White Shrimp Research Articles

Hatchery performance of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei in Biofloc technology by using different carbon sources

The present study assessed the hatchery performance of Penaeus vannamei between the mysis 1 and postlarva 10 stages, in a zero-exchange biofloc system under three treatments with different carbon sources, fructose, lactose, and dextrose, in a 15:1 fixed C:N ratio with a stocking density of 100 L−1 along with control treatment. The study used a stocking density of 100 L−1. Water quality and survival performance were compared among treatments. The results revealed that adequate water quality parameters were more appropriate for production in the BFT treatment than in the control, and analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences between treatment groups for NO2−N, NO3−N, and alkalinity (P < 0.05). Survival was significantly greater in the BFT treatment group than in the control group. Dextrose exhibited the highest survival rate for PL1 at 93%, followed by fructose at 88.67% and lactose at 86.33%, while the control group had the lowest survival rate at 79.33% (P > 0.05). For PL5 and PL10, the survival rates were 90.67%, 85.67%, 78.33%, and 66.67% (P < 0.05) for dextrose, fructose, lactose, and the control, respectively. The study concluded that dextrose is the most effective carbon source for maintaining the hatchery system.

Effects of dietary nucleotides on performance, proximate composition, health status, nitrogen stress resistance, and return on investment for Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, raised in an intensive synbiotic system

Effects of dietary nucleotides on performance, proximate composition, health status, nitrogen stress resistance, and return on investment for Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, raised in an intensive synbiotic system

Intensive white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture integrated with green mussel (Perna viridis), seaweed (Gracilariopsis bailiniae), and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): impacts on water quality and growth of the shrimp

The production of Litopenaeus vannamei has significantly intensified, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has emerged as an effective farming technique to sustain the shrimp industry. Integrated aquaculture reduces pollution while increasing aquaculture production. This production system could give both ecological and economic benefits. Its contribution to the reduced amount of nutrients from intensive shrimp farming effluents and to the improvement of water quality conditions and growth of white shrimp are significant. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts on water quality and growth performance of shrimp (L. vannamei) at the same time assess the viability of rearing shrimps integrated with either green mussel, Perna viridis (GM alone), GM+seaweed (Gracilariopsis bailiniae), GM+tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), or GM+seaweed+tilapia. Shrimps were cultured outdoors for 60 days in a recirculating system at an average water exchange rate of 6 L hr-1. Shrimps were stocked at 400 shrimp m-3 in shrimp tank while seaweed (2kg m-2), green mussels (50 individuals per meter line), and tilapia (350 grams m-3) were cultivated separately in plastic baskets inside the biofiltration tank. Shrimp effluents were recirculated from the shrimp tank to the biofiltration tank. After 60 days of culture, results showed that shrimps without integration had the lowest average body weight (ABW), survival, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), biomass gain, and high feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to shrimps with integration. This experiment confirmed that shrimp can be cultured intensively with either green mussel (GM alone), GM+ seaweed, GM+tilapia, or GM+seaweed+tilapia without adversely affecting the water quality and its growth performance and could even result in better yield than the shrimp cultured without integration. This research demonstrated the benefits of integrated aquaculture and could be further verified using large-scale culture.

Surveillance and confirmation of White Spot Disease in Cultured White Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from Port Said and Damietta Governorates

Surveillance and confirmation of White Spot Disease in Cultured White Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from Port Said and Damietta Governorates

Deficiency of PvDRAM2 increased the nitrite sensitivity of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by inhibiting autophagy

Autophagy is an essential response mechanism to environmental stress during the evolution of organisms. DRAM2 (Damage-regulated autophagy regulator 2) is recognized as necessary for the process of p53-mediated cell apoptosis. Although the role of DRAM2 in apoptosis has been confirmed, the mechanism of its relationship with autophagy is still unclear. Here we describe PvDRAM2 features and functions. We found that nitrite stress induced autophagy accumulation and ROS production. A novel DRAM-homologous protein, DRAM2, was cloned, and its expression is significantly up-regulated under nitrite stress conditions. PvDRAM2 primarily localizes within the cytoplasmic lysosome.Loss of PvDRAM2 increased sensitivity response to nitrite stress of Pacific white shrimp. And silenced of PvDRAM2 promoted ROS production and inhibited autophagy accumulation. In addition, silenced of PvDRAM2 decreased the autophagy-related protein of p62, Beclin 1, and LC3 expression under nitrite stress of Pacific white shrimp. Collectively, these studies uncover a novel critical role for PvDRAM2 in regulating autophagy under nitrite stress. Specifically, PvDRAM2 is essential for the induction of autophagy, enabling Pacific white shrimp to adapt to environmental stress. This provides mechanistic insight into how autophagy functions as a way for Pacific white shrimp to cope with environmental challenges.

Ammonia removal and nitrogen preferences evaluation of indigenous Malaysian microalga Halamphora sp. on white shrimp Penaeus vannamei wastewater

Ammonia is ubiquitous in aquaculture systems and its removal is important for maintaining water quality and the health of the cultured animals. Microalgae are effective at removing ammonia from water, but the effectiveness of different microalgae species may vary. In this study, indigenous Malaysian microalgae isolated from shrimp ponds were screened for their ability in removing ammonia from synthetic culture media. The most efficient microalga’s nitrogen preferences and its growth and nitrogen removal in the early and late stages of shrimp culture wastewater were explored. It was found that four microalgae species namely Halamphora sp. BpSpD2, Chaetoceros sp. BpSpD3, Chlorella sp. BpSpG3 and Desertifilum sp. BpSpC1 were able to eradicate ammonia after 14 days of cultivation. Further investigation showed that Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 was able to remove 100 % ammonia within 5 days of culture. The nitrogen preferences of Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 indicated a preference for ammonia over nitrate as evidenced by the higher growth and removal efficiency of the treatments. Nitrogen removal efficiency of over 70 % was observed in treating 4 to 12 mg L-1 of TAN and nitrate. When tested in shrimp-cultured wastewater, Halamphora sp. showed a higher growth and 100% ammonia removal efficiency in the late stage of shrimp-culture wastewater. It also effectively removed 59% to 80% of nitrogen throughout both the early and late stages of shrimp culture wastewater. The results suggested that the microalga Halamphora sp. BpSpD2 has a significant potential to treat the effluent of an aquaculture system containing high concentrations of ammonia and nitrate.

SYNLAC prime probiotics enhances growth performance, and resistance of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei to Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei and Vibrio alginollyticus: insights into immune and metabolic pathway modulations

This study explores the impact of SYNLAC Prime probiotics on the growth performance, health status, and metabolic profile of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Shrimp fed with the experimental diets, including the control diet without probiotic supplementation, and the diets supplemented with SYNLAC Prime probiotics at concentrations of 105 CFU (g diet)-1 (P5) and 106 CFU (g diet)-1 (P6) for 56 days. Results indicated a significant enhancement in growth performance in probiotic-treated shrimp relative to the control group, attributed to structural improvements in the digestive tract, particularly the increased abundances of B cells in the hepatopancreas. The administration of dietary probiotics markedly reduced the severity of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection and decreased cumulative mortalities following Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. Shrimp in the P6 group exhibited significant elevations in phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst, lysozyme activity and phagocytic activity compared to control group. Furthermore, there was an upregulation of several immune-related genes in hepatopancreas, including serine protease (SP), prophenoloxidase (proPO) I, proPO II, and penaeidin 3a. Additionally, the expression of β-1, 3-glucan binding protein and SP mRNA was significantly increased in hemocytes. Untargeted metabolomics analysis using LC-MS/MS revealed significant changes in the hepatopancreas metabolic profile, highlighting alterations in energy metabolisms pathways, such as citrate cycle and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, as well as amino acid metabolisms pathways including arginine and proline metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and histidine metabolism. These findings underscore the potential of SYNLAC Prime probiotics in enhancing shrimp growth, immune function, and metabolic pathways, offering valuable insights for advancing health management strategies in shrimp aquaculture.

Multifunctional fish gelatin film incorporated with chitosan carbon dots and butterfly pea flower anthocyanins for active/smart packaging of Pacific white shrimp

Multifunctional fish gelatin film incorporated with chitosan carbon dots and butterfly pea flower anthocyanins for active/smart packaging of Pacific white shrimp

Pendampingan Teknis Teknologi Tepat Guna Budidaya Udang Vaname Skala Kecil di Desa Pengambengan, Jembrana, Bali

Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is one of Indonesia's fishery commodities with high economic value in the domestic and foreign markets. They are applying appropriate technology through small-scale shrimp farming aimed to transfer technology in partner villages from traditional to intensive systems. This program was an effort to improve the welfare of the fishery community in Desa Pengambengan, Jembrana, Bali. This program was carried out in May‒July 2022, and it involved the Mina Jaya Fish Cultivator Group as the target community. The activity program was carried out through several stages, including audience activity, counseling, technical assistance, and monitoring and evaluation. The activity succeeded in increasing the knowledge and skills of the target community regarding vaname shrimp cultivation in detail. Technical assistance for cultivation activities has increased community understanding of small-scale intensive shrimp cultivation, minimizing errors and increasing program success. Monitoring and evaluation are carried out to determine the sustainability of activities in the target community. This community service activity has succeeded in increasing the productivity of Pacific white shrimp cultivation and technology transfer from the traditional system to a small-scale intensive system.

Effects of artemia and tilapia density on the ability to treat organic matter in wastewater from white leg shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming

White leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming effluent contains pollutants that include high levels of total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and growth promoting substances. This study investigated the possibility of using artemia to filter suspended solids and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to consume organic waste of shrimp, uneaten food at the bottom of wastewater tanks of industrial shrimp farming. Both artemia and Tilapia had the ability to rapidly reduce organic matter content in wastewater of industrial shrimp farming in tanks. This contributed to reducing total suspended solid in wastewater when discharged into the environment. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS) met effluent standards in Circular No. 44/2010/TT-BNNPTNT and QCVN 11-MT:2015/BTNMT in all of the investigated plots. In the surface wastewater of wastewater tanks, the remaining TSS, BOD₅, and COD contents were the lowest at 6.2 ± 1.1 mg/L, 3.9 ± 0.5 mg/L, and 8.6 ± 1.4 mg/L, respectively, in the stocking density of 300 artemia individuals/L. In the bottom wastewater, the remaining TSS, BOD₅, and COD contents were the lowest at 21.4 ± 5.1 mg/L, 8.5 ± 1.5 mg/L, and 11.6 ± 3.6 mg/L, respectively, in the stocking density of 16 Tilapia individuals/m3.

Revival of cryopreserved larvae from the important aquaculture species Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using vitrification and ultra-rapid laser warming.

Cryopreservation of aquatic embryos or larvae is needed to help safeguard genetics from important wild and captive species, increase aquaculture output, and meet the global demand for protein. To this end, the development of a cryopreservation protocol for nauplius larvae of the commercially important aquaculture species Litopenaeus vannamei, or Pacific white shrimp, was pursued. Toxicity screening was performed using multiple cryoprotective agents (CPA), and a multi-constituent CPA cocktail was developed to achieve reliable vitrification of shrimp larvae encapsulated in 1.0-μL droplets containing gold nanoparticles. Vitrification and ultra-rapid laser warming were used to cryopreserve and revive nauplius-V stage larvae. Laser warming parameters were optimized to protect the pigmented eye spot from laser-induced ablation, and ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) were tested to induce long-term survival. Approximately 54% of revived larvae resumed active swimming, but all failed to molt to the zoea-I stage of development or live beyond 15 hours post warming.

Effect of different dietary lipid levels on digestive enzyme activity and immune status of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at two salinity levels

Effect of different dietary lipid levels on digestive enzyme activity and immune status of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at two salinity levels

Alleviating effects of Gracilaria verrucosa supplement on non-specific immunity, antioxidant capacity and immune-related genes of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) provoked with white spot syndrome virus

Our work evaluated the possible underlying roles of dietary dried seaweed (Gracilaria verrucosa; GV) on the inherent immune response, antioxidant capacity, immune-related gene expression, and protection of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) contra white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Three hundred and sixty healthy L. vannamei (15.26 g ± 1.29 g) were graded into four supplemental groups ( Triplicate/group) and fed with diets including 0 (control), 2, 4, and 8 g GV (kg diet) −1 for 21 days. Following the feeding period, each group of shrimp received an intramuscular WSSV injection (1.4 × 106 copies/ml). Hemolymph and gills samples were collected before and after the challenge with WSSV. Notably, the administration of dietary GV significantly enhanced the innate immune parameters of pacific white shrimp including total hemocyte count (THC), phagocytosis, phenoloxidase activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and lysozyme activity before and after challenge with WSSV. Additionally, dietary supplementation of 4, and 8 g of GV (kg diet)−1 remarkably elevated ACP, AKP, SOD, GPx, and catalase activities along with a decrease in the MDA level in gills of shrimp before and post-WSSV challenge. In response to the GV supplement, significant upregulation of expression of ALF1, CRU1, PEN4, and CTL with downregulation of TRAF6, STAT, TLR1, and NOS genes was recorded in the gills tissue before and post-challenge with WSSV, especially at a dose of 8.0 GV g kg − 1. Dietary inoculated shrimp with GV revealed notably higher survival percentages after being challenged with WSSV. Conclusively, these data indicate that Gracilaria verrucosa can be recommended as a valuable supplemented seaweed to stimulate the innate immunity and enhance the health of Litopenaeus vannamei against viral infection.

Efficient pectin recovery from sugar beet pulp as effective bio-based coating for Pacific white shrimp preservation

This study demonstrates the valorization of sugar beet pulp (SBP)-derived pectin to produce bio-based coatings for shrimp preservation. Pectin extraction was assessed at varying temperatures and extraction times to achieve tailored properties (high methoxyl-pectins, degree of esterification-DE >79.0 %) leading to 11.5 % extraction yield, 78.1 % galactouronic acid content and 80 % DE at optimal conditions (pH 1.5, 80 °C, 2 h). Pectin-based coatings supplemented with ascorbic acid (AA) (0.5–2.0 %) led to organoleptically acceptable shrimps with significantly lower total color differences during 28-days of storage, compared to uncoated and pectin-coated counterparts. AA-based coatings delayed shrimp melanosis, expressed as reduced polyphenoloxidase activity (48–86 %). Rich-in-holocellulose solids derived after pectin extraction were used for bacterial cellulose (BC) production, pinpointing the SBP potential as a multi-purpose feedstock. Fed-batch fermentation enhanced BC concentration (by 110 %) and productivity (1.6-fold higher) compared to batch-cultures. Pectin produced within a SBP-based biorefinery could be applied as bio-based coating with food packaging potential.

Characterization of a novel and testis-specific zinc finger protein during sexual development of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Since females grow faster in penaeid shrimp, all-female aquaculture was proposed. Environmental conditions in the Pacific white shrimp did not found to affect genetic sex determination (ZZ/ZW system). The androgenic gland (AG)-secreting insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG) is a key controlling factor in crustacean male differentiation. However, functional sex reversal (neo-male) in penaeid shrimp has not yet been achieved by manipulating the IAG-sexual switch. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of gonadal differentiation may help build appropriate tools to generate neo-male (ZW) for all-female breeding. This study describes the potential role of the novel penaeid-specific testicular zinc finger protein (pTZFP) in the gonads of Pacific white shrimp. First, pTZFP transcripts show a male-bias expression pattern in undifferentiated gonads, which is then exclusively expressed in the testis and absent or slightly expressed in the ovary and other tissues. Besides, the knockdown of pTZFP in undifferentiated males results in smaller testes but no sex reversal. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) further confirmed that the smaller testes in pTZFP-deficient males are due to the lower proliferating activity of spermatogonia. These data reveal that pTZFP may be involved in testicular development but have fewer effects on gonadal differentiation. Moreover, testicular pTZFP transcription levels were not reduced with estradiol-17β (E2) administration or AG excision. Therefore, our data suggest that pTZFP may regulate testicular development through downstream genes regulating spermatogonia proliferation. Moreover, our data provide an appropriate molecular marker for identifying the sex of undifferentiated gonads.

Morphological and Nutritional Analysis of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, Muscle

In response to the growing seafood demand and the environmental impact of traditional aquaculture and fishing methods, this study explored the potential of cellular agriculture for sustainable seafood production. Focusing on shrimp, the most consumed seafood in the United States, our project aimed to establish a comprehensive database of the morphological and physicochemical properties of shrimp muscle. This database is intended to support the development of cell-based seafood by providing a benchmark for texture, color, and nutritional content. To do so, thirty large white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) were analyzed through texture analysis, colorimetry, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, and proximate analysis. The findings indicated consistent texture profile analysis parameters across the shrimp's surface and cross-section, while colorimetry values showed significant differences. H&amp;E staining revealed similar cellular patterns, affirming the uniformity of shrimp texture. The proximate analysis offers a nutritional target for developing shrimp analogs. The study concludes that while shrimp texture is consistent, addressing color variation is crucial for the development of cell-based shrimp analogs. Future research should include characteristics of cooked shrimp and other seafood products to expand the database for cellular agriculture applications.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitosis Caused by Nematopsis sp (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) in Litopenaeus vannamei and its Relationship with Water Turbidity, in a Fattening Farm

Objective: This research aims to calculate the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis caused by Nematopsis sp (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) on white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and relate it to water turbidity, in a fattening farm. Methods: The work was carried out on the western coast of the state of Falcón (Venezuela), where the animals (for clinical and laboratory analysis) and the turbidity data of the pool water were obtained. For the turbidity analysis, the Secchi disk was used, which allowed the measurement to be recorded in centimeters of transparency. The shrimp were captured by random sampling in the lagoons and immediately transferred to the laboratory for clinical study, subsequently data on prevalence, correlation (R), and coefficient of determination (R2) were obtained. Results: Once the analyses were carried out, a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.319951628 was obtained, indicating the low dependence (weak positive connection) between the related variables (the prevalence of diseases and the levels of turbidity in the water). In the evaluation of the R2, the value of 0.102369044 was obtained, which indicated that in only 10.23% of the infected animals, there was an influence of turbidity on the prevalence of infected animals. Conclusion: The prevalence values obtained in this study are consistent with those reported in other research in Latin America. In turn, the related data demonstrated that water turbidity could be related (weakly) to the presence of the parasitic protozoan Nematopsis sp, however, their statistical relationship is very scarce.

Identification and Characterization of a Novel Insulin-like Receptor (LvRTK2) Involved in Regulating Growth and Glucose Metabolism of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

The insulin receptor (IR) plays a crucial role in the growth and metabolism of animals. However, there are still many questions regarding the IR in crustaceans, particularly their role in shrimp growth and glucose metabolism. In this study, we identified a novel insulin-like receptor gene in Litopenaeus vannamei and cloned its full length of 6439 bp. This gene exhibited a highly conserved sequence and structural characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed it as an unreported RTK2-type IR, namely, LvRTK2. Expression pattern analysis showed that LvRTK2 is primarily expressed in female reproductive and digestive organs. Through a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments, including glucose treatment, exogenous insulin treatment, and starvation treatment, LvRTK2 was confirmed to be involved in the endogenous glucose metabolic pathway of shrimp under different glucose variations. Moreover, long-term and short-term interference experiments with LvRTK2 revealed that the interference significantly reduced the shrimp growth rate and serum glucose clearance rate. Further studies indicated that LvRTK2 may regulate shrimp growth by modulating the downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and a series of glucose metabolism events, such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, and glycogenolysis. This report on the characteristics and functions of LvRTK2 confirms the important role of RTK2-type IRs in regulating shrimp growth and glucose metabolism.

Impact of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal on health, muscle texture, and intestinal microbiota in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

Defatted black soldier fly larvae meal is a highly promising substitute for fishmeal, with its impact on gut health and muscle quality in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) being crucial for its further development and utilization. This study conducted an 8-week feeding trial to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (DBSFLM) on the growth, muscle texture, and gut health of P. vannamei. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated, with DBSFLM added at levels of 0 %, 4.12 %, 8.24 %, 12.36 %, 16.48 %, and 20.61 % to replace different proportions of fishmeal. The results showed that adding up to 20.61 % DBSFLM to replace 75 % of fishmeal did not significantly affect shrimp growth performance. The optimal inclusion level of DBSFLM is 4.12 % to 8.24 %, which not only reduces intestinal inflammation and enhances gut microbiota interactions but also improves muscle texture and flavor, while boosting immunity and antioxidant capacity. However, adding more than 16.48 % DBSFLM leads to intestinal inflammation and hepatocellular damage, and negatively affects muscle texture and amino acid composition. Overall, while adding up to 20.61 % DBSFLM (to replace 75 % of fishmeal) does not affect shrimp growth, an inclusion level of no more than 12.36 % (to replace 45 % of fishmeal) is recommended for optimal flavor and health.

Anomalous white shrimp detection in intensive farming based on improved YOLOv8

Timely detection of anomalous shrimp is crucial for ensuring farming safety. Therefore, this study developed an effective model to detect abnormal shrimp behaviors, including curling, floating, leaping, cannibalism, and death. The proposed model uses YOLOv8 as the baseline, adjusts network parameters to align with the characteristics of abnormal shrimp, employs content-aware reassembly of features (CARAFE) to preserve more semantic information, and utilizes dynamic convolution to enhance the network's expressiveness. Achieving a 97.8 % mAP@0.5 and 96.1 % F1 score on a custom dataset, the model demonstrated superior detection performance and a smaller size compared with Faster-RCNN, single-shot multi-box detector (SSD), YOLOv5, YOLOv6, and YOLOv7. Based on the proposed model, we developed an abnormal shrimp monitoring system with significant potential to benefit white shrimp cultivators.