White Theory Research Articles

Study on distribution pattern of stable carbon isotope ratio of Chinese honeys by isotope ratio mass spectrometry

AbstractThe δ 13C values of 26 varieties of Chinese pure single‐flower honeys, 323 census samples of six varieties of single‐flower honeys and one multi‐flower honey as well as 20 888 commercial honey samples from 135 honey‐related enterprises in 25 provinces of China were analysed by stable carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry between 1998 and 2004. It was found that the δ 13C values of different Chinese honeys fell within the ranges of values proposed by JW White. This shows that White's theory of the stable carbon isotope ratio of honeys is applicable to Chinese honeys and further demonstrates that the theory is universal to honeys from all over the world. The study also confirmed that the δ 13C values of honeys do not bear much relation to the environment in which the honey plants are grown, e.g. geographical area, water and soil, climate, etc., but do vary slightly with the honey plant species. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Kinship, Identity and Control in a Sri Lankan Muslim Village

This paper examines how Sri Lankan villagers adapt to the indirect effects of globalization. Historically established local identities have become contested and challenged through global processes not explicitly visible at the village level. It is shown in this paper that the significant increase of capital into the economy has created two distinct leadership structures, has altered cultivation practices and labor relations, and has transformed kinship relations. In the traditional low-capital economy, villagers relied on reciprocal labor exchange for cultivation work, but many now are relying on wage labor; this has altered the relation between villagers from one based on reciprocity to one based on wages and contracts. The leadership structure of the village had earlier centered around the socio-moral role of hereditary mosque leaders; this is now being replaced by one based on knowledge of market dynamics and national political structures. The centrality of kinship is also being perceived as a social cost rather than a benefit. These fields of social relations are now contested, as villagers adopt traditional, modern and hybrid strategies in various situations. The dynamics of these processes and their effects on cultural precepts and practices are analyzed using Harrison White's theory of identity and control.

Hayden White y la teoría del conocimiento histórico: una aproximación crítica

This article seeks to provide a critical introduction to Hayden White's contribution to the theory of historical knowledge. The first part oudines those elements which may be considered most genuine and significant, with the aim of gauging how and to what extent they should compel us to reconsider the epistemological bases on which historical research has rested up until now. The second part includes a critical analysis of White's epistemological theory, followed by the conclusion that, in the light of the most recent historiographical debates, it would appear to require revision and updating in some of its postulates.

An improved renormalization group theory for real fluids.

On the basis of White's theory, an improved renormalization group (RG) theory is developed for chain bonding fluids inside the critical region. Outside the critical region, the statistical associating fluid theory based on the first-order mean sphere approximation [Fluid Phase Equilibria 171, 27 (2000)] is adopted and all the microscopic parameters are taken directly from its earlier application of real fluids. Inside the critical region, the RG transformation for long-range density fluctuation is derived in the k space, which illustrates explicitly the contributions from the mean-field term, the local density fluctuation, and the nonlocal density fluctuation. The RG theory is applied to describe physical behavior of ten n alkanes (C1-C10) both near to and far from the critical point. With no additional parameters for chain bonding fluids, good results are obtained for critical specific heat and phase coexistence curves and the resulting critical exponents are in good agreement with the reported nonclassic values.

White's model for wave propagation in partially saturated rocks: Comparison with poroelastic numerical experiments

We use a poroelastic modeling algorithm to compute numerical experiments of wave propagation in White's partial saturation model. The results are then compared to the theoretical predictions. The model consists of a homogeneous sandstone saturated with brine and spherical gas pockets. White's theory predicts a relaxation mechanism, due to pressure equilibration, causing attenuation and velocity dispersion of the wavefield. We vary gas saturation either by increasing the radius of the gas pocket or by increasing the density of gas bubbles. Despite that the modeling is two dimensional and interaction between the gas pockets is neglected in White's model, the numerical results show the trends predicted by the theory. In particular, we observe a similar increase in velocity at high frequencies (and low permeabilities). Furthermore, the behavior of the attenuation peaks versus water saturation and frequency is similar to that of White's model. The modeling results show more dissipation and higher velocities than White's model due to multiple scattering and local fluid‐flow effects. The conversion of fast P‐wave energy into dissipating slow waves at the patches is the main mechanism of attenuation. Differential motion between the rock skeleton and the fluids is highly enhanced by the presence of fluid/fluid interfaces and pressure gradients generated through them.

Influence of counterion type and diffusion on the primary electroviscous effect

A review of our latest results on the primary electroviscous effect is presented here. The aim is to incorporate several electrokinetic topics (electrophoretic mobility, zeta potential, primary electroviscous coefficient, counterion diffusion, etc.) into the discussion. In this way, a deeper knowledge of some phenomena involved in electrokinetics can be achieved by relating ideas and contributions from different scopes. First, some previous results are revised and commented. Then, several interesting findings regarding counterion diffusion and type are reported, including theoretical predictions and experimental data when possible. Colloidal suspensions of polystyrene latex have been used as the experimental system, which has been characterized electrokinetically, making electrophoresis, size and viscosity measurements. Zeta potential has been obtained by different conversion theories and used for the theoretical calculations of the primary electroviscous effect using Booth's and Watterson–White's theories. A good agreement is generally obtained between experiment and theory. Reduction of counterion diffusion has been considered as a possible explanation for the theoretical underestimation of the primary electroviscous effect. It has been shown that the inclusion of the real diffusion coefficients of the ionic species present in the double layer, instead of the ones at infinite dilution, improves the agreement. In order to study the influence of the type of electrolyte ions composing the double layer, four electrolytes have been used. Electrophoretic mobility against electrolyte concentration has been measured and zeta potentials have been calculated. Then, viscosity measurements have been carried out to find the primary electroviscous effect, which displays, within the concentration range studied, similar values for the different electrolytes.

Anomalous Trends in the Electroviscous Effect of Polystyrene Latexes: Experimental and Theoretical Study

In this work the primary electroviscous effect was determined for two polystyrene latexes with different surface charge densities and functional groups (sulfonate and carboxylate). For each latex, the electroviscous coefficient (p) was obtained for several electrolyte (NaCl) concentrations; that is, as a function of the electrokinetic radius κa. In both cases, a maximum in the p against κa plot was found experimentally, which was not predicted by the theory. A study using Booth's and Watterson−White's theories was done to explain the initial differences between experimental and theoretical data at low κa values. These maximum values were theoretically explained as a consequence of a third ionic species present in the solution.

Strategy selection in causal reasoning: when beliefs and covariation collide.

The present study investigated how people combine covariation information (Cheng & Novick, 1990, 1992) with pre-existing beliefs (White, 1989) when evaluating causal hypotheses. Three experiments, using both within- and between-subjects designs, found that the use of covariation information and beliefs interacted, such that the effects of covariation were larger when people assessed hypotheses about believable than about unbelievable causal candidates. In Experiment 2, this interaction was observed when participants made judgments in stages (e.g., first evaluating covariation information about a causal candidate and then evaluating the believability of a candidate), as well as when the information was presented simultaneously. Experiment 3 demonstrated that this pattern was also reflected in participants' metacognitive judgments: Participants indicated that they weighed covariation information more heavily for believable than unbelievable candidates. Finally, Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated the presence of individual differences in the use of covariation- and belief-based cues. That is, individuals who tended to base their causality judgments primarily on belief were less likely to make use of covariation information and vice versa. The findings were most consistent with White's (1989) causal power theory, which suggests that covariation information is more likely to be considered relevant to believable than unbelievable causes.

Spectacular suffering: theatre, fascism, and the Holocaust

Spectacular Suffering: Theatre, Fascism and the considers how we remember historical instances of suffering and atrocity, framing its central questions to reflect larger cultural shifts in how we position ourselves in relation to history, performance, and memory. In her introduction, 'Theorizing a Holocaust Performative,' Patraka explores the use of the term 'Holocaust' in both its historical specificity and its connection to other genocides. The idea of a 'Holocaust performative' invokes the ongoing struggle to mark, articulate, and define the horrific events and absences to which we are accountable. The chapter, 'Shattered Cartographies' uses Hayden White's theories of history to analyse larger tropes that inform theatrical representations of the Holocaust. Roger Griffin's and Slavoj Zizek's analyses of fascism and anti-Semitism illuminate the larger rubrics that configure fascist practice.'Reproduction, Appropriation, and Binary Machinery' further investigates ways to stage the machinery of fascist ideology as theorised by Saul Friedlander, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, and Alice Yaeger Kaplan. 'Feminism and the Jewish Subject' considers how feminist reading strategies intersect with Holocaust theatre and performance by women. It deploys Donna Haraway's and Katie King's mappings of feminism to introduce Jewish feminism and its relation to Holocaust history. In 'Realism, Gender, and Historical Crisis' the author compares Lillian Hellman's 1941 play Watch on the Rhine to the 'Julie' section of Pentimento. A gendered version of Brechtian historicization demonstrates how history, nation, and democracy are configured in a contemporary crisis brought on by fascism.'Theatre of Injury and Injustice' foregrounds staging the body in pain and atrocity, bringing to bear genres that depict physical pain other than theatre and performance to do so. Theories by Jean Francois Lyotard and Elaine Scarry frame a discussion of pain and genocide that is further enlarged by ideas articulated by Klaus Theweleit and Julia Kristeva. 'Performing Presence, Absence, and Witness at U. S. Holocaust Museums' opens out issues mentioned throughout the book to new arenas and to the broader frame of performance studies.Using Michel de Certeau's distinction between 'place' and 'space,' it evolves a model of museum as site for the performance of witness. Spectacular Suffering: Theatre, Fascism and the explores the struggle to represent the unrepresentable landscape of the Holocaust and urges scholars from a variety of disciplines to re-think how we remember historical instances of suffering and atrocity. The book surveys texts ranging from plays and performances to films and museums, situating them at the cross-roads of theatre and performance studies, Holocaust studies, and Jewish cultural studies.

Hayden White: The Form of the Content

Hayden White's perhaps richest and most profoundly argued book,The Content of the Form, touches many nerves in the American historicalprofession. The entirety of the book, from its premises through its most thoughtful exegeses of historical writing, insists that linguistic form is the primary carrier of content in historical writing, indeed, in historical knowledge. This insistence on a respectful and careful attention tothe formal usages of nonfiction prose, truth‐claiming language, goes well against the grain of American tastes. As de Tocqueville presciently and correctly predicted, when Americans take to literature in a serious way, they won't have much patience with precise matters of form.Hayden White's narrative theory has had uphill work to penetrate this pervasive indifference, especially among historians.He has been joined in recent decades by Paul Ricoeur, whose Time andNarrative, beginning from different premises and a slightly different question, arrives at a sympathetic and complementary analysis of historical narrative. In spite of White's published hesitations about the political/philosophical tendencies of Ricoeur's work, I amconvinced that their books are mutually supporting and, in an important cultural sense, belong together.Altogether, however, I do feel that the main import and justification of this presentessay must rest on my quite serious reading of Hayden White's best joke, a profound shaggy dog story about the historian monk of St. Gall.

Correlation structure of training data and the fitting ability of back propagation networks: Some experimental results

White [6–8] has theoretically shown that learning procedures used in network training are inherently statistical in nature. This paper takes a small but pioneering experimental step towards learning about this statistical behaviour by showing that the results obtained are completely in line with White's theory. We show that, given two random vectorsX (input) andY (target), which follow a two-dimensional standard normal distribution, and fixed network complexity, the network's fitting ability definitely improves with increasing correlation coefficient rXY (0≤rXY≤1) betweenX andY. We also provide numerical examples which support that both increasing the network complexity and training for much longer do improve the network's performance. However, as we clearly demonstrate, these improvements are far from dramatic, except in the case rXY=+ 1. This is mainly due to the existence of a theoretical lower bound to the inherent conditional variance, as we both analytically and numerically show. Finally, the fitting ability of the network for a test set is illustrated with an example.

Thin Double-Layer Approximation and Exact Standard Prediction for the Dielectric Response of a Colloidal Suspension

This work deals with the analysis of the applicability of the approximate theory of the dielectric response of colloidal suspensions elaborated by Fixman ( J. Chem. Phys. 78, 1483 (1983)) for particles with thin double layers. The predictions of this, comparatively simple, analytical model are compared, for a wide range of the variables of interest, with exact numerical results computed according to DeLacey and White's standard theory ( J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 277, 2007 (1981)). The interest of this comparison lies in the possibility of delimiting to what extent the thin double-layer approximation agrees with the standard model, since new theories, incorporating ionic transport in the inner part of the double layer, have been proposed to explain well-documented discrepancies between theoretical and experimental data on the dielectric behavior of suspensions. Some such models are generalizations of Fixman's theory, and once the true limits of validity of the latter are established, it will be possible to ascribe the possible differences between measurements and predictions to actual physical facts rather than to errors bound by the use of approximate analytical solutions outside their range of validity.

The Unity of White's Anthropological Theory: A Response to Barrett

American AnthropologistVolume 92, Issue 4 p. 1018-1019 The Unity of White's Anthropological Theory: A Response to Barrett Patrick J. Crowe, Patrick J. Crowe Department of Anthropology State University of New YorkSearch for more papers by this author Patrick J. Crowe, Patrick J. Crowe Department of Anthropology State University of New YorkSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1990 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.4.02a00140AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume92, Issue4December 1990Pages 1018-1019 RelatedInformation

Jealousy: loss of relationship rewards, loss of self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and anger.

White's (1981) theory of romantic jealousy states that the loss (or anticipated loss) of a romantic partner to a rival causes two kinds of suffering: loss (or anticipated loss) of relationship rewards and loss (or anticipated loss) of self-esteem. Elaborating this theory, we proposed that loss of relationship rewards causes depression, whereas loss of self-esteem causes anxiety and anger. General support was found for White's theory and the elaborations, but not for the hypothesis that the loss of self-esteem causes anxiety. Anxiety may be a product of both loss of self-esteem and loss of relationship rewards.

Brillouin-scattering study of the stationary, electro-acoustically amplified acoustic flux in CdS

We investigated the acoustic-energy density of electro-acoustically amplified transverse off-axis waves in single crystals of semiconducting CdS in the frequency range 0.25–1.8 GHz with the help of a Brillouin-scattering technique. The electric field was applied parallel to the c-axis in pulses of 40 μs duration with a rise-time of about 5 μs. The repetition rate was 4 Hz. The excited acoustic flux appeared to be stationary about 5 μs after the onset of the bias pulse. All measurements were carried out at room temperature. The conductivities of the various samples ranged from 0.66Ω -1m -1 to 2.3Ω -1m -1. The spectral acoustic-energy distribution appeared to peak at a frequency considerably lower than that predicted by White's linear small-signal gain theory. With increasing voltage this peak was found to shift towards lower frequencies, which could be as much as 4 times lower than predicted by White's theory. This down-shift with increasing voltage was discussed in terms of an adapted linear theory: we took into account acoustic-scattering losses at the crystal side-faces and a decrease of the conductivity. The latter effect is thought to be caused by the trapping of free charge carriers in deep potential troughs which are associated with the amplified acoustic waves. We found that the down-shift of the peak frequency with increasing voltage can be described quite well by this adapted linear theory. The off-axis angle of maximum acoustic-energy density as obtained from Brillouin-scattering appeared to be in good agreement with the off-axis angle as calculated from resonances in the ac impedence.

Multisaturation process revealed by brillouin scattering in CdS

Brillouin scattering of light by sound waves in photoconducting CdS under current saturation conditions gives a fair explanation for the multisaturations of the I–V characteristic. The acoustic flux is spread in the symmetry plane ⊥ to the C axis and is made up of on-axis and of-axis shear phonons respectively responsible for the first and second saturation. Off-axis modes are located in privileged directions which depend on the crystal size and surface treatment. D. L. White's theory explains the whole experimental observation and foresees the occurrence of more than two knees in the I–V characteristic.

Glacial Exhumation of Impact Craters on the Canadian Shield

Research Article| May 01, 1973 Glacial Exhumation of Impact Craters on the Canadian Shield BRIAN DENT BRIAN DENT 1Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information BRIAN DENT 1Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1973) 84 (5): 1667–1672. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1667:GEOICO>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation BRIAN DENT; Glacial Exhumation of Impact Craters on the Canadian Shield. GSA Bulletin 1973;; 84 (5): 1667–1672. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1667:GEOICO>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract A recently published theory of deep glacial erosion of the Canadian Shield (White, 1972) is shown to be consistent with the present distribution of Phanerozoic impact craters on the shield. The anomalous preservation of early Phanerozoic craters on a Precambrian surface can be explained by assuming: (1) that an impact crater can be preserved over hundreds of millions of years only if it forms on a stable area and is soon buried below sediments, and (2) that the sedimentary layers covering the shield craters were only recently removed by Pleistocene glacial erosion. This erosional history carries the implication of a particular relation between size, age, and location of the shield craters. Although the data on the craters are insufficient to statistically choose between White's theory and the traditional view of glacial erosion, the pattern implied by White's theory is not definitely violated by any of the 14 known craters. Using this theory, the lack of craters from the first and last 100-m.y. periods of the Phanerozoic can be attributed to erosional processes, and evidence for variation in the rate of infall of meteorites onto the earth is indicated only for one anomalous period some 350 m.y. ago. This analysis will be proved correct or not as further impact craters are discovered and dated, for it presents a consistent theory of crater preservation on the earth that prohibits, for example, the presence of small Paleozoic craters on Precambrian shield areas not exposed to Pleistocene glaciation. Independent support of White's theory would be provided by the success of this analysis and would indicate that determining the terrestrial rate of impact cratering will be very difficult. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Effect of Trapping on the Ultrasonic Velocity in a CdS Acoustic Amplifier

Measurements of the ultrasonic velocity for piezoelectrically stiffened transverse waves in CdS were made as a function of applied electric drift field, electrical conductivity, and acoustic-wave frequency. By modifying White's theory [J. Appl. Phys. 33, 2457 (1962)] to include the effects of electron trapping with nonnegligible relaxation time [I. Uchida et al., J. Phys. Soc. Japan 19, 674 (1964)], we obtain a theoretical expression that gives good agreement with the experimental results, covering a frequency range of 30–350 MHz, and a range of electrical conductivities from 10−5 to 10−2 (ohm-cm)−1 Additionally, when strong electron-trapping relaxation phenomena occur, the theory predicts, for the case of an applied electric field with electron drift opposite to the acoustic-wave propagation direction, an enhancement of the ultrasonic velocity in semiconducting CdS, above the piezoelectrically stiffened value for the insulating material. Experimental data verifying this effect are given. [This research was supported by the U. S. Navy (ONR) under contract.]

Calorimetric Study of Yttrium and Rare-Earth Iron Garnets between 0.4 and 4.5°K

We present the results of a calorimetric study on iron-garnet polycrystalline samples of Y, Eu, Tm, Sm, and Yb between 0.4 and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in zero magnetic field. Results for another sample of YIG between 0.7 and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in magnetic fields up to 13 kOe are also presented. In YIG it is shown that in addition to the lattice vibration and acoustic spin-wave-mode contributions, ${C}_{L}$ and ${C}_{\mathrm{acous}}$, there is a residual specific heat $\mathcal{R}(T)$ that is linear with temperature and somewhat dependent on magnetic field. This new term $\mathcal{R}(T)$ is tentatively attributed to surface effects although its magnitude is much larger than that predicted for surface spin-wave modes in a ferromagnetic sintered sample with the same dispersion constant $D$. The data in YIG are compared with previous work, and it is shown that the analysis of the calorimetric data on this compound is more complex than was thought previously, and in particular that data on ${C}_{v}$ in zero field are not suited for obtaining the value of $D$ from the usual $\frac{{C}_{v}}{{T}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$-versus-${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ plot. The same comments apply to EuIG, where a residual term, linear in temperature, was also obtained. From the nuclear specific heat of this compound, we obtain an rms magnetic field at the nucleus ${H}_{N}=597\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5$ kOe, in excellent agreement with results from M\ossbauer experiments. In TmIG, the effect of acoustical spin waves on ${C}_{v}$ could be detected, and (as expected) there was no evidence of population of the optical modes. However, no firm conclusions could be reached about a residue, since it was difficult to estimate ${C}_{\mathrm{acous}}$ theoretically. The nuclear contribution $\frac{{C}_{N}{T}^{2}}{R}=(7.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ was found to be in good agrement with that predicted from M\ossbauer data. In SmIG, the first excited electronic level was deduced to be $\frac{E}{{k}_{B}}=(38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, in good agreement with predictions from White's theory. The nuclear specific heat of SmIG was analyzed as corresponding to an rms field at the nucleus ${H}_{N}=(2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ Oe, while an analysis of M\ossbauer data had given (2.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ Oe. A broad anomaly in ${C}_{v}$ centered at 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K remains unexplained, but is possibly due to an unreacted samarium oxide impurity. It is responsible for the uncertainty in $E$ and ${H}_{N}$. In YbIG, a sizable discrepancy remains below 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K between the theory using the 12 low optical spin-wave modes and the experimental data. Apparently the dispersion curve of the exchange mode is significantly different from that calculated by Tinkham using a simple model. The nuclear specific heat in YbIG, $\frac{{C}_{N}{T}^{2}}{R}=(1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, was in fair agreement with that predicted from the electron-nucleus coupling parameter and the ground-state electronic moment.

Acoustoelectric Amplification in InSb

It was demonstrated by Kikuchi that two modes of acoustoelectric domain oscillation occur in InSb in a transverse magnetic field. Using lithium niobate transducers on an acoustic amplifier, we have measured linear acoustic gain as a function of electric and magnetic field and frequency. At high magnetic fields (B ≥ 3000 gauss) the results are in good agreement with White's theory. However, at low magnetic fields, the wavelength of the sound waves is less than the mean free path of the electrons, and the macroscopic theories break down. We have extended a microscopic theory of magnetacoustic interactions, due to Spector, to include electron drift. We find excellent agreement between theory and experiment over the whole range of magnetic field. Moreover, the results account very clearly for the two modes of acoustic domain formation.