Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors resulting from a combination of the traditional immunoassay approach with modern biosensors and electrochemical analysis constitute a current research hotspot. They exhibit both the high selectivity characteristics of immunoassays and the high sensitivity of electrochemical analysis, along with other merits such as small volume, convenience, low cost, simple preparation, and real-time on-line detection, and have been widely used in the fields of environmental monitoring, medical clinical trials and food analysis. Notably, the rapid development of nanotechnology and the wide application of nanomaterials have provided new opportunities for the development of high-performance electrochemical immunosensors. Various nanomaterials with different properties can effectively solve issues such as the immobilization of biological recognition molecules, enrichment and concentration of trace analytes, and signal detection and amplification to further enhance the stability and sensitivity of the electrochemical immunoassay procedure. This review introduces the working principles and development of electrochemical immunosensors based on different signals, along with new achievements and progress related to electrochemical immunosensors in various fields. The importance of various types of nanomaterials for improving the performance of electrochemical immunosensor is also reviewed to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the further development and application of nanomaterials in electrochemical immunosensors.
Highlights
Biosensors are a special kind of devices with specific recognition ability, which usually employ specific biological macromolecules such as enzymes, receptors, or antibodies as recognition elements [1]
Owing to their specific recognition or rapid catalysis of the recognition elements, biosensors can meet the requirements of specificity and rapidity, as well as the real-time and on-line detection needs, of the modern analysis process and fill a wider research and development space [2]
All biological macromolecules such as proteins, microbes that can be used as antigens and other compounds, including hormones, antibiotics, persistent environmental pollutants and toxins that can be used as haptens can induce the production of antibodies with specific recognition ability
Summary
Biosensors are a special kind of devices with specific recognition ability, which usually employ specific biological macromolecules such as enzymes, receptors, or antibodies as recognition elements [1]. The rise of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has provided a broader space for the development of bio-analytical chemistry; in particular, biosensors have become one of the most promising applications for nanomaterials [16,17] Owing to their special structural features, strong adsorption capacity, reliable orientation performance, biocompatibility and structural compatibility, novel functional nanomaterials can effectively improve the immobilization of biomolecules (such as enzymes, antibody or DNA) [18], label biomolecules [19], catalyze reactions [20,21], promote electron transfer [22], and facilitate electrochemical signal amplification [23], providing new approaches for the development and application of bioelectrochemical sensors. The research related to the important role of various kinds of nanomaterials for improving the performance of electrochemical immunosensors is a primary focus of the review, which aims are to summarize the previous studies of nanomaterials and electrochemical immunosensors, promote their coordinated development across diverse research and technology fields, and further expand their practical applications
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