White Camera Research Articles

지화 인식을 위한 동영상 처리에 관한 연구

본 논문에서는 흑백 CCD 카메라를 이용하여 청각 장애인의 의사전달 수단인 지화 동작을 동영상으로 입력받아 인식하여, 편집 가능한 텍스트 문서로 변환하는 시스템을 구현하였다. 일련의 입력 영상들 중에서 흐린 영상과 선명한 영상의 구분은 영상의 잔상을 이용하였고, 촬영된 연속 영상들의 배열로부터 문자 자소를 구하고, 오토마타를 적용하여 완성된 문자를 문서 편집기에 출력시켰다. 획득된 선명한 영상 데이터 중 변화가 심한 손목 부분을 제거한 후, 최대 원형 이동법을 이용하여 손의 무게 중심점을 구하고, 원형 패턴 벡터 알고리즘을 적용하여 지화 해석에 필요한 손을 인식하였다. 손 중심으로부터 거리 스펙트럼을 이용하여 지화 인식에 사용되는 손 모양의 특징 벡터를 추출하고, 퍼지 추론을 적용하여 표준 패턴과 입력 패턴의 특징벡터를 비교, 지화 동작을 인식하였다. In this paper, we realized a system that receives the dynamic images of finger languages, which is the method of intention transmission of the hearing disabled person, using the white and black CCD camera, and that recognizes the images and converts them to the editable text document. We use the afterimage to draw a sharp line between indistinct images and clear images from a series of inputted images, and get the character alphabet from the away of continuous images and output the accomplished character to the word editor by applying the automata theory. After the system removes the varied wrist part from the data of clean image, it gets the controid point of hand by the maximum circular movement method and recognizes the hand that is necessary to analyze the finger languages by applying the circular pattern vector algorithm. The system abstracts the characteristic vectors of the hand using the distance spectrum from the center of the hand and it compares the characteristic vector of inputted pattern from the standard pattern by applying the fuzzy inference and recognizes the movement of finger languages.

Solid-state ammonia sensor based on Berthelot’s reaction

A non-reversible solid-state ammonia sensor based on formation of indophenol blue has been developed. A new optimised reaction conditions found for Berthelot’s reaction allow the sensor to respond to dissolved ammonia in ambient conditions at a much faster reaction rate than previously known. This solid-state colorimetric sensor reaches maximum colour intensity in ∼3 min at room temperature (∼20 °C) and responds linearly to ammonia between 1 and 10 ppm. A semi-automatic imaging system that consists of a black and white digital camera illuminated by red, green and blue LEDs was developed to measure the sensor responses.

Simultaneous PIV and pulsed shadow technique in slug flow: a solution for optical problems

A recent technique of simultaneous particle image velocimetry (PIV) and pulsed shadow technique (PST) measurements, using only one black and white CCD camera, is successfully applied to the study of slug flow. The experimental facility and the operating principle are described. The technique is applied to study the liquid flow pattern around individual Taylor bubbles rising in an aqueous solution of glycerol with a dynamic viscosity of 113·10 )3 Pa s. With this technique the optical perturba- tions found in PIV measurements at the bubble interface are completely solved in the nose and in annular liquid film regions as well as in the rear of the bubble for cases in which the bottom is flat. However, for Taylor bubbles with concave oblate bottoms, some optical distortions appear and are discussed. The measurements achieved a spatial resolution of 0.0022 tube diameters. The results reported show high precision and are in agreement with theoretical and experimental published data.

경계선 기울기 방법을 이용한 다양한 인쇄체 한글의 인식

본 논문에서는 CCD 흑백 카메라를 이용하여 입력되는 인쇄체 한글 이미지의 문자를 인식하여 편집 가능한 텍스트 문서로 변환하는 시스템을 구현하였다 문자 인식에 있어서 잡음에 강한 경계선 기울기 방법을 이용함으로써 문자의 구조적 특성에 근거한 윤곽선 정보를 추출할 수 있었다. 이를 이용하여 각 문자 이미지의 수평 및 수직 모음을 인지하고 6가지 유형으로 분류한 후, 자소 단위로 분리하고 최대 길이 투영을 사용하여 모음을 인식하였다. 분리된 자음은 경계선이 변화되는 위상의 형태를 미리 저장된 표준 패턴과 비교하여 인식하였다. 인식된 문자는 KS 한글 완성형 코드로 문서 편집기에 출력되어 사용자에게 제공되는 시스템을 구현하였다. In this paper, we realized a system that converts the character images of the printed Korean alphabet (Hangul) to the editable text documents by using the black and white CCD camera, We were able to abstract the contours information of the character which is based on the structural character by using the boundary tracing technique that is strong to the noise on the character recognition. By using the contours information, we recognized the horizontal vowels and vertical vowels of the character image and classify the character into the six patterns. After that, the character is divided to the unit of the consonant and vowel. The vowels are recognized by using the maximum length projection. The separated consonants are recognized by comparing the inputted pattern with the standard pattern that has the phase information of the boundary line change. We realized a system that the recognized characters are inputted to the word editor with the editable KS Hangul completion type code.

A machine vision system for measuring the eccentricity of bearings

In this paper, we describe a machine vision system for inspecting bearings, which are an important part of electro-mechanical kWh meters. The system consists of a personal computer with a frame grabber, a black and white progressive scan CCD camera, and a mechanical device with a stepper motor controlled by a special controller. The quality of a bearing depends on the eccentricity of the needle and the length of the needle that extends out of the cylinder. These two features are robustly and accurately determined by the successive application of the Hough transform (HT) and linear regression. The proposed machine vision system allows fast, accurate, reproducible, and robust 100% inspection of bearings of electro-mechanical kWh meters and as such may be a valuable tool for ensuring high-end-product quality.

A MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING SENSOR FOR SITE SPECIFIC APPLICATION OF CHEMICALS

Environmental as well as economic factors are pushing forward the development of sensors and technologies for precision farming practice. Selective application of herbicides requires information on the location of weeds in the field. In this work, a sensor for automatic detection of weeds in the field was developed and tested. Visual detection of weeds requires discnmination between soil and plants, as well as discrimination between crop and weeds. The developed sensor was based on a multispectral imaging system in the range of 500-1000 nm. An electronically tunable filter (Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter - AOTF) was coupled with a high-resolution black and white CCD camera and a frame grabber. The developed sensor was mounted on a mobile platform and a large database of images was constructed by acquiring images of cotton plants and weeds in their early stage of development. Images were acquired from 500 to 1000nm in 5nm increments. Images were then analyzed and characteristic features of cotton plants and weeds were calculated. Weed detection was based on spectral reflectance properties of their leaves.

Zero Patience , Genre, Difference, and Ideology: Singing and Dancing Queer Nation

John Greyson's Zero Patience (1993) de-scribes oppressive inscriptions of homosexuality by appropriating and subverting hegemonic systems of representation, such as the documentary and the Hollywood musical and horror genres. Drawing on the work of Louis Althusser, Richard Dyer, Lee Edelman, and Jean-Pierre Oudart, this essay provides an ideological mapping of the film's queer discursivities and genre codings to consider Greyson's dismantling of the spectral gay other constructed by a white, male heteronormative and homophobic camera eye.

Intraguild predation by aphidophagous predators on parasitised aphids: the use of multiple video cameras

AbstractA video technique that allows simultaneous behavioural observations of several experimental replicates under field and laboratory conditions is described. The technique was used to analyse predation risk of parasitised aphids in a sugar beet field. The images of 16 black and white video cameras were recorded by a video multiplexer in combination with a time‐lapse video recorder. Each camera was weather protected and equipped with a single infrared diode to allow observations during night times. Single leaves carrying aphid mummies only or mummies and unparasitised aphids were monitored. All colonies were exposed to predation and parasitation by the community of natural enemies in the field. Colonies with mummies and unparasitised aphids were visited significantly more often by predators than those without additional aphids. Predators also stayed significantly longer in patches with unparasitised aphids. Although an equal proportion of aphid mummies were destroyed in both treatments, the video analysis showed differences in predator species spectrum between treatments. In patches with aphids, coccinellid and hemipteran predators preyed on mummies, while in patches with only mummies, chrysopids accounted for most of the damage. The decrease in parasitoid survival could be attributed to the increasing number of predator visits in aphid patches and to a lesser extent to the decreasing number of unparasitised aphids (alternative prey). Parasitoid survival in colonies without alternative prey was correlated with the number of predator visits and the time predators spent on a leaf.Continuous video observations gave additional behavioural information for the interpretation of field data. Other prospective research fields for the use of the multi video camera technique are outlined and general advantages and disadvantages are discussed.

Use of genetic artificial neural networks and spectral imaging for defect detection on cherries

A machine vision system was created to identify different types of tissue characteristics on cherries. It consists of an enhanced NIR range vidicon black and white camera (sensing range 400–2000 nm), a monochrometer controlled light source, and a computer. Multiple spectral images of cherry samples were collected over the 680–1280 nm range at increments of 40 nm. Using the spectral signatures of different tissues on cherry images, artificial neural networks were applied to pixel-wise classification. An enhanced genetic algorithm was applied to design the topology and evolve the weights for multi-layer feed forward artificial neural networks. An average of 73% classification accuracy was achieved for correct identification as well as quantification of all types of cherry defects. No false positives or false negatives occurred, errors resulted only from misclassification of defect type or quantification of defect.

DESIGN OF A DUAL-CAMERA SYSTEM FOR POULTRY CARCASSES INSPECTION

Two dual-camera systems were developed for on-line inspection of poultry carcasses: one to image the frontof the bird and the other to image the back. Each system consists of two identical black and white cameras equipped withinterference filters of 540 nm and 700 nm. Both cameras capture spectral images simultaneously. Object-oriented analysiswas performed to identify the attributes of individual software components and the relationships among these softwarecomponents. These individual software components were then organized by the object patterns to form a softwarearchitectural framework for on-line image capture, off-line development of classification models, and on-lineclassification of carcasses into wholesome and unwholesome categories. Model development and testing was performedon 331 chickens independently classified by a veterinarian. For off-line model development, the accuracies fordifferentiating between wholesome and unwholesome carcasses were 96.2% and 88.5% at 540 nm and 700 nm,respectively, for the front images and 95.7% and 85.1% at 540 nm and 700 nm, respectively, for the back images. On-lineclassification for 128 new samples combined the filter information within each system, using selected neural networkmodels. The front imaging system gave accuracies of 91%, 98% and 95% for normal, abnormal and combined carcasses,respectively. The back imaging system gave 84%, 100% and 92%.

Morphometric analysis of the fibroadipose tissue of the female pelvis.

The structure of the retroperitoneal connective tissue of the female pelvis was evaluated to determine whether its spatial arrangement may have a role in supporting the pelvic viscera. After in situ formalin fixation the pelvic viscera with the surrounding connective tissue were removed together with the pelvic floor from 18 female cadavers 48 to 68 years old. Serial macrosections of the bladder base, cervix, lower rectum and pelvic floor complex, cut in coronal (4 cases) and horizontal (10 cases) planes, were stained with azan-Mallory, and the remaining 4 were cut in the horizontal plane and plastinated using von Hagens E12 technique. Morphometry of the retroperitoneal connective tissue was performed using a computerized system for image analysis connected through a black and white television camera to an optic microscope. The diameters of the adipose lobules and density of the connective tissue were evaluated in the proximity of the visceral adventitia and the parietal pelvic fascia, respectively. The retroperitoneal connective tissue of the female pelvis consists of varying amounts of adipose tissue divided into small lobules by thin connective laminae. These laminae are connected to the visceral and parietal layers of the pelvic fascia, and are closely connected to the vascular and nervous bundle sheaths crossing the pelvis. At the level of the sacrouterine and cardinal ligaments we were unable to find any connective ligamentous structure. Only an areolar tissue was seen, which after removal of the lipids demonstrated a fibrillar structure. The mean area of the adipose lobules was smaller (average of 1.41 mm.2) near the viscera with respect to the lateral retroperitoneal connective tissue (average of 1.73 mm.2) due to greater ramification of the connective laminae. In the absence of real connective ligaments the retroperitoneal connective tissue forms a 3-dimensional network of thin connective laminae that are connected to the visceral adventitia, parietal layer of the pelvic fascia and neurovascular bundles crossing the pelvis. These connective laminae are bounding adipose lobules of different size (smaller near the viscera, larger at the periphery). Overall, the retroperitoneal connective tissue constitutes an anatomical structure that, beyond the functional limits of any individual ligament, may have supporting properties.

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE FIBROADIPOSE TISSUE OF THE FEMALE PELVIS

Purpose The structure of the retroperitoneal connective tissue of the female pelvis was evaluated to determine whether its spatial arrangement may have a role in supporting the pelvic viscera. Materials and Methods After in situ formalin fixation the pelvic viscera with the surrounding connective tissue were removed together with the pelvic floor from 18 female cadavers 48 to 68 years old. Serial macrosections of the bladder base, cervix, lower rectum and pelvic floor complex, cut in coronal (4 cases) and horizontal (10 cases) planes, were stained with azan-Mallory, and the remaining 4 were cut in the horizontal plane and plastinated using von Hagens E12 technique. Morphometry of the retroperitoneal connective tissue was performed using a computerized system for image analysis connected through a black and white television camera to an optic microscope. The diameters of the adipose lobules and density of the connective tissue were evaluated in the proximity of the visceral adventitia and the parietal pelvic fascia, respectively. Results The retroperitoneal connective tissue of the female pelvis consists of varying amounts of adipose tissue divided into small lobules by thin connective laminae. These laminae are connected to the visceral and parietal layers of the pelvic fascia, and are closely connected to the vascular and nervous bundle sheaths crossing the pelvis. At the level of the sacrouterine and cardinal ligaments we were unable to find any connective ligamentous structure. Only an areolar tissue was seen, which after removal of the lipids demonstrated a fibrillar structure. The mean area of the adipose lobules was smaller (average of 1.41 mm. 2) near the viscera with respect to the lateral retroperitoneal connective tissue (average of 1.73 mm. ( 2)) due to greater ramification of the connective laminae. Conclusions In the absence of real connective ligaments the retroperitoneal connective tissue forms a 3-dimensional network of thin connective laminae that are connected to the visceral adventitia, parietal layer of the pelvic fascia and neurovascular bundles crossing the pelvis. These connective laminae are bounding adipose lobules of different size (smaller near the viscera, larger at the periphery). Overall, the retroperitoneal connective tissue constitutes an anatomical structure that, beyond the functional limits of any individual ligament, may have supporting properties.

An Inexpensive Frame Grabber for the Microscopist

Abstract Having shopped for an inexpensive but powerful digital imaging system for the last four years, I have finally found a device that will satisfy even the most frugal budget. The Snappy Video Snapshot by Play, Incl, is a 24-bit true color frame grabber that plugs into your PC printer port. After plugging the Snappy device into your printer port (Figure 1) and spending approximately six minutes loading the Snappy software provided, you can connect a color or black and white camera, VCR, or television set and capture your first digital image. Because the device plugs into a printer port, it is completely portable. A switch box is needed if you will be changing between digital image acquisition and printing tasks frequently.

Comparative genomic hybridization imaging by the one‐chip true‐color CCD camera Kappa CF 15 MC

In comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), quantitative measurement of fluorescence intensity ratios on metaphase chromosomes is the basic method for detecting copy number changes in the test DNA. The microscope images are usually acquired by high-resolution, highly sensitive, black and white (B&W) CCD cameras. This requires subsequent recording of the different color images using appropriate filter combinations for excitation and emission. We describe an alternative approach using the one-chip true-color CCD camera Kappa CF 15 MC and an Omega triple-bandpass filter for simultaneous registration of the three dyes Texas red, FITC, and DAPI. A detailed examination of the imaging properties of the system was performed. The camera response in the three color planes R, G, and B was evaluated, and calibration factors for image correction were calculated. An error estimate is given. A complete computer program for the image analysis of CGH experiments has been developed for an 80486 PC, using the commercially available software package Optimas as the basis for image recording. Examples that confirm the suitability of the system for ratio imaging in CGH are presented. The results were compared with others obtained from the same microscope slides using an established setup consisting of a B&W CCD camera (Photometrics) and a software program based on the TCL software package and run on a Macintosh Quadra 950. The results obtained using the two different systems were found to correspond closely. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Comparative genomic hybridization imaging by the one-chip true-color CCD camera Kappa CF 15 MC

In comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), quantitative measurement of fluorescence intensity ratios on metaphase chromosomes is the basic method for detecting copy number changes in the test DNA. The microscope images are usually acquired by high-resolution, highly sensitive, black and white (B&W) CCD cameras. This requires subsequent recording of the different color images using appropriate filter combinations for excitation and emission. We describe an alternative approach using the one-chip true-color CCD camera Kappa CF 15 MC and an Omega triple-bandpass filter for simultaneous registration of the three dyes Texas red, FTTC, and DAPI. A detailed examination of the imaging properties of the system was performed. The camera response in the three color planes R, G, and B was evaluated, and calibration factors for image correction were calculated. An error estimate is given. A complete computer program for the image analysis of CGH experiments has been developed for an 80486 PC, using the commercially available software package Optimas as the basis for image recording. Examples that confirm the suitability of the system for ratio imaging in CGH are presented. The results were compared with others obtained from the same microscope slides using an established setup consisting of a B&W CCD camera (Photometrics) and a software program based on the TCL software package and run on a Macintosh Quadra 950. The results obtained using the two different systems were found to correspond closely.

Three-filter colorimetry in DIII–D to measure in situ erosion and deposition of plasma facing surfaces

Three-filter colorimetry has been introduced in the DIII–D tokamak to measure in situ the growth and the erosion of transparent wall coatings (a-C/B:H) in the divertor region. Colorimetry uses the interference of light on a transparent layer to measure the film thickness. The colorimetry setup at DIII–D consists of a light source, a black and white camera, and a filter wheel equipped with three broadband color filters. A white light source illuminates the area of interest. A picture with each filter is recorded and digitized. Thus the interference color of a semitransparent layer is measured and the film thickness is computed using the formalism of thin film optics. Since color cameras are more sensitive to neutron damage, a set of three filters was chosen which best matches the responsivity of a radiation-hardened B/W camera. In fact, one infrared filter and two visible filters are used. The three 2D camera images obtained from rotating the three filters into the line of sight of the camera are used to produce a 2D image of the change in film thickness due to the high flux of particles and power incident on the film during a diverted discharge. In a first measurement, the technique was used to measure the growth of a boron film in situ in the DIII–D tokamak.

Automatic eye tracker for excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy.

Acute overlapping of successive laser pulses onto the cornea during photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is important to avoid refractive distortions. Most excimer laser systems performing corneal ablation lack control of the patient's eye movements and they cannot track the target corneal zone. We developed an eye-tracker based on television monitoring of the pupil and on automatic electro-mechanical deflection of the laser turning mirror, and we applied it to the ExciMed UV200 ArF work station (Summit Technology, Inc., Waltham, Mass.). Basic components are a black and white CCD camera and two fast stepping motors. The circuitry for target discrimination and tracking, and the optical imaging system are designed specifically. The tracker assembly does not interfere with the laser beam path nor with the operator's observation. Tracking of the pupil has been successfully achieved on different color irides, with an accuracy better than 0.1 mm in a 6 x 6 mm2 tracking field. Response time is less than 100 ms. Recordings of eye movements during PRK are presented. Tracking ablations have been performed on moving test eye-balls with plastic corneas. The proposed automatic system appears to be a reliable and effective method for the compensation of patient eye movements appears to be a reliable and effective method during PRK procedures.

Camera System Effects on Detecting Watercore in ‘Red Delicious’ Apples

Watercore damage was quantified in Red Delicious apples by measuring light transmitted through the apple along the stem/calyx axis. Two black and white video cameras with different intensity sensitivities were used to capture images of the stem-end of each fruit. Two patterns, rings and squares, were analyzed in each image. For one camera, rings and squares of different sizes were analyzed. Apples were scored into five classes of watercore damage.

Classification of Tissue Culture Segments by Colour Machine Vision

Tissue culture techniques are finding increasingly widespread applications for cloning of many plants. Protocols for mass propagation of many species have been developed, but in spite of its advantages, large-scale commercial plant propagation by tissue cultures is largely limited to ornamental plants. This is due mainly to the intensive skilled labour required for subculturing the propagules and in transferring individual shoots or plantlets into and out of culture containers. In order to cut down the production costs, a certain degree of automation is essential. A cost effective approach for automation is proposed, whereby tissue culture plantlets are chopped into approximately uniformly sized segments, on a conveying production line while using colour computer vision for identifying and locating the number and positions of propagation organs, in images of the plantlet segments. Plantlet segments without propagation organs are rejected, while properly cut segments with viable buds or shoots are automatically selected for subculturing. In this paper, some initial results of this approach are reported, in which stationary images of manually pre-cut potato plantlet segments were analysed and classified. Using colour machine vision and a Neural Network-based classifier, a basis was laid for a practical system, which may be used for automatic classification of tissue culture segments of potato plantlets. Instead of the conventional use of black and white cameras and geometric features, colour features only are used together with colour frame manipulation capabilities, which are now available in most commercial imaging boards. This facilitates accurate, high-speed classification of plantlet images.

Comparative quantitative study of Ki-67 Antibody Staining in 78 B and T cell malignant lymphoma (ML) using two image analyser systems

Total Ki-67 stained area percentage was studied in 32 B and 46 T malignant lymphomas (ML) using two different image analyser systems (TAS, Leitz; SAMBA TM 2005, TITN) respectively. The total Ki-67 area percentage was highly correlated to the number of Ki-67 positive cellular profiles (B-ML, r = 0.93; T-ML, r = 0.88), indicating that area percentage is a reliable alternative method to the manual cell counting. Image analysis allows quicker measurements, appropriate to large and strictly lymphomatous regions. The cell image processor (SAMBA TM 2005, TITN) linked to a color video camera was more suitable for immunohistochemical sections and allowed more automated and faster measurements than the texture analyser (TAS, Leitz) linked with a black and white camera. Alkaline phosphatase technique with fast red as chromogen was more suitable for the detection of Ki-67 stained area by thresholding than peroxidase technique with aminoethylcarbazol or with diaminobenzidine as chromogens. Significant differences were found between low and high grade in B and T ML according to the Kiel classification (mean values +/- SD of 7.7 +/- 3.8% and 16.6 +/- 6.2% in B-ML and of 10.2 +/- 7.9% and 25.6 +/- 16.3% in T-ML respectively). In follicular B-ML, considering follicular areas only, values were comparable to high grade ML; angioimmunoblastic-lymphadenopathy-like (AILD-type) T-ML belonging to low grade ML showed similar values to pleomorphic T-ML with medium and/or large cells belonging to high grade ML.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)