White Oil Research Articles

Flavanol Content and Nutritional Quality of Wastes from the Making of White and Rosé Wines from Mountain Vineyards

The present work examines the flavanol content of the seed waste resulting from the production of white and rosé wines from mountain-cultivated grapes in northern Spain, the cold-press-extracted oils of these seeds, and the leftover pelleted seed husks. In addition, both oils were analyzed to determine their nutritional quality and physicochemical characteristics. Flavanols, particularly the dimers procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2, were abundant in all waste fractions from both types of pomace, although the highest concentrations of flavanols were found in the white grape pomace and its extracted oil. The white grapeseed oil had 10 times more flavanol than the rosé grapeseed oil. The values for the nutritional variables measured for both oils, although they differed, were within the limits established by the Codex Alimentarius for edible vegetable oils.

Effects of drag-reducing polymers on the flow patterns, pressure gradients, and drag-reducing rates of horizontal oil–water flows

The effects of drag-reducing polymers on the flow patterns, pressure gradients, and drag-reducing rates of oil–water two-phase flows were investigated using a horizontal acrylic pipe with an inner diameter of 25.4 mm and No. 7 white oil with a viscosity of 10.6 mPa∙s and a density of 888.9 kg/m3 at 25 °C. An aqueous solution of polyacrylamide (PAM), with a molecular weight of 19 million Daltons and a concentration of 100 ppm, was used. In the experiment, the oil and water velocities were 0.1-1.5 m/s and 0.1-1.6 m/s, respectively. The DRPs were found to extend the transition boundaries of stratified flow (ST), ST with mixing at the interface (ST&MI), dispersion of oil in water and water (Do/w&w), and oil and dispersion of oil in water (o&Do/w) but did not change the transition boundaries of dispersion of water in oil (Dw/o). The maximum drag reduction rate could be obtained by adding the DRPs to the dispersion of oil in water (Do/w). The drag reduction effect was closely related to the oil and water velocities. An empirical model for the friction factor was established.

Influence of cyclone oil desorption technology on the change of Oil-Based mud cuttings properties

Shale gas exploitation produces a large amount of oil-based mud cuttings, which contains the toxic and harmful substances, posing a serious threat to the ecological environment. As a new type of pollutant separation technology, cyclone oil desorption technology is efficient, economical and environmentally friendly in the application of oil-based mud cuttings separation. This paper studies the changes in the physicochemical properties of oil-based mud cuttings before and after treatment by cyclone oil desorption technology, including composition, main elements, particle size distribution, organic and inorganic composition, heavy metal content, and the comparative analysis between recovered oil, 5 # Industrial white oil, and 0 # Diesel oil. After treatment, the oil content of oil-based mud cuttings is reduced to<1%. The H/C increased from 0.204 to 0.272 and (N + O)/C increased from 3.417 to 8.891, indicating that the degree of carbonization and hydrophilicity increased, respectively. Moreover, the mean diameter decreased from 1655.0 nm to 50.2 nm, revealing that the average particle size became 3.03% of the original. The alkanes accounted for 92.43% of the original organic composition, which was reduced to 17.35% after treatment. The heavy metal content of Ba, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, V and Mn still exceeds the standard after treatment. The recovered oil is easier to fractionate than 0 # Diesel oil and the safety is also better than 0 # Diesel oil. The cyclone oil desorption technology is evaluated by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and the result shows that it has a wide application prospect. Our research can provide guidance for the industrial treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants.

Bisurfactant‐functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles as additives of the lubricating oil

AbstractIn this work, TiO2 nanoparticles modified with octadecylamine and dodecyl mercaptan (DDM/ODA@PDA@TiO2 NPs) are uesd to improve the tribological properties of the white oil. The DDM/ODA@PDA@TiO2 NPs which are simply prepared by mussel inspired chemistry and the Michael addition reaction can be facilely dispersed in the white base oil. Tribological measurements showed that the dispersion of the white oil containing 3 wt% DDM/ODA@PDA@TiO2 NPs displays significant reductions in the friction coefficient and wear scar diameter at room temperature and 75°C. Further XPS investigation shows that the favourable tribological properties of DDM/ODA@PDA@TiO2 NPs are ascribed to the synergistic effect of tribofilm (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeS2, FeS and FeSO4) and TiO2 nanofluids.

Highly dispersed dialkyl dithiophosphate-functionalized ZIF-8 particles as additives of the lubricating oil

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a new strategy to functionalize zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) to improve its dispersion stability and tribological properties in lubricating oil.Design/methodology/approachDialkyl dithiophosphate polydopamine ZIF-8 (DDP@PDA@ZIF-8) was prepared via mussel-inspired chemistry and the Michael addition reaction. The tribological properties of DDP@PDA@ZIF-8 as an additive in the white oil were evaluated with four-ball friction and wear tester at different temperatures. The worn surface was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS).FindingsThe as-prepared DDP@PDA@ZIF-8 shows high dispersion stability in the white oil. Tribological results confirmed that the DDP@PDA@ZIF-8 exhibited a small wear scar diameter at 25°C. However, excellent friction reduction and anti-wear properties were observed at 75°C. The XPS result indicates that a series of tribochemical reactions occurred on the worn surface, forming the complex protective film.Originality/valueThis paper provides a study of highly dispersed ZIF-8 as lubrication additives.

The Immunomodulatory Functions of Various CpG Oligodeoxynucleotideson CEF Cells and H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus Vaccination.

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) present adjuvant activities for antigen proteins, which can induce humoral and cellular immune responses to antigens. However, the immunomodulatory functions of CpG ODNs with different sequences are very different. In this paper, six CpG ODNs with different sequences were designed based on CpG2007 as a template. Through the screening of CEF cells in vitro, the stimulating activity of CpG ODNs was determined. Then, two selected CpG ODN sequence backbones were modified by substituting the oxygen with sulfur (S-CpG) and verifying the immune activity. Next, to prove the feasibility of S-CpG as an immune potentiator, two immune models with or without white oil adjuvant were prepared in 20-day-old chicken vaccinations. The screening experiment in vitro showed that the inducing roles of CpG ODN 4 and 5 could strongly stimulate various immune-related molecular expressions. Additionally, CpG ODN 4 and 5 with sulfation modification significantly induced various cytokines’ expressions. Furthermore, CpG ODN 4 and 5 induced the strongly humoral and cellular immune responses during vaccination, in which white oil, as an adjuvant, could significantly improve the immune effect of CpG ODN. These results provide an important experimental basis for exploring the structural characteristics and vaccine immunity of CpG ODN.

Experimental Study on Physicochemical Properties of a Shear Thixotropic Polymer Gel for Lost Circulation Control.

Polymer gel lost circulation control technology is a common and effective technique to control fractured lost circulation. The performance of a lost circulation control agent is the key to the success of lost circulation control techniques. In this study, rheological tests were used to study the physical and chemical properties of a shear thixotropic polymer gel system, such as anti-dilution, high temperature resistance and high salt resistance. The results showed that the shear thixotropic polymer gel system had the ability of anti-dilution, and the gel could be formed under a mixture of 3 times volume of heavy salt water and 3/7 volume white oil, and could keep the structure and morphology stable. Secondly, the gel formation time of shear thixotropic polymer gel system could be controlled and had good injection performance under the condition of 140 °C and different initiator concentrations. Meanwhile, the shear thixotropic polymer gel system had the ability of high temperature and high salt resistance, and the gel formation effect was good in salt water. When the scanning frequency was 4 Hz and the temperature was 140 °C, the storage modulus (G′) of the gel was 4700 Pa. The gel was dominated by elasticity and had excellent mechanical properties. By scanning electron microscope observation, it was found that the shear thixotropic polymer gel system had a stable three-dimensional reticular space skeleton under the condition of high salt, indicating that it had excellent ability to tolerate high salt. Therefore, the shear thixotropic polymer gel had high temperature and high salt resistance, dilution resistance and good shear responsiveness. It is believed that the results presented in this work are of importance for extending real-life applications of shear thixotropic polymer gel systems.

Assessment of Aquifer Protective Capacity, Against the Surface Contamination. A Case Study of Kaduna Industrial Village, Nigeria

Geo-electric soundings was carried out in 22 different locations at Kaduna Refinery Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC) and White Oil and Gas Layout, Mahuta, Kaduna. The aquifer protective capacity and Hydraulic characteristics of the study area was computed from the Geoelectric parameters using Dar-Zarrouk and hydrological parameters. The interpreted data were presented in tabular form, Geoelectric/geology soil profiles and contoured maps. The results show that the study area aquifer is relatively protected with an average value of 0.5 mhos with an indication of infiltration of contaminant in some location. The hydraulic parameter values also show that the study area aquifer has the capacity to produce water non-stopping if the wells are sited based the geophysical investigation. The computed hydraulic characteristics and transmissivity of the area has an average value of 5.5 m/day and 6.1 /hour, which implies that, the study area has the capacity to transmit groundwater through a distance of 5.5 m in 24-hour and can covers 6.1 in one hour.

Comparison of Phytochemicals in Sesame and Perilla (Seeds and Oils) Grown at Mae Hong Son Thailand

Abstract Sesame and perilla seeds were analyzed for fat, protein, moisture and ash. Their mineral contents, lignan, γ-tocopherol and fatty acid profiles were also determined. The results showed that sesame seeds had higher protein, lipid and mineral contents but lower fiber contents than perilla seeds, accounting for 17.38-20.76%, 42.70-46.18%, 3.07-6.47%, 18.00-21.88%, respectively. Major minerals in the seed were 0.26-0.95% calcium and 0.11-0.23% magnesium. Perilla oil showed lower pH than sesame oil giving it higher acid value. Most lignans were more concentrated in sesame than perilla. Sesamin was the predominant lignin, followed by sesamolin. The sesamin and sesamolin contents in sesame were ranged for 148.30-183.68 mg/100g and 33.96-43.54 mg/100g, respectively. Although black sesame oil had low content of sesamin and sesamolin, it performed high physiological functions due to its high contents of γ-tocopherol and unsaturated fatty acid. Gamma tocopherol of the oils was ranged from 35.81 to 51.64 mg/100g, and perilla oil showed the highest γ-tocopherol content. Fatty acid profiles revealed that the major fatty acids in sesame oils were 44.43-47.21% linoleic followed by 36.40-38.39% oleic, 7.07-9.64% palmitic and 5.09-7.72% stearic acids, giving them high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). White sesame oil had higher linoleic acid but lower oleic acid than other sesame oils. Perilla oil contained high amounts of 55.27% α-linolenic followed by 19.75% linoleic, 12.70% oleic and 7.38% plamitic acids, giving it high PUFA, but low SFA and MUFA. Keywords: Chemical composition, Minerals, Fatty acid profiles, Lignans, Gamma-tocopherol

Development of a preparation method of transparent soil-rock mixture for geotechnical laboratory modeling

This paper introduces a preparation method of a transparent soil-rock mixture (T-SRM) for geotechnical laboratory modeling. The T-SRM uses n-dodecane and white oil as the fluid phase, amorphous silica powder as the soil phase, and quartz glass particle as the rock block phase. The T-SRM sample prepared using the proposed method is of good transparency: the glass particles are “disappeared” under visible light, whereas their outlines are clearly evident when using a laser light sheet slicing the sample. A series of direct shear tests were carried out to investigate the mechanical behaviors of the T-SRM. It is found that the pre-consolidation pressure during preparation is of significant influence on the mechanical strength of T-SRMs, and by adjusting the value of pre-consolidation pressure, we can obtain T-SRM samples with different mechanical strengths. A trial test shows that, by controlling the rock content and block size close to that of natural SRM and adjusting the pre-consolidation pressure during the preparing process, the T-SRM sample with similar mechanical strength to that of natural SRM can then be obtained, which demonstrates the practicability of using the proposed material in the visualization of SRM in modeling tests.

A Step toward a Sustainable Diet by Reducing Carbon Footprint: A Case Study in Iran

Introduction: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have caused environmental effects. Food production is one of the sources of GHGs. This study aimed to suggest dietary scenarios for decreasing GHG emissions.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: GHG emissions in the target population of Urmia city, Northwest Iran, were investigated using a modeling approach. Three dietary scenarios were modeled and analyzed to evaluate and compare GHG emissions. The objectives and decision variables of the three scenarios included minimizing the carbon footprint and intake of food items, respectively. In the first scenario, the amount of energy intake was equal to baseline energy intake. The second scenario maintained the same energy intake constraint as the first scenario and made further alterations by considering the number of serving sizes suggested by the food pyramid for each food group. The third scenario was mostly based on this model by accounting for dietary reference intake for macronutrients, micronutrients, and energy.&#x0D; Results: There was about 72% and 55.67% reduction in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq) production in the first and second scenarios rather than the baseline diet of 4072.10 g CO2 eq, respectively. In the final scenario, the CO2 eq emissions were less than half of the baseline diet.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study showed that a healthy diet with a higher proportion of vegetables, fruit, legumes, nuts, and dairy, and a lower share of red and white meat, egg, grains, fat and oil, and sweets can reduce CO2 eq emissions.

Experiments and modeling of CO2 solubility in water-based and oil-based drilling fluids

An experimental apparatus has been developed to measure the CO2 solubility in water, brines, polymer solutions, white oil and drilling fluids using the sample analysis method. The experimental results show that the electrolytes can significantly reduce the solubility of CO2 in water and the salting-out effect can be enhanced by increasing the molar concentration of salt ions. The influences of different polymers are similar, which can reduce the gas solubility to a certain extent. Furthermore, CO2 solubility in the oil-based drilling fluid is significantly larger than that in the water-based drilling fluid. Considering the complicated interactions between gas, electrolytes, polymers and base oil in the drilling fluid, a simple and reliable model for predicting the CO2 solubility is developed. Validation of the model calculations against the experimental measurements indicates that the simulation errors of CO2 solubility in the water-based and oil-based drilling fluids are 3.47% and 6.75%, respectively.

Metabarcoding of canopy arthropods reveals negative impacts of forestry insecticides on community structure across multiple taxa

Abstract Insecticides used to combat outbreaks of forest defoliators can adversely affect non‐target arthropods. Forestry insecticides typically suppress Lepidoptera larvae which are the cornerstone of the canopy community of deciduous oak forests. The abrupt removal of this dominant component of the food web could have far‐reaching implications for forest ecosystems, yet it is rarely investigated in practice owing to several methodological shortcomings. The taxonomic impediment and the biased nature of arthropod sampling techniques particularly impede the assessment of insecticide impacts on diverse communities. To tackle this issue, we propose an experimental approach combining sampling by pyrethrum knockdown and species determination via DNA metabarcoding, using community subsampling to derive estimates of species abundances. We applied this protocol to investigate the short‐term effects of the insecticides diflubenzuron (DFB) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BTK) on canopy‐dwelling arthropod communities in German oak woodlands. Our approach allowed us to detect most of the diversity and integrate species abundances in our analyses. By classifying arthropod species into assemblages based on their expected sensitivity rather than coarse taxonomic groupings, we could unveil substantial effects of DFB across multiple taxa 5 weeks after application. Although strong effects on single species appear related to direct toxicity, substantial impacts of DFB on parasitoids and xylophagous beetles suggest that anti‐defoliator treatments can have previously unsuspected indirect effects on some components of forest arthropod communities. The impacts of BTK on community structure were consistent with that of DFB though much weaker. Synthesis and applications. Comparing diversity patterns in the arthropod communities of sprayed and unsprayed oak canopies, our results show that selective insecticides can alter species diversity in presumably non‐sensitive taxa. Even though the ecological significance of these impacts has yet to be assessed in an operational setting, their existence calls for increased regulatory scrutiny on indirect effects. As community approaches become more attainable with the rapid development of DNA metabarcoding, we suggest the inclusion of community‐level end points as regulatory requirements for the approval of forest‐use insecticides.

Oil sources and accumulation processes of the Neoproterozoic Luotuoling Formation reservoirs (∼930 Ma) in North China Craton

Oil sources and accumulation processes of the Neoproterozoic Luotuoling Formation (∼930 Ma) in the Liaoxi Depression are investigated using integrated fluid inclusion, basin modelling and oil-source rock correlation analyses. In the upper Luotuoling Formation sandstone reservoir in Han-1 well, abundant bitumen inclusions and white fluorescent bitumen-bearing oil inclusions were observed. Combined with microthermometry of aqueous inclusions and burial history analysis, the oil charge time of the upper Luotuoling Formation sandstone reservoir took place at approximately 465–455 Ma. This oil was derived from the Gaoyuzhuang Formation source rock according to biomarkers and isotope compositions. However, oil generation of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation had already ended before 455 Ma, so the oils cannot be generated directly from the Gaoyuzhuang Formation source rocks, but definitely migrated from the destroyed paleo-oil accumulations in the Wumishan or Tieling formations. In addition, the lower Luotuoling Formation sandstone reservoir contains mainly yellowish orange fluorescent oil inclusions. The oil in the lower Luotuoling Formation sandstone reservoir was directly generated from the Hongshuizhuang source rock at 240–230 Ma. The study on oil accumulation history of the Neoproterozoic Luotuoling Formation reservoir is significant for further exploration of Proterozoic petroleum resources in the Liaoxi Depression, North China Craton.

Study on the Tribological Properties of F-T DS/ZnFe-LDH Composite Lubricating Material

The homemade soot capture device was used to burn Fischer-Tropsch synthetic diesel (F-T diesel) in order to simulate the combustion of F-T diesel in the engine and collect its soot (F-T DS, FS). The zinc-iron hydrotalcite (ZnFe-LDH) and the composite materials of FS and ZnFe-LDH (F-T DS/ZnFe-LDH, FS/ZnFe-LDH) were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, and the similarities and differences in tribological characteristics of the above three lubricating materials such as 10# white oil (10# WO) lubricant additives were investigated. FS is an aggregation composed of amorphous carbon and graphite microcrystals. ZnFe-LDH is mainly composed of nanosheets, Zn, and Fe hydroxide particles, with a high degree of crystallization, while FS/ZnFe-LDH is a “sandwich layer” composed of nanosheets and soot particles. Because of the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and the grafting of a long carbon chain lipophilic group in the preparation process, FS/ZnFe-LDH has better anti-wear properties than the FS and ZnFe-LDH Effect. When FS/ZnFe-LDH is added at 0.2 wt.%, the average friction coefficient (AFC) and average wears scar diameter (AWSD) are at their lowest. Compared with pure 10# WO, the minimum values of AFC and AWSD have dropped by 36.84% and 22.58%, respectively. XPS analysis of the wear scar surface shows that when ZnFe-LDH and FS/ZnFe-LDH are used as lubricating additives of 10# WO, together with the organic matter in the white oil and the iron element in the friction pair, tribochemistry occurs under the combined action of the adsorption force and the tribochemical reaction, a friction protection film containing four elements of C, O, Fe, and Zn is formed on the surface of the wear scar, which effectively reduces the wear and reduces the friction coefficient.

On the Tribological Properties of RGO–MoS2 Composites Surface Modified by Oleic Acid

To study the effect of oleic acid surface modified RGO/MoS2 composite lubricating additives on the friction and wear properties of 10# White Oil (10# WO). The influences of different concentrations of reduction graphene oxide/molybdenum disulfide (RGO–MoS2) and oleic acid surface modified reduction graphene oxide/molybdenum disulfide (OA-RGO–MoS2) on the lubricating properties in 10# WO was investigated using a four-ball long-term friction and wear tester. The microscopic morphology, lattice structure, composition and element valence of the prepared material were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, element analyzer and other instruments. The diameter, structure, morphology, composition and element valence state of the wear scar were obtained by multifunctional universal tool microscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In the RGO–MoS2 white oil system, when 0.4 wt% RGO–MoS2 is added, the anti-friction effect is the best, and the average friction coefficient (AFC) reduced by 21.8%. When 0.2 wt% RGO–MoS2 is added, the anti-wear effect is the optimal, and the average wear scar diameter (AWSD) decreased by 12.4%. In the OA-RGO–MoS2 white oil system, when 0.2 wt% OA-RGO–MoS2 is added, the anti-friction and anti-wear effects are the best, and the AFC reduced by 33.3%, and AWSD reduced by 14.1%. Compared with RGO–MoS2, OA-RGO–MoS2 has a higher degree of graphitization, larger interlayer spacing, lower degree of layered accumulation, higher MoS2 load, and weaker thermal stability. Both lubricating additives have good anti-friction and anti-wear effects at low concentrations, and the anti-friction and anti-wear effects are more prominent after being modified by oleic acid. Analysis of friction mechanism shows that a lubricating protective film containing iron, oxygen, molybdenum, carbon, and sulfur is formed through adsorption or tribochemical reaction during the friction process, which improves the lubrication state and plays a role in reducing friction and anti-wear.

Effects of surfactant on the molecules of different polarity of solubilization: Based on the study of micellar microscopic morphology mechanism

Determining the macro-solubilization capacities and micro-mechanism of surfactant micelles with low concentration is significant for the optimization of the medium of displacement and the further enhanced oil recovery. In this study, the solubilization capacities and interaction of polar anisole, nonpolar white oil and kerosene (polar and nonpolar) in SDBS and industrial betaine were compared from microscopic to macroscopic point of view with cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and UV–Vis's spectroscopy. The study finds that the solubilization capacities were positively correlated with the concentration of micelles and the polar of molecules. Considering the importance of morphology of micelles to the solubilization capacities, and the morphology of micelles gradually changed from spherical to vesicle with increasing concentration. And the size of micelles was determined, and size were roughly in common with the concentration below 1 wt% or else the size of betaine was bigger than that of SDBS, which indicated that betaine might be larger and more likely to form vesicles than SDBS at the same concentration. Moreover, anisole is localized in the surface of micelles and size of solubilizing anisole was the biggest, which indicates the solubilization maxima was positively correlated with the volume of swelling micelle. These results imply that the concentration, morphology and solubilization location of micelles appear to important factors affecting the solubilization performance of surfactant. • Solubilization of micelles: The solubilization capacity of betaine and SDBS is positively correlated with concentration of surfactance and that of SDBS was greatly higher than betaine at same concentration no matter what additions solubilized. • Morphology of micelles: Morphology of micelles gradually changed from spherical to vesicle with increasing concentration. • Size of micelles: The type of particle diameters indicates slightly that the ability of morphological transformation for SDBS is better than betaine solution with medium concentration. For high concentration of micelles, the conclusion is the opposite. • Solubilization site: The polar composition of anisole mainly solubilized in the surface of micelles and the nonpolar of white oil solubilized in the core.

Каталитический комплекс на основе алюминия, 1,2-дихлорэтана и хлорида хрома в процессе олигомеризации гексена-1

The article describes information about the synthesis of high-active and stable catalytic complex (CTC) based on aluminum metal and with using of 1.2 dichloroethane and about its modification with chromium salt (CTC/CrCl )for oligomerization and alkylation processes, also about the study of the composition and structure of these catalytic complexes. During the study of the process of oligomerization of hexene-1 in the presence of catalytic complexes,33it was found that it is possible to obtain oligomer products with high yield and physical performance from the oligomerization of hexene-1 in the presence of Al-1,2-dichloroethane-CrCl . The products of oligomerizationcan be recommended for use as engine oils in automobile industry and as white oils in medicine.

Исследование масляных фракций нефти месторождения Западный Абшерон с целью их рационального использования

The article presents the results of a studying the physical and chemical properties of oil from the Western Absheron field, as well as the quality of oil fractions of this oil for the period 2014-2020. It is shown that in terms of its physicochemical properties, this oil is comparable to the previously studied oils from the fields of the Darwin Kupesi and Pirallahi oil and gas bearing regions. The oil fractions of this oil 350-500°C are distinguished by a low viscosity index and a low pour point. The use of combined processes of hydrocracking and selective purification makes it possible to increase the viscosity index from 0 to ~ 60 units, while using only selective purification – from 24 to 46 units. After adding the appropriate additives, it is possible to obtain motor oils of the 15W/40 type with VI up to 105 units, which correspond to the analogue of “Lukoil-standard” oil. The conditions for obtaining dearomatized oils from the oil fraction of Western Absheron 300-350°C have been developed. For deep dearomatization of the light fraction 300-350°C, a two-stage adsorption purification was carried out to the content of aromatic hydrocarbons ≤3.0%. This fraction can be used as a raw material for the production of white oils, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. At the same time, the ratios of aromatic, naphthenic, paraffinic hydrocarbons (54.4/42.6/0.3) were calculated and the empirical formula C18.9H31.3 was given, which corresponds to foreign counterparts. The disadvantage of these methods is the insufficiently high stepwise yield of the target fractions (up to 50%). In the presence of hydrogenation processes (hydrocracking, hydroisomerization), oil fractions of oil from Western Absheron can serve as raw materials for the production of valuable products – both white and motor oils.

THE EFFICACY OF GINGER ESSENTIAL OIL WITH CHITOSAN TO VIABILITY of Staphylococcus aureus IN FRUITS

Staphylococcus aureus was one type of bacteria most commonly found in the human skin. Direct contact with fruit skin can effected to rotten. It was found the increasing use of synthetics materials for foods preservative. The replacement of synthetics with natural alternatives would certainly solve the current demand for safe food packaging. The films on the packaging were manufactured from natural white ginger essential oil (GEO) to be incorporated into chitosan film synthesized from whiteleg shrimp shells. The purpose was to attain a high degree of safety antimicrobial for fruits, specifically apples, and pears. The blends of GEO and chitosan were studied its effectiveness for the quality of product indicated by the population of the viable bacterial count, the inhibition of bacterial activity, and fruit weight loss. The design of this work was (chitosan: GEO) was 6:2 (w/w); 6:20 (w/w), and 6:24 (w/w). The existing low growth of microbial by 6:20 (w/w) and suppressing the weight loss of apples and pears. This can be concluded that GEO's blending to chitosan effectively on pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive.