on plants in the future.

Defect Detection and Classification Algorithm of Metal Nanomaterials Based on Deep Learning

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, researchers can prepare nanomaterials by various methods. The rapid development of nanotechnology has greatly promoted the wide application of nano materials in the field of detection and catalysis. Especially the metal nanomolecules have good biocompatibility, absorption of plasma surface resonance, enhanced Raman surface and other properties. Metal nanomolecules have good biocompatibility, absorption of plasma surface resonance and enhanced Raman surface Rice inspection and catalytic application have attracted wide attention. This paper mainly studies the defect detection and classification algorithm of metal nanomaterials based on deep learning. Through the experimental phenomena, we can understand and master the defect detection methods of metal nanomaterials, and review the problems and future development direction of the preparation of metal nanomaterials. Deep learning algorithm the first mock exam deep learning network model, metal defect multi-mode detection method and the classification of metal surface defects are investigated. The defect detection of metal nano materials based on deep learning is realized. The whole defect and the quantitative detection of metal defects are realized. The detection range of traditional single mode nondestructive testing technology is overcome. The deficiency of accurate quantitative detection is difficult. The results show that there are five characteristic parameters for metal nano surface defect detection. In the deep learning based defect detection and classification algorithm, the big data technology is used to analyze the complete defect data, environmental data and working intensity data to complete the prediction of the future development trend of defects, which can play an important role in the maintenance of materials It is also of great significance to the development of metal nano detection technology.

Machine Learning Models for Predicting Cytotoxicity of Nanomaterials.

The wide application of nanomaterials in consumer and medical products has raised concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health. Thus, more and more biological assessments regarding the toxicity of nanomaterials have been performed. However, the different ways the evaluations were performed, such as the utilized assays, cell lines, and the differences of the produced nanoparticles, make it difficult for scientists to analyze and effectively compare toxicities of nanomaterials. Fortunately, machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool for the prediction of nanotoxicity based on the available data. Among different types of toxicity assessments, nanomaterial cytotoxicity was the focus here because of the high sensitivity of cytotoxicity assessment to different treatments without the need for complicated and time-consuming procedures. In this review, we summarized recent studies that focused on the development of machine learning models for prediction of cytotoxicity of nanomaterials. The goal was to provide insight into predicting potential nanomaterial toxicity and promoting the development of safe nanomaterials.

Graphdiyne-Related Materials in Biomedical Applications and Their Potential in Peripheral Nerve Tissue Engineering.

Graphdiyne (GDY) is a new member of the family of carbon-based nanomaterials with hybridized carbon atoms of sp and sp2, including α, β, γ, and (6,6,12)-GDY, which differ in their percentage of acetylene bonds. The unique structure of GDY provides many attractive features, such as uniformly distributed pores, highly π-conjugated structure, high thermal stability, low toxicity, biodegradability, large specific surface area, tunable electrical conductivity, and remarkable thermal conductivity. Therefore, GDY is widely used in energy storage, catalysis, and energy fields, in addition to biomedical fields, such as biosensing, cancer therapy, drug delivery, radiation protection, and tissue engineering. In this review, we first discuss the synthesis of GDY with different shapes, including nanotubes, nanowires, nanowalls, and nanosheets. Second, we present the research progress in the biomedical field in recent years, along with the biodegradability and biocompatibility of GDY based on the existing literature. Subsequently, we present recent research results on the use of nanomaterials in peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR). Based on the wide application of nanomaterials in PNR and the remarkable properties of GDY, we predict the prospects and current challenges of GDY-based materials for PNR.

Current status and prospects of population exposure assessment of nanomaterials consumer products

With the wide application of nanomaterials in consumer products in the market, it is necessary to understand the existence and release of nanomaterials in consumer products, as well as the current situation of exposure assessment of consumers. China has been a large industrial producer with a huge consumer market, but the supervision of consumer goods with nanomaterials is almost blank. This article summarized and classified the existing consumer products of nanomaterials in the international market, and discussed the release of key nanomaterials in consumer products and the exposure assessment methods of consumers, in order to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of a regulatory system for consumer products of nanomaterials in China in the future.

Facile preparation of black phosphorus-based rGO-BP-Pd composite hydrogels with enhanced catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol performances for wastewater treatment

The functionalization and self-assembly of two-dimensional layered materials (such as graphene, black phosphorus) play an important role in the wide application of nanomaterials. In present study, the graphene oxide (GO) was reduced by adding l-ascorbic acid to obtain a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hydrogel. rGO hydrogel can be considered as an ideal support due to its wrinkled structure and residual oxygen atoms in GO surface, which can effectively reduce the aggregation of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs). The effect of adding black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNS) to the rGO-Pd hydrogel on the catalytic performance was also studied. The results show that the rGO-BP-Pd composite hydrogels exhibit enhanced catalytic performance compared to the rGO-Pd hydrogel due to the strong interaction between Pd and the P atom of the BPNS. The current research provides new clues for the preparation of functionalized composite hydrogel and BP nanomaterials.

Interactions between CdTe quantum dots and plasma proteins: Kinetics, thermodynamics and molecular structure changes

Environmental particulate matter, especially ultrafine particles (< 100 nm in diameter), can damage the endothelium and favor cardiovascular disease in the general population. With the wide application of nanomaterials, exposure to nanoscale particles (nanoparticles) in the environment is increasing. Systematic study of the interaction of nanoparticles with plasma proteins is critically important for understanding the cardiovascular toxicity of nanomaterials. We combined kinetics and thermodynamics information from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and conformational data from fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) to explore the binding mechanism between cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) and plasma proteins. Special attention was paid to the interaction between CdTe QDs and coagulation-related proteins and the effects of CdTe QDs on protein conformation. The results showed that the binding affinities of CdTe QDs and plasma proteins depend on the nature of the protein and follow the order of fibrinogen (FIB)> plasminogen (PLG) > thrombin (TM) > metallothionein-II (MT-II) > human serum albumin (HSA). The interaction was primarily attributed to hydrophobic forces and the spontaneity of the occurrence of the interaction, and the protein secondary structures of FIB and PLG were changed significantly. The information gained in this study might shed light on the potential toxicity of QDs to the cardiovascular system.

The two faces of nanomaterials: A quantification of hormesis in algae and plants

The rapid progress in nanotechnology has dramatically promoted the application of engineered nanomaterials in numerous sectors. The wide application of nanomaterials and the potential accumulation in the environment sparked interest in studying the effects of nanomaterials on algae and plants. Hormesis is a dose response phenomenon characterized by a biphasic dose response with a low dose stimulation and a high dose inhibition. This paper quantifies for the first time nanomaterial-induced hormesis in algae and plants. Five hundred hormetic concentration-response relationships were mined from the published literature. The median maximum stimulatory response (MAX) was 123%, and commonly below 200%, of control response. It was also lower in algae than in plants, and occurred commonly at concentrations <100 mg L−1. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) to MAX ratio was 2.4 for algae and 1.7 for plants, and the two distributions differed significantly. Ag nanoparticles induced higher MAX than TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles. The MAX varied upon nanomaterial application methods, growth stage of application (seed versus vegetative), type of endpoint and time window. While nanomaterial size did not affect significantly the MAX, sizes ≤50 nm appeared to have lower NOAEL:MAX ratio than sizes ≥100 nm, suggesting higher risks from incorrect application. The mechanisms underlying nanomaterial-induced hormetic concentration responses are discussed. This paper provides a strong foundation for enhancing research protocols of studies on nanomaterial effects on algae and plants as well as for incorporating hormesis into the risk assessment practices.

Inhalation of ZnO Nanoparticles: Splice Junction Expression and Alternative Splicing in Mice.

Despite the wide application of nanomaterials, toxicity studies of nanoparticles (NP) are often limited to in vitro cell models, and the biological impact of NP exposure in mammals has not been thoroughly investigated. Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs are commonly used in various consumer products. To evaluate the effects of the inhalation of ZnO NP in mice, we studied splice junction expression in the lungs as a proxy to gene expression changes analysis. Female ICR mice were treated with 6.46 × 104 and 1.93 × 106 NP/cm3 for 3 days and 3 months, respectively. An analysis of differential expression and alternative splicing events in 298 targets (splice junctions) of 68 genes involved in the processes relevant to the biological effects of ZnO NP was conducted using next-generation sequencing. Three days of exposure resulted in the upregulation of IL-6 and downregulation of BID, GSR, NF-kB2, PTGS2, SLC11A2, and TXNRD1 splice junction expression; 3 months of exposure increased the expression of splice junctions in ALDH3A1, APAF1, BID, CASP3, DHCR7, GCLC, GCLM, GSR, GSS, EHHADH, FAS, HMOX-1, IFNγ, NF-kB1, NQO-1, PTGS1, PTGS2, RAD51, RIPK2, SRXN1, TRAF6, and TXNRD1. Alternative splicing of TRAF6 and TXNRD1 was induced after 3 days of exposure to 1.93 × 106 NP/cm3. In summary, we observed changes of splice junction expression in genes involved in oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune response, inflammation, and DNA repair, as well as the induction of alternative splicing in genes associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Our data indicate the potential negative biological effects of ZnO NP inhalation.

Toxicity of Nanoparticles on the Reproductive System in Animal Models: A Review.

In the last two decades, nanotechnologies demonstrated various applications in different fields, including detection, sensing, catalysis, electronics, and biomedical sciences. However, public concerns regarding the well-being of human may hinder the wide utilization of this promising innovation. Although, humans are exposed to airborne nanosized particles from an early age, exposure to such particles has risen dramatically within the last century due to anthropogenic sources of nanoparticles. The wide application of nanomaterials in industry, consumer products, and medicine has raised concerns regarding the potential toxicity of nanoparticles in humans. In this review, the effects of nanomaterials on the reproductive system in animal models are discussed. Females are particularly more vulnerable to nanoparticle toxicity, and toxicity in this population may affect reproductivity and fetal development. Moreover, various types of nanoparticles have negative impacts on male germ cells, fetal development, and the female reproductive system. These impacts are associated with nanoparticle modification, composition, concentration, route of administration, and the species of the animal. Therefore, understanding the impacts of nanoparticles on animal growth and reproduction is essential. Many studies have examined the effects of nanoparticles on primary and secondary target organs, with a concentration on the in vivo and in vitro effects of nanoparticles on the male and female reproductive systems at the clinical, cellular, and molecular levels. This review provides important information regarding organism safety and the potential hazards of nanoparticle use and supports the application of nanotechnologies by minimizing the adverse effects of nanoparticles in vulnerable populations.

Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Immunosensing.

Electrochemical immunosensors resulting from a combination of the traditional immunoassay approach with modern biosensors and electrochemical analysis constitute a current research hotspot. They exhibit both the high selectivity characteristics of immunoassays and the high sensitivity of electrochemical analysis, along with other merits such as small volume, convenience, low cost, simple preparation, and real-time on-line detection, and have been widely used in the fields of environmental monitoring, medical clinical trials and food analysis. Notably, the rapid development of nanotechnology and the wide application of nanomaterials have provided new opportunities for the development of high-performance electrochemical immunosensors. Various nanomaterials with different properties can effectively solve issues such as the immobilization of biological recognition molecules, enrichment and concentration of trace analytes, and signal detection and amplification to further enhance the stability and sensitivity of the electrochemical immunoassay procedure. This review introduces the working principles and development of electrochemical immunosensors based on different signals, along with new achievements and progress related to electrochemical immunosensors in various fields. The importance of various types of nanomaterials for improving the performance of electrochemical immunosensor is also reviewed to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the further development and application of nanomaterials in electrochemical immunosensors.

Toxic effects of metal oxide nanoparticles and their underlying mechanisms

Nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest owing to their unique physicochemical properties. The wide application of nanomaterials has raised many concerns about their potential risks to human health and the environment. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs), one of the main members of nanomaterials, have been applied in various fields, such as food, medicine, cosmetics, and sensors. This review highlights the bio-toxic effects of widely applied MONPs and their underlying mechanisms. Two main underlying toxicity mechanisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and non-ROS-mediated toxicities, of MONPs have been widely accepted. ROS activates oxidative stress, which leads to lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage. In addition, ROS can trigger the apoptotic pathway by activating caspase-9 and -3. Non-ROS-mediated toxicity mechanism includes the effect of released ions, excessive accumulation of NPs on the cell surface, and combination of NPs with specific death receptors. Furthermore, the combined toxicity evaluation of some MONPs is also discussed. Toxicity may dramatically change when nanomaterials are used in a combined system because the characteristics of NPs that play a key role in their toxicity such as size, surface properties, and chemical nature in the complex system are different from the pristine NPs.

Effects of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on bacterial growth

Production and wide application of nanomaterials have led to nanotechnology development but their release to environment and the induction of toxic reactions, affects the natural microbial communities. Therefore, studies on the impact of nanoparticles on microorganisms and environment are required and needed. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the growth of Pseudomonas putida . To compare the harmfulness of different forms of aluminium oxide, the ecotoxicity of its macro-forms was also evaluated in the study. Research showed that the exposure to nanoparticles can negatively influence microorganisms. The EC50 -16h determined in this study was 0.5 mg/l, and NOEC equaled 0.19 mg/l. Nano-Al2 O3 proved to be more toxic to P. putida than aluminium oxide. This indicates that the nano-form of a given substance demonstrates different properties and may constitute a far greater danger for the environment than the same substance in the large form. According to EU and US EPA criteria, nano-Al2 O3 proved to be very toxic and highly toxic, respectively. Changes in bacterial communities caused by nanoparticles may affect the normal biological, chemical and nutrient cycle in the ecosystem and the effect triggered by nanomaterials in relation to other organisms is unpredictable.

Fmoc-Cl fluorescent determination for amino groups of nanomaterial science

With the wide application of nanomaterials, the quantification of functional groups on nanomaterial surface becomes more and more necessary. A heterogeneous 9-fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl) fluorescent method using an aqueous solution was established to determinate amino groups on nanomaterial surface. The effect factors of determination were investigated and the assay was optimised. The Fmoc fluorescent method is 200-fold more sensitive than the current UV assay using an organic solvent, and compared with chemical ninhydrin method and physical elemental analysis. Heterogeneous Fmoc-Cl fluorescent method can be used to determine amino groups on nanomaterials with big size, which is difficult to undergo a direct detection.

In vitro effect of Nanosilver toxicity on fibroblast and mesenchymal stem cell lines

Nanotechnology presents countless opportunities to develop new and improved consumer products for the benefit of the society. A most prominent nanoproduct is nanosilver. Nanosilver particles are generally smaller than 100 nm and contain 20–15,000 silver atoms. Despite the wide application of nanomaterials, there is a serious lack of information concerning their impact on human health. In the previous study we reported the cytotoxic of nanosilver on osteoblast G292 cancer cell line and the amount of IC50 determined as 3.42 µg/ml (Moaddab et al., Iran. Nano Lett., Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2011, pp. 11-16). The purpose of the present study is to assess the biological assay of nanosilver on two normal cell lines of fibroblast (HF2), and mesenchymal stem cells. The effect of nanosilver on these cells is evaluated by light microscopy, and by cell proliferation and standard cytotoxicity assays. The results demonstrate a concentration-dependent toxicity for the cells tested, and IC50 was determined as 6.33, and 6.68 µg/ml in mesenchymal stem cell, and fibroblast HF2, respectively. There is no significant difference between the 24 h and 48 h of cells exposure to nanosilver. The results show that Nano-Ag possesses low toxicity to normal cells and can display potential application in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy.

In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles in Mammalian Germline Stem Cells

Gametogenesis is a complex biological process that is particularly sensitive to environmental insults such as chemicals. Many chemicals have a negative impact on the germline, either by directly affecting the germ cells, or indirectly through their action on the somatic nursing cells. Ultimately, these effects can inhibit fertility, and they may have negative consequences for the development of the offspring. Recently, nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanowires, fullerene derivatives (buckyballs), and quantum dots have received enormous national attention in the creation of new types of analytical tools for biotechnology and the life sciences. Despite the wide application of nanomaterials, there is a serious lack of information concerning their impact on human health and the environment. Thus, there are limited studies available on toxicity of nanoparticles for risk assessment of nanomaterials. The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of a mouse spermatogonial stem cell line as a model to assess nanotoxicity in the male germline in vitro. The effects of different types of nanoparticles on these cells were evaluated by light microscopy, and by cell proliferation and standard cytotoxicity assays. Our results demonstrate a concentration-dependent toxicity for all types of particles tested, whereas the corresponding soluble salts had no significant effect. Silver nanoparticles were the most toxic while molybdenum trioxide (MoO(3)) nanoparticles were the least toxic. Our results suggest that this cell line provides a valuable model with which to assess the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in the germ line in vitro.