White Print Research Articles

Clinical photography in orthodontic practice

An effort has been made to encourage improved clinical photography. Contemporary and readily available photographic publications are included in the reference list at the end of this article. Those interested are encouraged to obtain copies for their personal libraries. Advantages and uses of a copy stand have been shown. Methods of obtaining black and white negatives from color slides have been described. The use of a 35 mm. copy technique has been expanded to encourage copying of older case histories, transfer records, and third-party requests. Duplication of radiographs using Kodak SO 185 film has been described. The concept of 8 by 10 inch color photographs, together with a typed description of the information to be learned, have been explained. These areas include parent, patient, and staff instruction and encourage the in-office fabrication of slide-tape sequences.The advantages of slide duplication have been covered. Correction of color, density, cropping, and primarily the safety factor of using duplicate slides to prevent loss or damage of slides frequently used by clinicians has been presented. Techniques for making color slides or black and white prints of plaster casts have been explained. The techniques showed lighting concepts to obtain modeling, form, and texture together with procedures to control shadows on casts.A lighting system for facial photographs using light reflected into an umbrella has been presented. This type of light is flattering and prevents the red eyes produced when the light source is close to the lens. Patients should not look at an on-the-camera strobe light but at a point away from the light. Use of a slave strobe light has been discussed in order that the backgrounds for facial photographs could be illuminated.21The difficulties experienced in the color balance of certain films has been described. One way to improve the color of photographs taken with Kodachrome 25 and Kodachrome 64 film by adding color-correction filter gels has been stated.An attempt has been made to encourage the use of either life-size or 8 by 10 inch facial photographs for more detailed diagnosis and consultation. Muscle activity is more readily visible on larger prints and is a valid requirement in orthognathic surgical procedures. The convenience of using prints for parent consultation and diagnosis has been described. One of the advantages of prints is that a projector is not required and the ambient light in a room does not have to be lowered.In the past, most clinical cameras were adaptations of regular photographic equipment. Currently, there are a number of detailed and technical articles on photographic techniques and types of equipment which can consistently produce dependable slides or prints. Before- and after-treatment photographs have been unique in the practice of orthodontics for many years. The availability of improved camera bodies, exposure meters, strobe lights, and longer focal length lenses with a better definition of what makes a good clinical photograph has created another sphere in orthodontic history and record production.It is hoped that this article will stimulate those who desire better clinical photographs to search the literature and to take the time to produce, in a consistent manner, superior clinical photographs, irrespective of film format.One of the thrusts of this article has been to encourage orthodontists to spend some time reading the theory of films, lenses, filters, and basic photographic techniques. The availability of photographic equipment of a hiqh quality, together with the understanding of a few concepts, will deliver credible photographs for the orthodontist and his staff. This knowledge can provide pleasure and service to the orthodontist, his colleagues, and the patients he treats. If custom photographic laboratories are used, a more specific channel of communication is afforded each party in order that a finished slide or print will please those involved.

Use of LANDSAT-1 imagery in exploration for keweenawan-type copper deposits

LANDSAT-1 imagery is used to detect and map hydrothermally altered flow tops in a sequence of basic lavas in the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia. The altered flow tops form targets one or two km wide due to shallow dips in the region and may be up to 50km or more in length. The true thickness of the dipping altered layers vary from less than 5 metres up to about 30 metres. Associations of quartz, albite, chlorite, pumpellyite and, in some places, epidote characterise the alteration. The style of alteration in a control area was identified from conventional EROS black and white, and color composite LANDSAT-1 images using a scale of 1:500,000. Strike extension of this alteration was visible for 350km. Even better discrimination between altered and unaltered lava was obtained using first generation contrast stretched prints of MSS bands 4, 5 and 7 enlarged to 1:250,000 scale, and also a color composite of these bands. Topographic problems apparent in this imagery were partly overcome by ratioing MSS band 5 over band 7, interpreting the product as a black and white print at 1:250,000 scale. Computer classification trials block out part of the control area and in places show an improvement in discrimination over the other displays.

Conversion of black and white prints to color in daylight. A demonstration lecture for general and organic courses

A black and white print is converted to a full color print with the lights on; includes a detailed discussion of the chemical processes involved in the demonstration.

How to make good black and white enlarged pictures from color transparencies.

The greatest obstacle in obtaining high-quality black and white prints for publication, from a high-quality color transparency, is the making of an excellent internegative. A process is described for making high resolution internegatives simply and quickly.

Pallor of the optic disc. Quantitative photographic evaluation.

Optic-disc Pallor was evaluated in 280 eyes of 140 normal subjects distributed evenly by sex and age over seven decades. From colored photographs of the disc 15×-enlarged black and white prints of high contrast were made. Relative measurements were determined from the prints. Median or 50th percentile value for area pallor/area disc was 19%; 95th percentile value was 38%. With age, pallor area relative to disc increases about 50% and enlarges more nasally than temporally. Comparison of sex and race showed that white males have larger relative areas of pallor than white females. With this technique, degree of optic-disc pallor can be evaluated quantitatively and used for further defining changes of the optic disc in glaucoma and for screening purposes.

Subtle Surface Mapping--Kelsh Plotter Techniques: ABSTRACT

Studies indicate that the Kelsh stereoplotter is capable of locating subtle surface anomalies using high-altitude photos and ground control. Petroleum explorationists in the early 1950s used the Kelsh plotter to map in detail known geologic surface structures in order to determine the amount of structural closure and fault throws. In the early 1960s, with the advent of high-altitude photographic coverage over much of the United States, a new role developed for the plotter. The large, 40-sq-mi/print, lateral stereoscopic coverage allows a much wider look at large areas, and thus a new system of geologic reconnaissance mapping with extremely accurate results. Tip and tilt, inherent in all aerial photographs, can be removed. An enlargement factor of 5, together with vertical ground controls for each stereo pair, makes possible dip-magnitude readings of 1/2 degree and accurate structural elevation work. Using the Kelsh plotter to evaluate larger geologic provinces, many previously undiscovered subtle nosings, faulted noses, and independent surface closures become apparent. Cross-section work and measurement of the thickness of formations also may be accomplished. A newly developed system of polarized light makes possible the use of color aerial photographs with the same accuracy as conventional black and white prints. End_of_Article - Last_Page 767------------

SOIL MAPPING ACCURACY FROM BLACK AND WHITE, COLOR, AND INFRARED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

The accuracy obtainable from four types of aerial photographic film in the mapping and description of soil and terrain features was measured. Black and white film gave a soil mapping accuracy of 72% and was just as good as the color or infrared films for the description of specific terrain features in mountain lands. The accuracy of the soil map in the mountain lands and the description of terrain features in an alluvial valley increased to over 80% with the color film. Infrared film, both color and black and white, gave slightly more accurate soil maps in the valley. The use of a film like Kodak Special Ektachrome MS Aerographic Type SO-151 is recommended for future soil surveys. Black and white prints and color prints and transparencies can all be obtained from the same roll of this film type.

Color-additive subtraction.

Conventional radiographs remain the most valuable method of recording the x-ray image. Black-and-white subtraction has greatly enhanced the quality of arteriographic studies. Color-additive subtraction is an embellishment of the standard radiographic subtraction. It is a display method of particular value for medical illustrative material and medical teaching. The method outlined below represents a new simplified technic of producing color-additive radiographs. The procedure is significant in that it is simple and relatively inexpensive. The quality of color presentation is excellent. The method is significantly different from the previously described technics (1, 4-6) in that it is a contact process and is capable of producing superior radiographic detail. Method The technic used for producing color-additive subtraction films is summarized in point form as follows: I. Initial Black-and-White Subtraction A. Mask Production 1. Place a sheet of Kodak commercial film (Estar thick base), emulsion side up, directly below a light source. 2. Place the preliminary film (no contrast material) over the commercial Estar film. 3. Place a sheet of clear glass over the two sheets of film to ensure proper film contact. 4. Expose the films to a 15-watt light source for three seconds at a distance of 6 feet. 5. The exposed Kodak commercial film (Estar thick base) is then processed through the R.P. X-Omat processor. B. Superimposition of Mask and Contrast-Filled Film 1. Select a contrast-filled film to be subtracted, and place it on a view box in the normal viewing position. 2. Align the mask and the contrast-filled film so that they are perfectly superimposed. 3. When the alignment is correct, secure the films together with tape. C. Production of the Subtracted Film 1. Place a sheet of Kodak commercial film (Estar thick base) with the emulsion side up directly below a light source. 2. Place the aligned pair of films over the commercial Estar film. 3. Place a sheet of clear glass over the three films to ensure good film contact. 4. Expose films to a 15-watt light source for eight seconds at a distance of 6 feet. 5. The exposed Kodak commercial film (Estar thick base) is then processed through the R.P. X-Omat processor. II. Color-Additive Process A. Background Blue Copy 1. Use the same contrast-filled film as is employed in obtaining the black-and-white subtraction. Place over this film a sheet of blue ultra-high-speed Diazo film.2 The two sheets are then fed into a Blu-Ray white printer, exposing the color foil to ultraviolet light. 2. The exposed sheet of color foil is now fed into a Blu-Ray developer which dry-develops the foil by use of ammonium fumes. 3. The background film shows the general anatomy in light blue with the contrast-filled vessels appearing white.

A roentgenographic method for rapid evaluation of x-ray machines

A new method in which Polaroid type 52 Land films are used for the evaluation of x-ray machines is presented. The black and white print, which is developed in ten seconds, demonstrates the adequacy of collimation, the aiming of the central beam, and any scattering or leakage of radiation in the anterior direction. By comparison with standard exposures, an accurate estimate can be made of the roentgen output of the x-ray machine. The method is very rapid and provides a more than adequate substitute for the fluorescent screen and radiation recorders now in use for direct evaluations of x-ray machines.

FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY OF MOUSE BONE‐MARROW CELLS

SYNOPSISMouse bone‐marrow cells have been treated with a 1:20,000 concentration of acridine‐orange and mounted on slides coated with nutrient agar. Under these conditions cells spread themselves rapidly, and active movements can be observed within a few minutes. When viewed with blue‐violet light a variety of marrow cells can be distinguished. The nuclei fluoresce green and the cytoplasmic granules fluoresce red; this cytoplasmic granulation is similar to that observed with phase‐contrast microscopy. Photographs were obtained using Ektachrome high‐speed colour film which permitted greatly reduced exposure times. Black and white bromide prints made from colour transparencies could be made without difficulty. These have the advantage of being free from grain.

Direct black and white prints for publication from color slides and roentgenograms

Direct black and white prints for publication from color slides and roentgenograms

The superposition of autoradiographs and micrographs using the kodak dye transfer process

A kodak dye transfer process is described for making a composite print showing the autoradiograph and micrograph of metallic specimens in appropriate colors. The autoradiograph and micrograph are used in place of separation negatives to make composite prints which are more easily interpreted than separate or superposed black and white prints. Examples shown include an autoradiograph obtained using copper-64 as a tracer to show the distribution of copper in an aluminum -copper alloy, and the distribution of chromium in an aluminum - zinc - magnesium -chromium alloy. The matrices were dyed to give a suitable contrast in colors. (C.H.)

FOR CLEARER, SHARPER "WHITE PRINTS" ON BETTER REPRODUCTION PAPERS

FOR CLEARER, SHARPER "WHITE PRINTS" ON BETTER REPRODUCTION PAPERS

The relative legibility of black and white print.

The relative legibility of black and white print.

Photographic Copying by Contact

IN the early days of photography, the late Mr. J. H. Player invented a method of making full-sized copies of black and white print, drawings, etc., without the use of a camera or lens. The process, known as ‘playertype’? is easily worked and may sometimes be used with advantage. The drawing to be copied is taken to the dark room. A sheet of ordinary bromide paper, or a photographic plate, is placed with its sensitive surface in close contact with the drawing. The paper is then exposed for a short time to the light from any convenient ordinary source of white light of low power. The light passes through the paper and its sensitive coating, illuminating the drawing beneath. Less light is reflected back from the black lines of the drawing than from the white ground. Thus the total illumination of the sensitive coating opposite the black lines is less than that opposite the white ground. On developing the sensitive material a somewhat foggy negative is obtained. This negative can be used for printing any number of photographic copies in the usual way. Recently this process has been revived by Messrs. Luminophor, Ltd., 27 Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.4, who supply phosphorescent screens to replace the ordinary light source of the original ‘playertype’. One of the screens must first be excited by exposure to daylight or to magnesium light. It is then placed upon the bromide paper and drawing and allowed to remain for some minutes. Subsequent operations are similar to those already described for ‘playertype’. However, while these phosphorescent screens are sometimes convenient, they are costly and really quite unnecessary.

B.I.R. Medical Members' Monthly Meeting

B.I.R. Medical Members' Monthly MeetingPublished Online:29 May 2014https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-4-48-721SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail AboutAbstractA well attended November meeting, over fifty being present at the start, which, against all tradition, was up to time, and twenty or more turning up later. This outbreak of energy was. I think, contributed to by undue punctuality of the Medical Committee, but was really precipitated by the fact that the tea table had returned to its cranny downstairs, the resultant congestion not being conducive to lingering.Dr. Russell Reynolds announced that endeavours are to be made to publish in the Journal, reproductions of the most interesting cases shown at these meetings, and all members showing cases were asked to send to him either the films on loan, or black-and white prints from them, together with very brief notes on the essential points in the cases.With Dr. A. E. Barclay in the chair, the following cases were shown.I. Case of a girl, aged 8 years, complaining of bronchitis, with no physical signs, and no symptoms except stridor.Radiological appearances suggested tuberculosis of the lungs, but no tubercle bacilli could be found. Further radiological examination led to the opinion that the case was in danger of dying, but still no physical signs were found to support this view. The child died within a month, and autopsy showed that the lung appearances were due to small carcinomatous metastases, from a primary lesion in the thyroid gland. Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 4, Issue 48December 1931Pages: 621-736 © The British Institute of Radiology History Published onlineMay 29,2014 Metrics Download PDF

The relative legibility of black and white print.

The relative legibility of black and white print.

Four Series of Black and White Prints by Okumura Masanobu

Four Series of Black and White Prints by Okumura Masanobu

Toning Bromide Prints

INSTEAD of producing a black and white bromide print it is often desirable to change the normal tone to suit the subject photographed. There are many methods by which this change of tints can be obtained, and these pages are devoted to describing the various processes that are available. The material on which this book is based first appeared in a series of articles in Photography, but in the present handy form it will be found more convenient for workers. The author gives a good detailed account of each case, and discusses the probable effect of the different processes on the permanence of the finished picture. Workers with bromide papers will find this book of considerable service.