White Fish Meal Research Articles

Utilization of Malt Protein Flour in Fingerling Rainbow Trout Diets

Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate malt protein flour (MPF) as an alternative protein source for the diet of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings. MPF is a new protein rich by-product from brewer's spent grain. Experiment 1 was conducted to clarify the suitable substitution level of MPF for white fish meal (WFM) in the diet. The control diet, containing WFM as the sole protein source, and isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) experimental diets, containing MPF substituted for 20 to 80% of WFM protein, were fed to fish with an average initial weight of 10g for 6 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency in fish fed the diet substituting MPF up to the 60% level were not different (p>0.05) from those in fish fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in protein and energy retention between 0 to 40% substitution level. In Experiment 2, crystalline essential amino acids (EAA) were supplemented in the diets containing MPF to simulate the EAA composition in the control diet. Consequently, no significant differences were detected in protein and energy retention between 0 to 60% substitution level. Thus, these results suggest that MPF is a promising alternative protein source for the diet of fingerling rainbow trout.

In-vitro digestibility simulating the proteolysis of feed protein in the midgut gland of grass shrimp ( Penaeus monodon)

Due to feed ingestion, maximal organ weight was reached in 1 h after feeding for the foregut, and 5 h after feeding for the midgut where the highest protease activity was observed in the whole digestivetract of shrimp. The proteases in the midgut gland showed two pH optima at 7.5 and 4.0, that at pH 7.5 being higher. Feed proteins were digested in-vitro with crude enzyme extract from the midgut gland of grass shrimp at 30°C, pH 7.5 for up to 4 h and in two steps at pH 7.5 for 2 h followed by 2 h at pH 4.0. The latter increased feed protein hydrolysis to 1.12–1.56 times that at pH 7.5 for 4 h. The two-step hydrolysis by the shrimp midgut gland extract can serve as an in-vitro method to approximate feed protein digestibility. The tests showed the following order of digestibility: Artemia>predissolved casein>gluten, pelletized shrimp feed>unpelletized shrimp feed>brown fish meal>white fish meal>soybean meal>yeast, undissolved casein. They were significantly different ( P<0.05). The protein digestibility correlated with the amount of lysine and arginine in the total amino acid composition of the protein sources ( r=0.99) indicating that trypsin plays an important role in digestion in shrimp. Aromatic amino acid content had a positive correlation with the digestibility of water-soluble or native protein sources, but a negative correlation with that of the heat-denatured protein sources, indicating that hydrophobic interaction in heat-processed proteins decreased their digestibility.

シマアジ稚魚用飼料の適正デンプン含量

Two feeding experiments were conducted to determine suitable levels of dietary starch and compare the availability of dietary gelatinized starch (α-) and raw starch (β-) as an energy source for juvenile striped jack, Pseudocaranx dentex. Juveniles (initial body weight: 1.6g or 36g) were fed on 12 white fish meal based diets containing different amounts of α-starch (5-20%) and β-starch (10 and 15%) for 24 or 42 days.In both experiments, the growth and feed efficiency were low in fish fed diets containing a 5% starch level. Growth performance together with feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were highest in fish fed a diet containing 15% α-starch, but further elevation of dietary α-starch levels did not result in better growth. On the other hand, growth and feed efficiency were lowest in fish fed a diet containing 15% β-starch, in spite of having the highest daily feed consumption. Replacement of two-thirds of α-starch with β-starch slightly improved the growth, but it was still far inferior to that of the α-starch based diets.It is inferred that a suitable level of dietary starch is approximately 15% and that more than 50% of starch should be gelatinized.

Requirement for tryptophan by milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) juveniles

Groups of milkfish juveniles (mean initial weight 7.7 g) were fed semipurified diets containing 0.9, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1 and 6.1 g tryptophan/kg dry diet for 12 weeks. The mean crude protein content of the diets (containing white fishmeal, gelatin and free amino acid mixture to simulate the pattern of hydrolysed milkfish protein) was 49%. On the basis of the growth response, the tryptophan requirement of milkfish juveniles was estimated to be 3.1 g/kg diet. Fish fed low levels of tryptophan exhibited low weight gains and poor feed conversion ratios. Survival (92-100%) was consistently high in all treatments. Fish fed diets containing tryptophan levels greater than 3.1 g/kg had slightly lower survival rates. The activity of hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase showed no significant differences with increasing dietary tryptophan levels. No nutritional deficiency signs were observed other than the depression in growth rates in fish given the tryptophan deficient diets.

The effect of feeding supplements in the autumn on the reproductive performance of grazing ewes 1. Feeding fixed amounts of supplement before and during mating

AbstractThe effects on reproductive performance offeeding supplements to ewes grazing predominantly perennial ryegrass swards before and during mating which started in mid November were examined with approximately 200 Scottish Blackface ewes in each of three experiments. In two experiments, ewes were offered no supplement (C), 600 g barley (S(B)) or 500 g barley + 100 g white-fish meal (S(B + FM)) per head per day from 3 weeks before until 3 weeks after the start of the mating period. Ewes in experiment 1 were grazed on different areas and in experiment 2 were rotated around these areas on a 12-day cycle. Initial herbage allowance in both experiments was 40 to 50 kg organic matter per ewe and stocking rates ranged from 10 to 14 ewes per ha. Ewes in experiment 3 were rotated around the same areas on a 10-day cycle at a stocking rate of 18 ewes per ha and offered either no supplement (C) or 600 g barley (S(B)) per head per day when live weight started to decrease or sward height declined to 3·5 cm, whichever occurred first. Both of these occurred shortly after the start of mating. Sward height fell from mid October and throughout November and was between 3 and 4 cm at the start of mating in all experiments.There were no differences in response to the (S(B)) and (S(B + FM)) treatments in live weight, body condition or reproductive performance in experiments 1 and 2 and the effects of supplementation were examined with these treatments pooled.Supplementation had very little effect on live weight, resulting in higher values only in experiment 1 but did produce higher body condition in all experiments. This occurred by the start of mating in experiment 1 but not until mid December in experiment 3 and early January in experiment 2.A significant increase in the number of lambs born per ewe lambing was obtained from supplementation when the data from experiments 1 and 2 were combined (P &lt; 0·05). There was no response in reproductive performance to supplementation in experiment 3. It was concluded that supplementation in the pre-mating period can improve reproductive performance when sward height declines from 6 to 3·5 cm but that supplementation in the post-mating period may not, even when the sward height is below 3·5 cm.

Effect of added dietary nitrogen from different sources on intake and digestibility by pregnant gilts of diets containing unmolassed sugarbeet pulp

Previous experiments indicated that protein level in the diet might affect intake and apparent digestibility of diets containing high levels of unmolassed sugarbeet pulp (SBP). As utilisation of dietary fibre depends on fermentation by the microflora in the gastro-intestinal tract, availability of nitrogen to the microflora could be important. It is generally assumed that most fermentation occurs in the hlndgut, although with SBP, fermentation does occur in the ileum. Therefore the source as well as level of dietary nitrogen might be important.Four maize based diets were formulated to contain the same amount (600g/kg) of SBP (Table 1). The control diet (C) contained no added nitrogen rich material (dietary N 15 g/kg). In the other diets the N concentration was doubled by adding either soyabean meal (S), white fishmeal (F), or urea (U).In a pre-trial period, voluntary food intake (VFI) of 17 individually housed gilts fed ad libitum on diet C was determined. The gilts were allocated to the treatments on the basis of this VFI, 5 gilts on diet C, 4 on each of S, F, and U. The diets were fed ad libitum from a hopper during a 3 week period in late gestation. After one week of adaptation, VFI was measured daily. On the last 5 days of the period, faecal samples were collected for overall apparent digestibility measurements using chromic oxide as inert marker (5 g/kg diet). Liveweight and backfat thickness of the gilts were determined at the beginning and at the end of the experiment.

Utilization of Soybean Meal as Protein Source in Diets for Rainbow Trout.

In order to study the utilization of defatted soybean meal (SBM) and its extruded meal (ExSBM) as a partial replacement for white fish meal (WFM), they were used to substitute WFM at levels of 30, 40, 50% in diets. A combination of 25% SBM and 15% corn gluten meal (CGM) substituting WFM of 40% in the diet was also tried. Each diet was fed ad libitum to duplicate groups of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (12.1g on average) for 7 weeks at 12±2°C. The SBM-CGM diet produced the best performance. The growth of fish on other diets was almost inversely related to dietary SBM or ExSBM levels, probably due to the lower protein and energy intake. However, the growth rate per protein intake in these groups was almost com-parable to that of the control group. There was no marked difference in growth and feed efficiency between the SBM and ExSBM groups, except at a 50% level where there was improved growth due to an enhanced feed intake of the extruded product. Apparent digestibility of dietary protein in all cases was as high as 90-94%, irrespective of inclusion of SBM or ExSBM; but these values of starch decreased in relation to both ingredients, leading to reduced energy digestibility. Thus, for effective utilization of SBM, a combination with CGM was found to be better, reducing WFM up to 40% in the diet (replacing 63% of WFM).

Search for Effective Protein Combination with Crab Protein for the Larval Kuruma Prawn Penaeus japonicus.

In a series of studies to search for an optimal protein source for larval Penaeus japonicus feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimal combination of several protein sources with crab protein concentrate (CPC) on the larval development, growth, and survival of P. japonicus when fed on microbound diets. Although the addition of squid meal, brown fish meal, white fish meal, and krill meal to CPC improved larval performance compared to the single use of CPC, the magnitude of improvement by them was not as great as that by casein and soybean protein (SBP). In the diet containing both CPC and squid meal as the protein source, more CPC in the diet produced a poorer performance of larvae particularly at low levels of protein. Besides casein the best com-bination for larval development was CPC and SBP. The development, growth, and survival of larvae did not deteriorate when fed on CPC-SBP diets containing less than 30% of SBP. This study demonstrates that plant protein like SBP rather than squid meal as an additional source to CPC is available for good development, growth, and survival of larval prawn.

Suitable Protein and Lipid Levels in Diet for Fingerlings of Yellowtail.

Two feeding experiments were conducted to determine suitable dietary protein and lipid levels for fingerlings of yellowtail by feeding them with various white fish meal (and casein) diets containing different levels of protein (CP: 35-55%) and lipid (CL: 6-20%). In both experiments, the growth rate and feed efficiency were higher in fish fed on diets con-taining around 50% CP than those fed on diets with 45% CP, irrespective of the lipid levels. The best growth was obtained in fish fed on a diet containing 50% CP with 15% CL, when the n-3HUFA level was fixed at 2.1%. On the other hand, at levels of 42 and 52% CP, the feed performances in fish fed on a diet containing a CL of more than 15% were inferior to those in fish fed on 10% CL regardless of n-3HUFA content in the diet. Furthermore, a lower growth rate was observed in fish fed on a moist pellet although the dietary CP level (CP: 63% on a dry matter basis) was the highest of all the experimental diets. These results indicated that not only CP and CL levels but also n-3HUFA contents in the diet affect the growth of yellowtail fingerlings. It was also suggested that the suitable protein and lipid levels in the diet for yellowtail fingerlings are around 50 and 15-20%, respectively, at a level of 2.1% n-3HUFA.

Availability of manganese and magnesium contained in white fish meal to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Feeding experiments were conducted to examine the availability to rainbow trout of manganese (Mn) and magnesium (Mg) contained in white fish meal and to determine the minimum supplemental Mn and Mg levels to white fish meal based diet for the normal growth of rainbow trout. The lowest growth was observed in fish receiving a diet without supplemental Mn or Mg and the growth was effectively improved by the addition of Mn and Mg at levels of more than 15μg/g and 0.5mg/g, respectively. The Mn content of vertebrae was lowest in fish fed a diet without supplemental Mn and was proportional to dietary Mn levels, reaching a plataeu by supplementing more than 15μg/g diet. The ratio of Ca to Mg in the vertebrae was highest in fish fed a diet without supplemental Mg and effectively decreased to lower levels by Mg supplementation at levels more than 0.5mg/g diet. The results of these experiments have demonstrated that supplementation of Mn and Mg at more than 15μg/g and 0.5mg/g, respectively, to white fish meal diet is necessary to sustain the normal growth of rainbow trout. The results also suggested that the availability of Mn in white fish meal was very low and that the utilization of Mg absorbed was distorted by a certain substance in white fish meal.

Nutritive value of protein of feed ingredients for carp Cyprinus carpio.

The study was undertaken to determine the nutritive value as protein source in carp diet of white fish meal, meat meal, meat & bone meal, and corn gluten meal. Four feeding trials were conducted using juvenile carp with body weight ranging from 3 to 5g by maintaining them on diets in which the ingredients were incorporated as sole protein source at different levels. Apparent digestibility, PER, NPU, and BV were determined. The apparent protein digestibilities were 54% for meat & bone meal, 87% for white fish meal meal and 95% for corn gluten meal. The values for PER, NPU, and BV at various protein levels were highest in white fish meal and lowest in corn gluten meal. These values of meat meal were higher than those obtained with meat & bone meal, excluding BV that was higher in meat & bone meal than meat meal because of the lower protein digestibility value. The low values of protein utilization of meat meal, meat & bone meal, and corn gluten meal are attributed to their poor amino acid profiles.

Quality evaluation of some animal protein sources for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

The quality of four kinds of animal protein source (white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal, and meat & bone meal) was evaluated on the basis of weight gain, protein digestibility, PER, NPU, and BV in rainbow trout. Four feeding experiments were con-ducted for 20days with diets containing one of these ingredients as the sole protein source at different protein levels in addition to a non-protein diet. Relatively, high values of protein digestibility of white fish meal (92%), brown fish meal (90%), and meat meal (91%) were obtained; meat & bone meal (78%) alone being slightly low. The nutritional quality of brown fish meal is almost comparable to that of white fish meat. The values for PER, NPU, and BV of these fish meats were found to be higher than meat meal and meat & bone meal; increasing with decreasing dietary protein levels in contrast to meat meal and meat & bone meal. These results have demonstrated that brown fish meal is as good as white fish meal in its nutritional value but meat meal and meat & bone meal performs lower probably due to their poor amino acid profile.

Nutritional studies in the seed production of fish-XX. Effective components in cuttlefish meal and raw krill for improvement of quality of red seabream Pagrus major eggs.

Red seabream broodstock were fed various diets of different nutritional quality for either 26 days or shortly before spawning to clarify the effective components in cuttlefish meal and raw krill which aid in quality egg production. The percentage of buoyant eggs was lowest in the control group receiving the white fish meal diet, and was elevated by the addition of 200mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The value was also effectively improved by replacement of white fish meal with defatted or intact cuttlefish meal as a protein source. Feeding broodstock with frozen raw krill after previously being fed control diet resulted in elevation of the percentage of buoyant eggs and normal larvae. Equally good results were obtained by substitution of cuttlefish liver oil in the control diet with 2.5% krill polar lipid or 2.5% krill nonpolar lipid. However, neither defatted krill meal nor fat-soluble fraction of cut-tlefish meal showed the good effect on the egg quality. Consequently, the superior quality of cuttlefish meal to the white fish meal as a protein source for red seabream broodstock diets was reconfirmed. And the effective components in raw krill, aiding the reproduction of red seabream, are suggested to be the polar and nonpolar lipid fractions. In addition, vitamin E was also found to have the same efficiency for improvement of the egg quality.

Feeding stimulation in sea bream, Pagrus major, fed diets supplemented with Antarctic krill meals

Feeding behavior is stimulated when fish are fed diets supplemented with Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, meal. An electrophysiological method was used to study the olfactory and gustatory responses of sea bream, Pagrus major, to extracts of krill meal, non-muscle krill meal, and white fish meal. It was observed that the non-muscle krill meal elicited the strongest responses; non-muscle krill meal gave about 1.5 times and krill meal 1.2 times the response of the white fish meal. Amino acid analysis of the meals indicated that non-muscle krill meal was high in sarcosine, proline, glutamic acid, arginine and glucosamine. These amino acids are believed to be the cause of the gustatory and olfactory responses observed. Several diets containing these amino acids were tested for feeding stimulation in sea bream. It was shown that sea bream feeding was stimulated mainly by proline, glycine and glucosamine.

Quantitative lysine requirement of milkfish ( Chanos chanos) juveniles

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the quantitative dietary requirement of milkfish juveniles for lysine. Milkfish ( Chanos chanos Forsskal) of mean weight 5.92±0.14 g were fed diets containing 7.0, 11.0, 15.0, 19.0, 23.0 and 27.0 g lysine/kg dry diet for 12 weeks. The amino acid test diets contained white fish meal and zein supplemented with crystalline amino acids to provide an amino acid profile similar to milkfish proteins except for lysine. Each of the six diets was fed to four replicate groups of 25 fish in a completely randomized design and at a feeding rate of 5% of the fish body weight per day. On the basis of the growth response, lysine requirement of juvenile milkfish was found to be 20 g/kg diet. This value corresponds to 4.0% when expressed as a percentage of the dietary protein. Survival (94–97%) was consistently high in all treatments. Except for loss of appetite resulting in low food intake and depressed growth, no nutritional deficiency signs were observed in fish given the lysine-deficient diets.

An evaluation of indigenous protein sources as potential component in the diet formulation for tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, using essential amino acid index (EAAI)

The essential amino acid index (EAAI) could be used in screening potential protein sources. However, when formulating diets, EAAI should be supported with feeding trials and digestibility tests to determine the extent of incorporation of these protein sources in Penaeus monodon diets. Using whole P. monodon juvenile as the reference protein, local fish meals were found to be good protein sources with an EAAI of 0.92 to 0.95, in addition to white and Peruvian fish meals, shrimp meal, squid meal and soybean meal (EAAI of 0.96, 0.94, 0.98, 0.96 and 0.87, respectively). The amino acid pattern (A/E ratio) of the protozoeal, juvenile and adult stage of P. monodon showed increasing arginine and decreasing phenylalanine with growth stage.

Utilization of dietary protein by the eel ( Anguilla anguilla): Optimum dietary protein levels

European eels, with mean initial body weight of 40 g and maintained at 25°C, were fed on diets of different protein content (35, 40, 45, 50 and 55% protein), for 60 days. Two fish-protein sources, white fish meal (WFM) and herring meal (HM), were separately tested at the stated protein levels. WFM was a better protein source than HM, for all the protein levels assayed, as observed by feed conversion, protein efficiency for growth and apparent digestibility. For both protein sources the optimal daily protein intake for maximum growth was about 1.4 g 100 g fish.

Mineral nutrition in fish. XXIII. Availability to carp of manganese contained in various types of fish meals.

A feeding experiment was conducted to examine availability of manganese (Mn) contained in various types of fish meals (white fish meal, brown fish meal, and sardine meal with or without soluble). Fingerling carp weighing 4.3g in average were fed diets containing one of four kinds of fish meals as a sole protein source with different levels of supplementary Mn for 11 or 24 weeks at water temperature of 15-25°C. Growth and feed efficiency were poor in fish receiving the diet without supplementation of Mn in every kind of fish meal diet groups, and were effectively imporved by addition of Mn and reached a plateau when supplementation of Mn together with Mn in each fish meal at a level met the Mn requirement of carp.Thus the content of Mn in the diets derived from various types of fish meals is not sufficient without supplementary Mn for normal growth of carp, judging from the fact that feeding diets containing various fish meals as protein source without supplementary Mn induced poor growth, short body dwarfism and reduced Mn levels in vertebrae. The results have also shown that bioavailability to carp of Mn contained in different kinds of fish meals is very high, and is not affected by the content of tricalcium phosphate in diet.

Growth and feed efficiecy in red sea bream fed on waste lipid treated with mold.

An attempt was made to know whether fish waste lipid treated with mold can be utilized as a feed oil or not. The lipid from mackerel waste juice was treated with Aspergillus terreus for 18 h and the treated lipid was added into a diet containing white fish meal, and the effect of treated lipid on growth of red sea bream Chrysophrys major and feed efficiency was compared with that of nontreated lipid and pollack liver oil. Treatment with the mold decreased POV and TBA value of lipid (NTL) from waste juice and increased ω3 HUFA content. The growth and feed efficiency in red sea bream fed on the treated lipid (TL) were significantly high as compared with those of fish fed on the nontreated lipid (NTL), and were similar to the fish fed on pollack liver oil (PLO).

Quantitative requirements of aluminum and iron in the formulated diets and its interrelation with other minerals in young eel.

Feeding study was conducted to determine the quantitative requrements of Al and Fe, and to examine the interrelationship with the other minerals in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. The experimental diets used were those based on white fish meal supplemented with 0, 15, 30, 50, 75, and 100μg/g of Al as aluminum chloride and 0, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400μg/g of Fe as ferrous sulfate. The fish on diet supplemented with 15μg/g level of Al showed the best growth among all groups. In case of Fe, the low levels of Fe supplementation in diet resulted in higher growth rate and feed efficiency. On the other hand, the highest level of Al supplementary diet (100μg/g) and Fe supplementary diet (400μg/g) did not cause any side effect on growth. Among the groups treated with high dietary Fe, Zn and Mn contents in the bone decreased remarkably.