Whitening System Research Articles

Review of the Effectiveness of Various Tooth Whitening Systems

This review compares nine published studies conducted at the Indiana University School of Dentistry. Twenty-five products in four different systems were evaluated using the Trubyte Bioform Color Ordered Shade Guide and a Chroma Meter. The dentist-prescribed overnight bleaching delta mean shade guide value (DSGV) 10 weeks post-bleaching was 13.2 and delta E value (DEV) 4.7; dentist-prescribed daytime bleaching DSGV 10 weeks post-bleaching was 10.5 and DEV 3.4; in-office bleaching DSGV 10 weeks post-bleaching was 6.7 and DEV was 2.1; over-the-counter bleaching DSGV two weeks post-bleaching was 7.2 and DEV was 4.1. A color difference of Delta E 2.6 is perceivable. Tooth whitening is observable with all methods of bleaching. Dentist-prescribed overnight bleaching was shown to be the most effective method of bleaching.

The whitening effect of enzymatic bleaching on tetracycline

Objective Carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide have been used as tooth whitening agents. The aim of this paper was to determine the efficiency of several enzyme-containing whitening systems. A method to determine the rate of ‘in vitro’ tetracycline whitening was also developed. Methods We determined the tetracycline whitening ability of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide, and the influence of peroxidase and lactoperoxidase on this tetracycline whitening rate. Results High peroxidase and lactoperoxidase concentrations increased the rate of tetracycline decoloration obtained with carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide. The decoloration rate observed was lower when the glucose/glucose oxidase system was used to generate hydrogen peroxide ‘in situ’. The presence of peroxidase increased the decoloration rate of extracted teeth obtained with carbamide. Conclusions Enzymes such as peroxidase could be used as whitening catalysts to increase the rate of tetracycline decoloration.

A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of a novel tray based tooth whitening system

Objectives: The study was designed to test the whitening efficacy of a new prefabricated tray based whitening system. Methods: A parallel, examiner blind, stratified two group clinical study was carried out in the Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics, Leeds Dental Institute, United Kingdom. Forty-nine male and female subjects aged 18–70 years participated in the study and they underwent both clinical and digital evaluation at baseline, 3, 7 and 14 days, respectively. The non-intervention control group was given no treatment and the test group received a tray based whitening system (Colgate Visible White PF Mint, Colgate Palmolive Company, NY, USA) that uses a 6% hydrogen peroxide gel applied in the tray twice daily for 30 min. Digital images of teeth were captured using a Jai 3CCD digital camera under an annular LED illumination array (SCHOTT North America, Inc., USA) and the data obtained was used to calculate colour parameters ( L *, a * and b *) and whiteness index WIO. Results: Clinical data and digital data showed significant difference for the Visible White group from the control group for the mean difference in its values from the baseline to each visit ( p < 0.001). Digital data showed significant correlation to clinical data. Conclusion: In the present study statistically significant tooth whitening was evident after 3 days treatment with the tray based whitening system and colour improved with continued usage over 14 days. It also supports our previous study results that the WIO index is appropriate for assessing changes in tooth whiteness.

Effective whitening system

Effective whitening system

Home Tooth Whitening Systems Improve Tooth Color Over Short Term but Lack Evaluation of Side Effects

Home-Based Chemically Induced Whitening of Teeth in Adults Hasson H, Ismail AI, Neiva G. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006202. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006202 . 1a To evaluate the effectiveness of and side effects of over-the-counter and dentist-dispensed chemically based tooth-whitening products designed for home use. None noted Systematic Review

Clinical Evaluation of Chemical and Light-Activated Tooth Whitening Systems

Clinical Evaluation of Chemical and Light-Activated Tooth Whitening Systems

Remineralization Potential of a Fluoridated Carbamide Peroxide Whitening Gel

Little knowledge exists regarding the potential remineralizing benefits of adding fluoride to carbamide peroxide-based whitening gels. The aim of this project was to evaluate whether a whitening system with fluoride will remineralize previously demineralized enamel. Twenty-four extracted teeth were sectioned into quadrants labeled A to D. Tooth quadrants in groups A, B, and D were demineralized with a lactic acid, methyl-cellulose gel system to mimic incipient carious lesions. Group C was neither demineralized nor treated. Group D was demineralized, but not treated with a whitening gel. Groups A and B were exposed to one of two commercially prepared 10% carbamide peroxide whitening gels: one that was fluoride free (group A) and one that contained fluoride (0.463%NaF) (group B). Remineralization was evaluated histologically and analyzed statistically using paired t tests accepting p < 0.05 as significant. Shade comparisons showed equal whitening efficacy of both gel A and B. Paired t tests show a significant reduction in lesion depth after treatment with the fluoride containing gel (B: mean lesion depth = 100 microm; p < 0.01), while there was no difference for the gel lacking fluoride (A: mean lesion depth = 110 microm). Under the conditions of this study, the addition of fluoride to a tooth whitening system does not affect the gel's whitening efficacy. The addition of fluoride could provide remineralization properties to the gel. As tooth whitening therapies continue to grow and evolve, a strong focus should rest on improving these materials in ways that will provide ever greater patient benefits. Coupling the esthetic benefits of whitening with the preventive benefits of fluoride is a natural step in this direction. Therapuetic quantities of fluoride can impact remineralization properties of commercially available tooth whitening gels without altering whitening properties.

Trace elementary concentration in enamel after dental bleaching using HI-ERDA

Changes of elementary concentrations in dental enamel after a bleaching treatment with different products, is presented, with special focus on the oxygen contribution. Concentrations for Ca, P, O and C and some other trace elements were obtained for enamel of bovine incisor teeth by HI-ERDA measurements using a 35Cl incident beam and an ionization chamber. Five groups of teeth with five samples each were treated with a different bleaching agents. Each tooth had its crown sectioned in two halves, one for bleaching test and one the other used as a control. Average values of C/Ca, O/Ca, F/Ca enrichment factors were found. The comparison between bleached and non-bleached halves indicates that bleaching treatment did not affect the mineral structure when low-concentration whitening systems were used. The almost constant oxygen concentration in enamel, suggests little changes due to whitening therapy.

Paint on tooth whitening system

Paint on tooth whitening system

Effect of hydrogen-peroxide-based home bleaching agents on enamel hardness

The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the effect of four commercial hydrogen-peroxide-based home bleaching agents on enamel microhardness. Fifteen human molars conserved in water for no more than 3 months were sectioned mesio-distally. The buccal and lingual surfaces were included in self curing acrylic resin, and the 30 specimens were ground until 600 grid (n=6). At baseline, 6 indentations (Vickers) were made on each of the 6 surfaces of each group, under load of 100g for 30s. Bleaching procedure was performed for 2 weeks with: 4.5% hydrogen-peroxide (Perfecta, Premier), 5.5% hydrogen-peroxide (DayWhite, Discus Dental), 7.5% hydrogenperoxide (DayWhite, Discus Dental), a polyethylene-strip whitening system containing 5.3% hydrogen-peroxide (Whitestrips, Procter&Gamble) and 10% carbamide peroxide (Opalescence, Ultradent) was used as control. After bleaching time, the specimens were rinsed and maintained in fresh artificial saliva, changed daily. A t-test compared each bleaching agent before and after treatment. The results showed that none of the five commercial home bleaching agents reduced the enamel microhardness. I t was concluded that all the five commercial home bleaching agents evaluated in our study showed no adverse effects on enamel microhardness.

High Levels of Hydrogen Peroxide in Overnight Tooth-Whitening Formulas: Effects on Enamel and Pulp

Limited data are available to assess the safety of high levels of hydrogen peroxide in overnight tooth-whitening formulas. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of hydrogen peroxide on enamel microhardness, pulp penetration, and enamel morphology. Colgate Platinum Professional Overnight Whitening System (Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Canton, MA, USA) (10% carbamide peroxide, equivalent to 3.5% hydrogen peroxide) was compared with two prototype formulations containing either 7.0% or 12.0% hydrogen peroxide. In the pulp chamber studies, human extracted teeth were exposed to 3.5%, 7.0%, or 12.0% hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes, 4 hours, or 7 hours. Microhardness, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and atomic force microscopy evaluations were made from enamel blocks cut from human extracted molars. The enamel blocks were evaluated following 14 7-hour treatments (98 h total). At 7 hours' post-treatment, hydrogen peroxide penetrated the pulp chamber at 23.12 +/- 10.09, 24.58 +/- 6.90, and 26.39 +/- 5.43 microg for 3.5%, 7.0%, and 12.0% hydrogen peroxide, respectively. With regard to enamel morphology, pulp penetration, microhardness, and elemental composition, no statistically significant differences were observed between treatment groups following 98 hours of treatment. Hydrogen peroxide does not adversely affect enamel morphology or microhardness. The levels recovered in pulp indicate that hydrogen peroxide is not expected to inhibit pulpal enzymes. Overnight tray products containing levels of hydrogen peroxide of 3.5%, 7.0%, and 12.0% are not expected to adversely affect the enamel or pulpal enzymes. Additional safety studies are needed to assess the potential for tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation.

Light augments tooth whitening with peroxide

The authors tested the adjunctive use of light with a 15 percent peroxide gel as a single-visit, in-office tooth whitening system. Subject (N = 87) with stained (> shade D4, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) anterior teeth were randomly assigned to test (peroxide and light), peroxide control (peroxide gel) or light control (placebo gel and light) groups and were treated for one hour. The researchers evaluated tooth shade, color and subject response at baseline and posttreatment and at three and six months posttreatment. The initial shade unit reduction of combined light and peroxide treatment (8.4) was greatest compared with that of peroxide alone (5.9) and of light alone (4.9). Approximately 88 percent of these effects persisted for six months. Lightness was increased and yellowness decreased to a significantly greater extent in the test group than in either control. These findings were corroborated by subject evaluation. One week after treatment, moderate to greatly increased tooth sensitivity occurred in 20 percent of test subjects, 21.7 percent of peroxide control subjects and none of the light control subjects. Neither tooth sensitivity nor gingival redness was present at the three- and six-month visits. Peroxide and light treatment significantly lightened the color of teeth to a greater extent than did peroxide or light alone, with a low and transient incidence of tooth sensitivity. Light can increase the tooth-whitening effect of peroxide, thereby increasing the effectiveness of tooth-whitening procedures.

Rembrandt Whitening System and Quik Start Versatile Tooth Bleaching Systems

Both the Rembrandt Whitening System and Quik Start offer a conservative treatment of discolored teeth, with no adverse reactions to hard or soft tissues reported. As well, patient satisfaction has been high.