White Paint Research Articles

A multi-analytical approach to identify ancient pigments used in pottery towers excavated from the Han Dynasty tombs

In 2013, several tombs were discovered and excavated in Southeastern Beijing, China, yielding various burial products. Among these were pottery towers, a representative artifact of the Han Dynasty rarely found in the area. Many studies on architectural aspects, such as construction type and construction situation, have been conducted based on the excavated pottery towers, but only a few have examined their raw materials or pigments. In this study, black, white, and red pigments were identified as carbon black, calcite, and cinnabar, respectively, through a multi-analysis approach. The manufacturing method of the pigment was established based on the crystal form and particle size of the pigment, by factoring in the pigment characteristics, which cannot be distinguished by component analysis and crystal structure analysis. We recommend that a continuous database be prepared and used in the future, not only for an interpretation of ancient pigments but also to identify the factors to be considered (physical characteristics, such as pigment particle size among others) when estimating the manufacturing process and conservation treatment.

Expanding the framework of rhetorical circulation: an approach to online symbolic accretion through the rhizomorph

ABSTRACT On October 18, 2019, members of the Colombian Army covered a highly visible mural with white paint. The mural depicted the Army’s active and retired generals who are allegedly responsible for extrajudicial executions committed by their subordinates in the 2000s. The Army’s efforts failed; in attempting to make the mural invisible, the Army ensured the mural’s visibility through online circulation. In this article, I describe the rhizomatic emergence of the image in the digital space through different forms and articulations as a challenge to the Army’s intention to screen out a narrative in the physical landscape. I argue that the circulation of the image and its transformations into remixes and other visual representations constitutes an instance of online symbolic accretion. I propose the theoretical concept of rhizomorph, understood as a digital image event that transforms as it moves through a digitally mediated environment to provide an alternative conception of a particular event.

New trifunctional acrylic water-based paint with self-cleaning, biocidal and magnetic properties

In the present study, we report the synthesis and application of ZnFe2O4/SiO2-TiO2 nanocomposites with non-stoichiometric content of Fe to Zn used for the first time for the preparation of new generation trifunctional paints with self-cleaning, biocidal and magnetic properties. Currently, there are no compositions on the market for obtaining protective coatings in the form of paint, which simultaneously exhibit biocidal, magnetic and self-cleaning - photocatalytic properties. The effect of Zn:Fe content on the antimicrobial, magnetic and self-cleaning properties of obtained modified paints was investigated. Furthermore, the non-stoichiometric zinc ferrite in combination with TiO2 allowed to create of a surface that inhibits microorganisms' growth. Self-cleaning properties were studied in the reaction of dye - neutral red degradation. The commercial white paint was not photocatalytic active. Paint modification with nanocomposites based on ZnO/ZnFe2O4 and TiO2 resulted in the effective degradation of natural red dye. The highest dye removal efficiency was observed for the sample containing ZnFe2O4/SiO2-TiO2 particles with a non-stoichiometric 1:2 (Fe: Zn) molar ratio. Trifunctional paints with photocatalytic, magnetic and biocidal properties are a novelty in building products. The composition can be applied to protective and decorative layers, giving magnetic, biocidal and self-cleaning properties.

Superhydrophobic bilayer coating for passive daytime radiative cooling

Abstract Passive radiative cooling is an energy-free cooling method by exchanging thermal radiation with the cold universe through the transparent atmospheric window. Spectrum tailoring of the radiative cooler is the key to daytime radiative cooling in previously reported works. In addition, radiative coolers with large-scale fabrication and self-cleaning characteristics should be further developed to improve their industrial applicability. Herein, we propose a bilayer radiative cooling coating with the superhydrophobic property and a scalable process, by covering TiO2/acrylic resin paint with a silica/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (SiO2/P(VdF-HFP)) composite masking layer. The strong Mie scattering in TiO2/acrylic resin paint contributes to high solar reflection, while the SiO2/P(VdF-HFP) masking layer is responsible for superhydrophobicity and synergetic solar reflection in the ultraviolet band, resulting in an effective solar reflectivity of 94.0 % with an average emissivity of 97.1 % and superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 158.9°. Moreover, the as-fabricated coating can be cooled to nearly 5.8 °C below the temperature of commercial white paint and 2.7 °C below the local ambient temperature under average solar irradiance of over 700 W m−2. In addition, yearly energy saving of 29.0 %–55.9 % can be achieved after the coating is applied to buildings in Phoenix, Hong Kong, Singapore, Guangzhou, and Riyadh.

A comparative simulation between monofacial and bifacial PV modules under palestine conditions

During the last period, solar energy gained a lot of attraction and is expected to be the replacement for non-renewable energy due to its great potential and advantages, one of these advantages is that solar energy is scalable, which means it can be used on an industrial scale or lesser, another advantage is that solar energy is a clean source, this means it causes no pollution to the environment, in addition, solar energy is the future, as its cost is going down and non-renewable energy is becoming more and more expensive. This project aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the performance of bifacial and monofacial solar panels under diverse conditions. The investigation involves examining the influence of varying albedo levels and the type of surface beneath the PV panels, including sand, white paint, black asphalt, or artificial grass. The renowned software tool PVsyst will be employed to simulate and analyze PV systems. The location selected for this study is An-Najah National University in Nablus, Palestine. The PV panels will be oriented towards the true south, and a tilt angle of 28˚ will be employed. Through meticulous simulations and thorough analysis, this research seeks to provide comprehensive insights into the contrasting performance characteristics of bifacial and monofacial solar panels across different environmental contexts. The ultimate objective is to contribute valuable knowledge regarding the suitability and optimal utilization of these PV technologies. The study aims to evaluate and compare the electrical output, energy yield, and overall performance of bifacial and monofacial solar panels under different scenarios. The project will analyze factors such as the energy gain achieved by the bifacial panels due to rear-side irradiance reflection, the impact of albedo on the performance of bifacial panels, and the influence of shading on both panel types.

Evaluation of possible cytotoxic, genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and possible protective effect of melatonin

Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles of matter that are between 1 to 100 nm in diameter. They are suggested to cause toxic effects in both humans and environment thorough different mechanisms. However, their toxicity profile may be different from the parent material. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs are widely used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. As a white pigment, the use of TiO2 is used in food coloring, industrial paints, clothing and UV filters has increased tremendously in recent years. Melatonin, on the other hand, is a well-known antioxidant and may prevent oxidative stress caused by a variety of different substances, including NPs. In the current study, we aimed to comparatively investigate the effects of normal-sized TiO2 (220 nm) and nano-sized TiO2 (21 nm) on cytopathology, cytotoxicity, oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and glutathione), genotoxicity (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), apoptosis (caspase 3, 8 and 9) and epigenetic alterations (global DNA methylation, H3 acetylation) on 3T3 fibroblast cells. In addition, the possible protective effects of melatonin, which is known to have strong antioxidant effects, against the toxicity of TiO2 were also evaluated. Study groups were: a. the control group; b. melatonin group; c. TiO2 group; d. nano-sized TiO2 group; e. TiO2 + melatonin group and f. nano-sized TiO2 + melatonin group. We observed that both normal-sized and nano-sized TiO2 NPs showed significant toxic effects. However, TiO2 NPs caused higher DNA damage and global DNA methylation compared to normal-sized TiO2 whereas normal-sized TiO2 led to lower H3 acetylation vs. TiO2 NPs. Melatonin showed partial protective effect against the toxicity caused by TiO2 NPs.

Modified Model of Polarized Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Used for Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)

In order to analyze the performance of a light detection and ranging system based on polarization modulation, it is necessary to theoretically analyze and model the polarization scattering characteristics of common target materials. In this paper, the shortcomings of the classical Hyde pBRDF (polarization bidirectional reflectance distribution function) model are analyzed. Based on the research results of many researchers in recent years, a new six-parameter pBRDF model is proposed. To verify the accuracy of the proposed model, this paper builds a measurement system for the polarization scattering characteristics of the target surface in the laser active imaging scene, and the polarization scattering characteristics of two common materials, namely a white paint coating and an aluminum plate, are measured. Based on the measurement results of the DOP (degree of polarization) of the scattered light of the target material and the BBO-FA (biogeography-based optimization-Firefly algorithm) algorithm, we performed inversion calculations on the key parameters of the target material. Using the parameters of the target material obtained via inversion, we use the model to simulate the Stokes vectors of the target and compare the simulated values of Stokes vectors with the measured values to verify the accuracy of the model. The verification results show that the simulation results of Stokes vectors are in good agreement with the measurement results for these two materials, and the introduction of various improvements to the model can effectively improve the accuracy of the model, which provides a tool for studying the performance parameters of a laser three-dimensional imaging system based on polarization modulation.

Nanoconfined Water Clusters in Zinc White Oil Paint.

Pigments in oil paint are bound by a complex oil polymer network that is prone to water-related chemical degradation. We use cryo-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to study how water distributes inside zinc white oil paint. By measuring water freezing and melting transitions, we show that water-saturated zinc white oil paint contains both liquid-like clustered water and nonclustered water. A comparison of titanium white paint and nonpigmented model systems indicates that water clustering happens near the pigment-polymer interface. The cluster size was estimated in the nanometer range based on the ice melting and freezing temperatures and on the position of the O-D vibration band. As liquid-like water can play a crucial role in the dissolution and transport of ions and molecules, understanding the factors that favor this phenomenon is essential for establishing safe conditions for the conservation of painted works of art.

Art historical and scientific controversies about four easel paintings attributed to Kamal al-Molk, the renowned nineteenth-twentieth century Persian painter

Pigments on four easel paintings signed by Mohammad Ghaffari (latter Kamal al-Molk), the renowned Persian painter lived from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, kept at the Astan-e Qods-e Razavi Museum (AQRM) in Mashhad, Iran, were identified by micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF), scanning electron microscopy—energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman). Apart from chrome yellow, green chromium oxide and red ochre, four blue pigments including Prussian blue, artificial ultramarine blue, azurite, blue phthalocyanine PB:16 and seven white pigments including rutile, huntite, lead white, baryte, chalk, gypsum and zinc white were identified on the paintings. Based on the occurrence of rutile and blue phthalocyanine PB:16 and the fact that the signature of the paintings suggests 1875 as the date of executing the paintings, several hypotheses were argued to discuss the latter interventions and the authenticity of the works. Discussions on the birth date and other important milestones of Kamal al-Molk’s life accordingly posed serious questions on the authenticity of these paintings.

HOW THE INCORPORATION OF 14C IN LEAD WHITE MAKES ITS ABSOLUTE DATING POSSIBLE

ABSTRACT Known as lead white, lead carbonates were used as white pigment or cosmetics from the 4th century BC to the 20th century AD. Lead white was produced by the corrosion of metallic lead by vinegar and horse manure up to the 19th c. In order to document the incorporation of carbon in the corrosion mechanism, lead carbonates were produced in the laboratory under monitored experimental conditions using materials with different isotope signatures in 14C and 13C. Six experimental setups were defined combining vinegar, acetic acid, horse manure and fossil CO2 gas. The corrosion products were characterized by X-ray diffraction. 14C content and δ13C values of the initial reactants and the final products were measured by accelerator and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (AMS and IRSM). The reaction between lead and vinegar or acetic acid resulted in lead acetates with a carbon isotopic signature close to that of the corrosive reagent. In the presence of CO2, the carbonatation reaction occurred and the cerussite produced had a predominant 14C signature of the carbon dioxide source. These experiments demonstrate that the CO2 produced by horse manure fermentation is incorporated into the corrosion products, allowing the absolute dating of lead white by the radiocarbon method.

Unveiling the Secrets of an Artwork through Non-Invasive Investigations—Case Study of a 19th-Century Female Portrait

This article aims to present the results of the investigations performed on a 19th-century oil painting on canvas belonging to the Conservation and Restoration Department of the University of Art and Design in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The artwork depicting the portrait of a lady originating from an important Irish noble family (Judith Bunbury, 1785–1861) has been investigated using only non-invasive methods. The investigation protocol included digital photography in different light sources at different wavelengths, which was used to document the current condition of the painting, UV fluorescence, which highlighted the previous improper retouches and the presence of a varnish coat, Infrared reflectography, which brought to light the underdrawing made by the artist and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, an elemental analysis technique which indicated the chemical composition of the pigments, suggesting the use of lead white, a barium white pigment, yellow and red ochre, vermilion, cobalt blue, and a manganese-based brown pigment. The results of this entirely non-invasive investigation approach helped in choosing the most appropriate conservation and restoration methodology for the artwork.

Two Novel Variants in MITF and PAX3 Associated With Splashed White Phenotypes in Horses.

Mutations causing depigmentation are relatively common in Equus caballus (horse). Over 40 alleles in multiple genes are associated with increased white spotting (as of February 2023). The splashed white phenotype, a coat spotting pattern described as appearing like the horse has been splashed with white paint, was previously associated with variants in the PAX3 and MITF genes. Both genes encode transcription factors known to control melanocyte migration and pigmentation. We report two novel mutations, a stop-gain mutation in PAX3 (XM_005610643.3:c.927C>T, ECA6:11,196,181, EquCab3.0) and a missense mutation in a binding domain of MITF (NM_001163874.1:c.993A>T, ECA16:21,559,940, EquCab3.0), each with a strong association with increased depigmentation in Pura Raza Española horses (P=1.144E-11, N=30, P=4.441E-16, N=39 respectively). Using a quantitative method to score depigmentation, the PAX3 and MITF mutations were found to have average white scores of 25.50 and 24.45, respectively, compared to the average white coat spotting score of 1.89 in the control set. The functional impact for each mutation was predicted to be moderate to extreme (I-TASSER, SMART, Variant Effect Predictor, SIFT). We propose to designate the MITF mutant allele as Splashed White 9 and the PAX3 mutant allele as Splashed White 10 per convention.

Electrochemistry of Lead As the Basis of Adoption of Lead Technologies in History

“The goal of the symposium is to draw together the collective interests of scientists and engineers skilled in moving along the path from ideas to profits.” Illustrative of that process at the global level is the use of lead throughout history. The adoption of lead in key technologies is based not only on its ease of corrosion but also on competing political and economic interests. Some of the underlying chemistry and surrounding decision making are of interest and are the subject of this talk. 1) White lead paint and (2) sugar of lead were adopted in the Roman Empire due to the ease of corrosion of lead and continued, in the case of paint, into the 1970s. 3) One theory for the fall of the Roman Empire is due to lead intake, in part, from lead water pipes. This theory will be briefly examined in the context of other lead uses. 4) The politics, science, and, then current understanding of lead health issues, were debated at the time of widespread adoption of lead piping (1850s) as will be explored up and to current politics in Flint and current epicenter of lead pipe issues (Chicago). 5) Lead acid batteries were the leading propulsion choice for vehicles in the 1890s. How money shaped the race between lead acid battery and gasoline powered vehicles is explained. An understanding of these competing interests and alternative technologies may inform challenges of adoption of technology today.

Insights into the composite coating for improving the weatherability of TiO2 white pigments

Insights into the composite coating for improving the weatherability of TiO2 white pigments

Measuring the Optical Properties of Highly Diffuse Materials.

Measuring the optical properties of highly diffuse materials is a challenge as it could be related to the white colour or an oversaturation of pixels in the acquisition system. We used a spatially resolved method and adapted a nonlinear trust-region algorithm to the fit Farrell diffusion theory model. We established an inversion method to estimate two optical properties of a material through a single reflectance measurement: the absorption and the reduced scattering coefficient. We demonstrate the validity of our method by comparing results obtained on milk samples, with a good fitting and a retrieval of linear correlations with the fat content, given by R2 scores over 0.94 with low p-values. The values of absorption coefficients retrieved vary between 1 × 10-3 and 8 × 10-3 mm-1, whilst the values of the scattering coefficients obtained from our method are between 3 and 8 mm-1 depending on the percentage of fat in the milk sample, and under the assumption of the anisotropy factor g>0.8. We also measured and analyzed the results on white paint and paper, although the paper results were difficult to relate to indicators. Thus, the method designed works for highly diffuse isotropic materials.

Infection with Trematodes in Littorina obtusata Snails (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) with Different Shell Color Genotypes

The prevalence of infection with trematode parthenitae was studied in Littorina obtusata littoral periwinkles with different shell color genotypes. Activities of genes responsible for a purple or orange single-pigment background shell coloration was not found to affect the prevalence of trematode infection in periwinkles. In L. obtusata with a yellow-purple background shell color and a pattern of white pigment spots on the shell, the prevalence of infection with Microphallus piriformes and M. pygmaeus was lower than the theoretical expectation. The prevalence of infection in periwinkles with purple, orange, or white stripes on the shell did not differ from that of unstripped periwinkles. The differences found were presumably associated with genetically determined susceptibility to infection. Possible consequences of differential infection with trematodes in periwinkles with different shell color genotypes are discussed in terms of the stability of parasitic systems and possible changes in the phenotypic structure of the host population.

Sosialisasi Pengelolaan Sampah Dengan Metode Ecobrik Serta Partisipasi Dalam Pengelolaan Sampah Upaya Mewujudkan Bantul Bersih Sampah 2025 Dusun Mangir Kidul

<p>Bantul clean waste 2025 is a program launched by the Bantul district government. This program is expected to reduce the risk of environmental pollution, build creativity, and increase income for local residents. To prepare for this, the 15 Sendangsari KKN-T UAA group collaborated with youth youth organizations to empower the waste produced and collected by residents in the Mangir Kidul hamlet. Responding to the similarity of the work program of KKN-T and youth organizations regarding waste management, the waste collected by residents is divided into several criteria, in this program using inorganic waste (cardboards, drinking bottles and plastics) to be separated for kilokan and processed into decorations in order to welcome independence day by means of red and white paint and arranged like the colors of the flag and then hung over Mangir Kidul.</p><p>Keyword: trash, socialization, bantul</p>

Probing creation process of paintings from Tarsila do Amaral (1886–1973) by MA-XRF and differential X-ray attenuation

Three artworks from Brazilian painter Tarsila do Amaral (1886–1973), “Manteau Rouge” (1923), “Vendedor de Frutas” (1925), and “Urutu” (1928), from different creative phases of the artist, were analyzed by macro X-ray fluorescence scanning (MA-XRF) technique. Based on the obtained elemental maps, it was possible to deduce the pigments employed by Tarsila during her different artistic phases. To investigate the ground applied in the paintings, XRF spectra were simulated with Zinc White and Lead White pigments in two categories: pure pigments, and another as ground. These simulated results were compared with experimental XRF data, allowing the discussion of the presence of Pb and Zn pigments in different layers of the paintings. From elemental maps, it was possible to observe repaintings in the “Manteau Rouge” and “Vendedor de Frutas”. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the painter utilized the same pigments consistently throughout her artistic phases, while exhibiting changes in her painting style.

Amorphous silica: Prepared by byproduct microsilica in the ferrosilicon production and applied in amorphous silica-TiO2 composite with favorable pigment properties

In order to improve the output value of microsilica produced during the ferrosilicon production process as well as to reduce pollution, amorphous silica was prepared from microsilica by calcination, alkali leaching and acid precipitation. The relevant parameters were optimized and the relevant mechanism was proposed. The results of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, infrared spectra and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the prepared amorphous silica is of high grade (96.06%) and high whiteness (90.2%). It was then used to prepare amorphous silica/TiO2 composite pigment material, which has similar pigment properties with TiO2. Therefore, this study provides a feasible way of producing high purity amorphous silica from the byproduct during the ferrosilicon production process, which not only reduces pollution, but also provides high-value substitute for white pigment.

Superhydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene/polyvinylidene fluoride coating for passive daytime radiative refrigeration

Passive daytime radiation refrigeration (PDRR) is a new type of refrigeration that requires no extra energy consumption and also cools objects by reflecting radiant heat from sunlight and mid-infrared wavelengths. However, the properties of ordinary radiative refrigerative (RR) materials are degraded by surface dust accumulation during use. In this work, superhydrophobic radiative refrigerative (SRR) polytetrafluoroethylene/polyvinylidene fluoride (PTFE/PVDF) coating was prepared by one-step spraying method with PTFE as white pigment, PVDF as binder, and N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) as solvent. The PTFE/PVDF coating (containing 20 wt% of PTFE) exhibits synergistic effect with high water contact angle (CA, 153.7°), low water sliding angle (SA, 7.7°), high solar reflectivity (SR, 93.7%), and high infrared emissivity (IE, 93.3%). Under a clear sky and direct sunlight, the coating achieves a RR temperatures of 5.8 °C (shielding convection heat) and 5.3 °C (without shielding convection heat) respectively under two measurement conditions. In addition, the coating exhibits excellent self-cleaning properties that can automatically remove dust accumulated on the surface with the assistance of rainfall, thus maintaining its RR performance for a long time. More importantly, the mechanical robust self-cleaning function also provides excellent corrosion resistance and anti-UV aging ability. The PTFE/PVDF SRR coating developed in this work is simple to fabricate, can be applied over a large area, and has good durability, which is conducive to promoting the practicalization of RR coatings.