White Fungus Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiling of Pleurotus Pulmonarius from Paddy Straw Substrate.

This paper focuses on the cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom, to find the Preliminary phytochemical analysis from five different solvent extracts of P. pulmonarius. Mushrooms are white fungi that are recognized as a good food source and contain a variety of medicinal benefits. In terms of nutrition, mushrooms are better than a lot of veggies because it contain around 40 to 49% protein. The current study integrates phytochemical analysis with the production of P. pulmonarius mushroom. The mushroom grew on paddy straw, which had been used as a substrate. The Pleurotus mushroom accounts for 25% of the total edible mushroom production worldwide. Fresh mushroom fruit bodies were picked, dried, pulverized, and extracted using a soxhlet apparatus. The pH, humidity and temperature of the surroundings were maintained in between the mycelia growth. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of five different extracts from P. pulmonarius was tested using various solvents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, saponins, proteins, quinones, carbohydrates and phenols. Further research can be conducted to determine the bioactive substances from this particular mushroom.

ANALISIS KAPASITAS PETANI DALAM USAHATANI BUAH NAGA DI DESA ALEBO JAYA KECAMATAN KONDA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The aim of this research was to; (1) Knowing and analyzing the capacity of farmers in dragon fruit farming in Alebo Jaya Village, Konda District, South Konawe Regency. This research was carried out in March-July 2024 with farmer informants. Determining the research location was carried out purposively with the consideration that farmers in Alebo Jaya Village, Konda District have been cultivating dragon fruit for a long time. This research used primary data and secondary data which were analyzed descriptively, using interview techniques with 10 dragon fruit farmers as informants. With the following results: This research shows that the capacity of farmers used in Alebo Jaya Village, Konda District, South Konawe Regency is the capacity of farmers related to eradicating the white fungus pest that attacks dragon fruit. Analysis of farmers' capacity in dragon fruit farming in Alebo Jaya Village, Konda District, South Konawe Regency. With the presence of white fungus medicine, farmers felt relieved and grateful because they were able to be helped in overcoming the problems they faced.

Rhamnopyranoside Pivaloyl Esters as Black and White Fungus Inhibitors: Molecular Docking, Dynamics and ADMET Analysis

The "Black and White Fungus" is a very infrequently developing pathogen with a high fatality rate that has prompted widespread public health concern during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. This pathogenic fungus may be widely distributed in nature, in plants, and in deteriorating fruits and vegetables because of its widespread nature. Numerous sugar molecules, such as glucopyranoside and glucofuranose, have been reported to have significant antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity, and they were also revealed to be able to inhibit multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The recent black fungus epidemic was extremely serious in India, combined with COVID-19, which contributed to the high mortality impact and deterioration of the situation due to the unavailability of effective treatments. So, rhamnopyranose type derivatives 1–9 were studied against the proteins associated with black and white fungi such as Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (PDB ID 7D6X), Rhizomucor miehei (PDB ID 4WTP), Candida auris (PDB ID 6U8J), and Aspergillus luchuensis (PDB 1BK1). These compounds exhibited favorable physical and biochemical scores, as well as appropriate ADMET metrics, among other characteristics. Following the molecular docking procedure, it was found that 1–9 had the highest binding affinity in most cases, (> -6.00 kcal/mol), while compound 9 had outstanding binding affinity against Rhizomucor miehei (-8.7 kcal/mol) and against Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (-8.2 kcal/mol). In addition, the binding affinity against white fungus is also outstanding. This time, compounds 8 and 9 had better binding energy, which is -7.8 kcal/mol against Aspergillus luchuensis (1BK1) and -7.6 kcal/mol against Candida auris (6U8J). Finally, the molecular dynamics simulation at 100 ns has proved that they are stable for new medication development. Among the derivatives 1–9, ligands 8 and 9 exhibited potential medicinal characteristics when all of the data were considered.

Fungal Hyphae on the Assimilation Branches Are Beneficial for Haloxylon ammodendron to Absorb Atmospheric Water Vapor: Adapting to an Extreme Drought Environment.

Research on endophytic fungi in desert plants, particularly the epiphytic or endophytic fungi of leaves, remains limited. In the extremely arid regions of northwest China, the ultra-xerophytic desert plant Haloxylon ammodendron harbors white fungi on its assimilating branches during autumn. The hyphae of these fungi intertwine, both internally and externally, comprising superficial, bridging, and endophytic types. The superficial hyphae attach to the surface of the assimilating branches and continuously grow and intersect, forming a thick layer of felt-like hyphae. This thick, felt-like layer of hyphae facilitates the adsorption of atmospheric water vapor on the surface of the hyphae or the assimilating branches, allowing H. ammodendron to capture atmospheric moisture, even under low humidity. Some superficial hyphae penetrate the cuticle into the epidermis, becoming bridging hyphae, which can rapidly transport water from the outside of the epidermis to the inside. The endophytic hyphae shuttle within the epidermis, achieving rapid water transfer within the epidermis of the assimilating branches. The presence of these three types of hyphae not only enables the assimilating branches of H. ammodendron to achieve rapid water absorption and transmission, but also facilitates the uptake of atmospheric water vapor under low humidity conditions. We discuss the mechanism by which the hyphae promote water absorption from the perspectives of hyphal composition, the formation of felt-like structures, and environmental conditions. We consider the presence of fungal hyphae on the surface of the H. ammodendron assimilating branches as an inevitable ecological process in arid environments. This study provides important theoretical insights into the mechanisms underlying the strong drought resistance of desert plants in extremely arid regions and offers strategies for desertification control.

تأثير مستخلصي الثوم والنيم في مكافحة مسبب مرض نسيج العنكبوت والعفن الاخضر في محصول الفطر الابيض Agaricus bisporus

The study was conducted to control cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum dendroides and green mold disease caused by Trichoderma aggressivum, which infect the white fungus Agaricus bisporus crop. The laboratory results on the pathogenicity of the two pathogenic fungi showed their ability to cause infection in the white fungus and the emergence of symptoms. The addition of garlic and neem extracts, separately, at three concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1%) to the media, potato dextrose agar (PDA), led to a significant decrease in the percentage of inhibition of pathogenic fungi C. dendroides and T. aggressivum. The highest inhibition rates obtained when using garlic extract at a concentration of 1% against the two pathogenic fungi amounted to 62.93 and 74.97%, respectively, while the name extract recorded the highest inhibition rate at the same concentration, reaching 43.47 and 32.37%, respectively. Also, when testing the extracts in the traditional cultivation of white fungus, it was noted that the garlic extract at a concentration of 1% was significantly superior in controlling infection, and no symptoms appeared when using it, the use of plant extracts at different concentrations did not record a significant difference in the period required for the emergence of fungal pins compared to the control treatment without a pathogen, the highest amount of white fungus production was 1000 g/bag when using garlic extract at a concentration of 0.5% in the presence of the pathogen C. dendroides, while the highest amount of production was 1355.0 g/bag when using neem extract at a concentration of 0.25% when infected with the pathogen T. aggressivum.

Antibacterial properties of the flower shaped nano-CuFe2O4@MoS2 composites

Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases that pose a considerable threat to global public health. Addressing this issue requires novel and effective antimicrobial agents. In this paper, CuFe2O4 was synthesized using FeCl3·6H2O and CuCl2·2H2O via solvothermal methods. Then, CuFe2O4@MoS2 composites were produced, using CuFe2O4 as the core, via a one-pot method. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry were used to systematically characterize the composites and to investigate the antibacterial properties of CuFe2O4@MoS2 against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and the white fungi Candida albicans and its inhibitory mechanism. Studies on bacterial inhibitory activity demonstrated that at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for 40 min, CuFe2O4@MoS2 inhibited 99.9%, 99.9%, and 99.4% of the three test bacteria. When compared with CuFe2O4 alone, the inhibitory efficacy of CuFe2O4@MoS2 composites increased significantly against the three test bacteria. The bacterial inhibition mechanism of the composite material entails the release of copper ions and oxidative stress, and CuFe2O4@MoS2 can destroy the bacterial cell wall, leading to the death of bacteria. Moreover, CuFe2O4@MoS2 can disrupt the bacterial cell wall, resulting in bacterial death. Furthermore, the material displays high biocompatibility. Therefore, the outstanding bacteriostatic characteristics of CuFe2O4@MoS2 could be used in various fields, including medicine.

Material Resistance and Moisture Dynamics of Beech Wood (Fagus orientalis)

In this paper, the natural durability of commercial wood (beech wood) was studied by measuring its water exclusion efficacy and durability against fungi. This information was utilized in the Meyer−Veltrup model to calculate the resistance dose. The results showed that Fagus orientalis (Lipsky) heartwood and sapwood were less durable (DC 4−5). After one hour of immersion, the water uptake in F. orientalis sapwood was 19%, slightly more than that determined with F. orientalis heartwood (18.9%). Water immersion after 24 h was highest for F. orientalis sapwood (45.4%), followed by F. orientalis heartwood (40.9%). Up to 54.2% median MLF on F. orientalis heartwood and up to 61.1% median MLF on F. orientalis sapwood were attributed to the white fungus T. versicolor. In contrast, the lowest median MLF was caused by F. orientalis heartwood and sapwood by the white fungus H. fragiforme. 35.4% median MLF on F. orientalis was caused by terrestrial microcosms. Based on the resistance model, the first signs of fungal decay on F. orientalis heartwood and sapwood wood will develop after 312 and 294 days of favorable conditions, respectively.

The Effect of Fermented Corn Cobs by Adding Different Sources of Carbohydrates on The Content of Dry Matter, Organic Matter, and Crude Protein as Ruminant Feeding

This study aims to determine the effect of the fermentation of corn cobs using the Panarochaeta Chrisosporium white coating fungus with the addition of a different source of carbohydrates to the content of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein. This study used a completely random design. Consists of 4 treatments and four replications in each treatment. The need in this study was a dose of carbohydrate source different from the use of inoculum of white fungus (Panarochaeta chrisosporium) 7%. P0 = corn cob + without carbohydrate, P1 = corn cob + 10%rice bran, P2 = corn cob + tapioca flour 10%, P3 = corn cob + 10%molasses. The parameters measured in this study are the content of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein. The results showed no different effects (P> 0.05) on the content of dry matter, and the effects were highly significant (p <0.01) on the content of organic material and crude protein content. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the effect of fermented corn cob is the best on the content of organic material and crude protein with the addition of carbohydrate sources using tapioca flour.

Morpho-Molecular Identification and First Report of Trichoderma Aggressivum is Causing Green Rot on White Button Mushroom in Iraq

The aim of this study was to morphological isolation and identification of fungus associated with the fruits and culture media of the white mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The results of isolation and identification from the sampling areas included Baghdad, Babylon, and Diwaniyah. Besides, Sulaymaniyah governorates showed the association of seven species of fungi associated the fruiting body and culture media of the white mushroom A. bisporus represented by the two pathogens Cladobotryum spp. and Trichoderma spp. As well as, the competitive fungi of A. bisporus culture medium, such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. and Phoma sp. and Rhizopus spp., and Ulocladium sp. The most common pathogenic fungus was Cladobotryum spp. with a frequency of 56.2%, followed by Trichoderma spp., with a frequency of 54.1%, which appeared in samples from two sampling areas. Conversely, species T. aggressivum recorded a frequency of 42.5%, which is the first record in Iraq on the fruits and media of white fungus. The fungus Aspergillus spp. showed the existence percentage reached 65.5%, which is the highest among the competing fungi, followed by Penicillium spp., with an existence percentage of 26.6%. Then, Rhizopus spp., Phoma sp., and Ulocladium sp. with a frequency of 16.6%, 10.4%, and 10.4%, respectively. The results of the pathogenicity of the fungus isolate Trichoderma spp. indicated that all the isolates tested for the pathogenicity of the fruiting bodies of the white mushroom A. bisporus led to the infection of the fruiting bodies and their transformation into brown color and damage. The isolates of the fungus T. aggressivum (isolate 1 and isolate 2) recorded a disease severity of 60.0% and 60.0%, respectively. While, at a temperature of 4 °C, the isolates of the fungus T. aggressivum (1 and 2) recorded a disease severity amounted to 40.0% and 50.0%, respectively, compared to the control treatment without fungus, where the disease severity amounted to 0.0%. The results of the molecular identification of the DNA of the T. aggressivum, which showed the highest pathogenicity of A. bisporus fruiting bodies, using the specialized primer ITSI/ITS4, as it gave bands with a molecular weight of 600 bp. These findings were compared with the GenBank with a high similarity for the fungus T. aggressivum and it has been deposited in the Gen Bank with the accession number (OQ109172).

Molecular dissection studies of TAC1, a transcription activator of Candida drug resistance genes of the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans.

The up-regulation of ABC transporters Cdr1p and Cdr2p that efflux antifungal azole drugs are a leading cause of Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) in the white fungus Candida albicans. C. albicans was reported to infect patients following the recent Covid-19 pandemic after they were given steroids for recovery. Previously, the TAC1 gene was identified as the transcriptional activator of Candida drug resistance genes (CDR1 and CDR2) and has no known human homologs. This makes it a good target for the development of novel antifungals. We, therefore, carried out the molecular dissection study of TAC1 to understand the functional regulation of the ABC transporter genes (CDR1 and CDR2) under its control. The N-terminal DNA Binding Domain (DBD) of Tac1p interacts with the Drug Responsive Element (DRE) present in the upstream promoter region of CDR1 and CDR2 genes of C. albicans. The interaction between DBD and DRE recruits Tac1p to the promoter of CDR genes. The C-terminal Acidic Activation Domain (AAD) of Tac1p interacts with the TATA box Binding Protein (TBP) and thus recruits TBP to the TATA box of CDR1 and CDR2 genes. Taking a cue from a previous study involving a TAC1 deletion strain that suggested that Tac1p acts as a xenobiotic receptor, in this study, we identified that the Middle Homology Region (MHR) of Tac1p acts as a probable xenobiotic binding domain (XBD) which plays an important role in Candida drug resistance. In addition, we studied the role of Tac1p in the regulation of some lipid profiling genes and stress response genes since they also contain the DRE consensus sequence and found that some of them can respond to xenobiotic stimuli.

Perkembangan Penyakit Moler (Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp Cepae) pada Sentra Produksi Bawang Merah di Kabupaten Probolinggo

East Java also has a shallot production center, namely in the Probolinggo area. Generally, residents of the Probolinggo area make a living as farmers. The land cultivated as agricultural land is generally one's own. The area of land owned by farmers is in the range of 0.25 meters to above 1 hectare. The land is generally used to cultivate horticultural crops, especially shallots. This farmer in Probolinggo chose the cultivation of shallot crops because it has high economic value and growing potential. Onion plants are vegetable crops in the form of bulbs with high economic value, because almost every household consumer needs them. This shallot can be used as a seasoning in cooking or as medicine. As a result, the need for shallots has increased so that many farmers cultivate onion crops intensively. Currently, the cultivation of onion plants is experiencing disturbances due to the attack of moler disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae (FoCe). FoCe fungus is a fungus that causes moler disease in onion crops. The disease can affect both the roots and bulbs of onions. Symptoms caused by onion plants are rotting of the roots so that they are easily removed, leaves drooping, twisting, shriveling, and rotting, as well as rotting of the bulbs and there is a white fungus that can cause the onion plant to die. This fungus can be transmitted from one plant to another through the soil.This study was conducted to determine the development of F.oxysporum disease in the onion production center in Probolinggo Regency. This research was conducted in several sub-districts, namely in Pajarakan District, Gending District, and Dringu District. Data collection on the development of moler disease using qualitative data from interviews with onion growers. The data used is in the form of observations of the impact of moler disease which is common to attack onion plants. The variables asked during the interview were the symptoms of moler disease that occurs when attacking onion plants, the factors causing the spread of moler disease in shallots, and the impact of moler disease attacks on onion plants. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive to describe the development and characteristics of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. The results showed that the development of moler disease in shallot production centers in Probolinggo Regency, especially in Pajarakan District, Gending District, and Dringu District, has a high incidence and severity of the disease. This is caused by internal factors such as the selection of varieties that are less resistant and the presence of external factors such as the tendency of farmers not to spray fungicides on planting. The characteristics of the fungus F. oxysporum observed in PDA media by taking onion samples in three districts, namely pajakan, gending and drigu, have a white color at the beginning of development and subsequently yellow or cream, shaped like cotton and circular.

Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity of thiosemicarbazones derivatives and their computational approaches: Quantum calculation, molecular docking, molecular dynamic, ADMET, QSAR

The thiosemicarbazones and their derivatives have been recognized as antimicrobial agents against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Regarding these prospective, this study was designed to address the new antimicrobial agents from thiosemicarbazones and their derivatives. These derivatives were synthesized by multi-step synthesis methods, such as alkylation, acidification, esterification, and formed the 4-(4′-alkoxybenzoyloxy) thiosemicarbazones and its derivatives (THS1, THS2, THS3, THS4, and THS5). Afterward the synthesis, compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR spectra, and melting point. Later, the computational tools were applied to evaluate the drug likeness properties, bioavailability score, Lipinski rule, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET). Secondly, the quantum calculations, for instance HOMO, LUMO and chemical descriptors, were calculated by the density functional theory (DFT). Finally, the molecular docking was performed against seven human pathogenic bacteria, black fungus (Rhizomucor mieh, Mucor lusitanicus, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis) and white fungus strains (Candida Auris, Aspergillus luchuensis, Candida albicans). To check and validate of molecular docking procedure and stability of docked complex for ligand and protein, the molecular dynamic was performed of docked complex. From the docking score with calculating the binding affinity, these derivatives could show a higher affinity than standard drug against all pathogens. From the computational details, it could be decided to do in-vitro test as antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aurious, Staphylococcus homonis, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella flexneria. The obtained result of antibacterial activity compared to standard drugs, and it was found that the synthesized compounds were almost same value of standard drug. Finally, it could be said from the in-vitro and in-silico study that the thiosemicarbazones derivatives are good antimicrobial agents.

First Report of Leaf Spot on Stephania tetrandra Caused by Albifimbria verrucaria in China.

Stephania tetrandra S. Moore belongs to the family Menispermaceae and is a Chinese medicinal plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. The root can be used for a variety of treatments (Jiang et al. 2020). In August 2021, leaf spot symptoms were observed on S. tetrandra cultivated in Jiangxi (114.456E, 27.379N, southern China). The disease symptoms included a slight constriction of the leaves, with irregularly shaped brown to black spots with well-defined borders. Severely affected leaves were shed by the plant. In order to determine the cause, symptomatic leaves were surface-disinfested with 0.6% NaOCl for 2 min, and rinsed twice in sterile water, then incubated on moist paper towels at 26°C in the dark for 2 days. Cream-colored sporodochia were observed within the leaf spots, turning dark green to black within 16 hours. A slow-growing white fungus was isolated from 95% of the samples (n = 30) on PDA. Dark green sporodochia emerged after 7 to 10 days of incubation, and released tip-end oval, non-septate, hyaline conidia measuring 6.7 to 8.5 μm (mean 7.5 μm, n = 50) by 2.0 to 3.3 μm (mean 2.7 μm, n = 50). Concentric rings were interspersed with sporodochia on the continually incubated mycelium. The morphological characteristics of the isolates matched the description of Albifimbria (Lombard et al. 2016). Nucleotide sequences, amplified from isolate FJL5C using primers of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (White et al. 1990), calmodulin (cmdA; Carbone and Kohn 1999), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2; O'Donnell et al. 2007), were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OM317911, OM386815, and OM386816. A BLASTn analysis of the sequences showed 100% identity with the type strain CBS 328.52 (Lombard et al. 2016) of Albifimbria verrucaria (syn. Myrothecium verrucaria) for ITS, and 99% for cmdA and rpb2 (KU845893, KU845875, and KU845931, respectively). A phylogenetic tree generated using the three sequences showed that the isolate from S. tetrandra grouped with the A. verrucaria isolates, but away from other species of Albifimbria. These results together with the lack of a pale luteus exudate produced by A. viridis (Lombard et al. 2016) implied that the isolate was A. verrucaria. The culture was deposited in Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC 3.716). To verify pathogenicity, conidial suspension (106 conidia/mL in 0.05% Tween 20 solution) was sprayed onto six healthy plants. Six other plants sprayed with the Tween 20 solution alone served as controls. All plants were incubated in the dark at 26°C and 95% humidity for 30 hours, then transferred to a greenhouse at 26°C and 12 hours of illumination per day for 2 to 3 days. Inoculated leaves developed similar symptoms to those described above, whereas control plants remained healthy. The same pathogen was isolated from the diseased leaves, with the same morphological and molecular traits as those from the field plants. This experiment fulfilled Koch's postulates and confirmed that A. verrucaria causes leaf spots on S. tetrandra. This pathogen has been reported to cause disease in a wide range of weeds, legumes, and crop plants (Herman et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. verrucaria causing leaf spots on S. tetrandra in natural or controlled environments. The disease can seriously threaten S. tetrandra on growth and yield loss.

Mucormycosis: Issues, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

Mucormycosis (Black fungus) is an infection caused by opportunistic fungi of order Mucorales affecting the immune-compromised individuals. Cases of Aspergillus and Candida (White fungus) were also reported. The cases of fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients are increasing globally affecting mainly diabetic patients and individuals that have undergone corticosteroid therapy. Iron metabolism and hypoxia plays an important role in pathophysiology of this disease. Mucormycosis causes thrombosis of blood vessels hindering the blood circulation causing black discoloration of affected site. Histopathological examination of specimen is the most effective way of its diagnosis. Surgical removal of affected site is the best treatment practice in rhino-orbital and cutaneous cases whereas lipid formulation of Amphotericin B is effective in other forms of fungal infection.

Pembuatan bokashi dari berbagai limbah kotoran ternak di Desa Bujel Kecamatan Mojoroto Kota Kediri

This study has some purpose to utilize animal waste that has not been used optimally which often causes odors and flies, hopefully this activity can increase public knowledge about the importance of utilizing animal waste and improve the skills of participants to be able to make bokashi from animal waste. The materials used are animal waste, husks, husk ash, rice bran, EM4, molasses, and water. The methods used are counseling, discussions, and the practice of making bokashi. Making bokashi is animal waste mixed with husk, husk ash, rice bran, and stirred evenly. The paste is mixed with EM4, molasses, and water, stirred to a moisture content of 40%, then covered with a burlap sack or mat (aerobic). The fermentation process will last 4-5 days. The results of making bokashi showed that participants were able to make bokashi with a characteristic fermented smell, cold dry texture, and white fungus. The conclusion of this community service is that the community understands the material presented and is able to make bokashi from various animal waste with appropriate characteristics.

Quantum Calculation, Docking, ADMET and Molecular Dynamics of Ketal and Non-ketal Forms of D-glucofuranose Against Bacteria, Black & White Fungus, and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

D-glucofuranose has potent bioactivity against numerous diseases and pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and cancer. Normally, the ketal form of D-glucofuranose is converted into the non-ketal form by drug metabolism in the human body; as a result, both the ketal and non-ketal forms of D-glucofuranose are considered. To make a comparative biological activity study of ketal and non-ketal species of nine derivatives of D-glucofuranose, two bacteria, black fungus, white fungus, and triple-negative breast cancer, were selected. Firstly, the PASS prediction data from the online PASS tool indicated the probability of pathogenic efficacy through the Pa and Pi parameters. Secondly, the computational studies, such as molecular docking, molecular dynamic, ADMET, drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic, aquatic, and non-aquatic features, were calculated with three FDA-approved drugs, including azithromycin, nystatin, and cyclophosphamide. A comparative study of computational data has been performed where the ketal forms of D-glucofuranose derivatives were found highly biologically active with the satisfaction of the pharmacokinetic parameters, ADMET parameters, and Lipinski rule.

Co-infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 and their management.

SARS-CoV-2was discovered in Wuhan, China and quickly spread throughout the world. This deadly virus moved from person to person, resulting in severe pneumonia, fever, chills and hypoxia. Patients are still experiencing problems after recovering from COVID-19. This review covers COVID-19 and associated issues following recovery from COVID-19, as well as multiorgan damage risk factors and treatment techniques. Several unusual illnesses, including mucormycosis, white fungus infection, happy hypoxia and other systemic abnormalities, have been reported in recovered individuals. In children, multisystem inflammatory syndrome with COVID-19 (MIS-C) is identified. The reasons for this might include uncontrollable steroid usage, reduced immunity, uncontrollable diabetes mellitus and inadequate care following COVID-19 recovery.

Dynamics of rare earth elements and associated major and trace elements during Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) litter degradation

Abstract. Given the diverse physico-chemical properties of elements, we hypothesize that their incoherent distribution across the leaf tissues, combined with the distinct resistance to degradation that each tissue exhibits, leads to different turnover rates among elements. Moreover, litter layers of varying ages produce diverse chemical signatures in solution during the wet degradation. To verify our hypothesis, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Ca, Pb, Al and Fe were analysed together with the rare earth elements (REE) in the solid fractions and in the respective leachates of fresh leaves and different litter layers of two forested soils developed under Pseudotsuga menziesii and Fagus sylvatica L. trees. The results from the leaching experiment were also compared with the in situ REE composition of the soil solutions to clarify the impact that the litter degradation processes may have on soil solution chemical composition. Both tree species showed similar biogeochemical processes dominating the element dynamics during litter degradation. REE, Al, Fe and Pb were preferentially retained in the solid litter material, in comparison with the other cations, and their concentrations increased over time during the degradation. Accordingly, different litter fractions produced different yields of elements and REE patterns in the leachates, indicating that the tree species and the age of the litter play a role in the chemical release during degradation. In particular, the evolution of the REE patterns, relative to the age of the litter layers, allowed us to deliver new findings on REE fractionation and mobilization during litter decay. Specifically, the degradation of the litter was characterized by a decrease in the Y/Ho ratio and an increase in the LaN/YbN ratio. The relationship between these ratios provided information on the litter species-specific resistance to degradation, with Douglas-fir litter material showing a lower resistance. During the litter degradation of the two tree species, two main differences were highlighted with the help of the REE: (i) in Pseudotsuga menziesii the behaviour of Eu appeared to be linked to Ca during leaf senescence and (ii) species-specific release of organic acids during litter degradation leads to a more pronounced middle REE (MREE) enrichment in the Fagus sylvatica leachates. Finally, we showed the primary control effect that white fungi may have in Ce enrichment of soil solutions, which appears to be associated with the dissolution and/or direct transport of Ce-enriched MnO2 accumulated on the surface of the old litter due to the metabolic functioning of these microorganisms. Similar MREE and heavy REE (HREE) enrichments were also found in the leachates and the soil solutions, probably due to the higher affinity of these elements for the organic acids, which represent the primary products of organic matter degradation.

The development of on-line surface defect detection system for jujubes based on hyperspectral images

• A hyperspectral system was built for collecting hyperspectral image data and performing skin defect detection of jujubes online. • Hyperspectral data of jujubes with common skin defects were obtained for training classification models. • Support vector machine and artificial neural network models were used for online skin defect detection of jujubes. • To reduce the computation time of online classification, spectral bands were selected with equal band interval method or the principal component analysis. • Experimental results showed that artificial neural network models using 14 bands can compromise the accuracy and speed for online classification of jujubes. This paper presents the development of an on-line surface defect system using hyperspectral images for jujubes. A push-broom hyperspectral system was built for collecting hyperspectral image data and detecting skin defects of jujube online. Hyperspectral images with an effective wavelength range of 468–950 nm were obtained for jujubes with normal surface or common skin defect types (i.e., russeting, decay, white fungus, black fungus and crack). Support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) models were used to classify surface defects of jujubes. The classification accuracies, with the use of full wavelength range, of ANN and SVM models for jujube skin defects are 96.5% and 96.3% respectively. The times required for processing one jujube face are about 25 and 320 s for ANN and SVM models respectively. To reduce the computation time of online classification tasks, spectral bands were selected from a wavelength range of 468–760 nm with equal band intervals or by the principal component analysis (PCA) method. Experimental results showed that the accuracy of SVM and ANN models using 14 bands (469, 491, 513, 535, 558, 580, 602, 624, 646, 668, 691, 713, 735 and 757 nm), selected by equal wavelength intervals, were 94.4% and 95% respectively. And the accuracies of ANN and SVM models with 14 bands (470, 493, 534, 555, 590, 623, 632, 654, 672, 674, 683, 696, 707 and 747) selected by PCA are 95% and 94.6% respectively. The classification time, with the use of 14 bands, of ANN and SVM models for jujube skin defects reduced to 16.6 and 30 s respectively. The online line scanning and classification hyperspectral imaging system can be used for surface defect detection of other fruits.

The potential of white and soft-rot fungi for biodegradation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs): characterization and enzyme analysis

ABSTRACT Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have significant environmental concerns for soil, water and ecosystems. Since their harmful effects on human health, including respiratory disease, they are considered dangerous substances. Thus, it is required to discover a constructive solution to decrease of MWCNT toxicity. Due to their high degradability, white rot and soft rot fungi have been used in the biodegradation of various pollutants. In this study, we evaluated the ability of native Iranian white and soft rot fungi to degrade MWCNTs mainly by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and surface charge measurement. In this regard, growth kinetics, CO2 and protein production, size, surface charge and pH change were measured. Continuous Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging were carried out to detect the process of degradation. The results showed that the morphology, arrangement, size and diameter of MWCNTs were modified due to fungal degradation. The cytotoxicity of treated MWCNTs was determined by the MTT test. The results indicated that native Iranian white and soft rot fungi have a significant ability for degradation of MWCNTs. Furthermore, it could be concluded that fungal treatment could reduce the toxicity of MWCNTs and the best result was achieved in 500 ppm MWCNTs for Trichoderma sp. The activities of oxidative enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) were measured to determine the mechanism of degradation. Enzyme assays have suggested that these oxidising enzymes especially laccase might play a key role in the degradation of MWCNTs in white rot and soft rot fungi. The overall results confirmed the reproductive ability of Trichoderma sp. WF29 as a soft rot and two white rot fungi Irpex lacteus WF36 and Trametes versicolor to degrade MWCNT.