Wheel Type Research Articles

Development status and trends in side-deep fertilization of rice

AbstractOveruse of fertilizer is detrimental to the sustainability of crop production from an economic and environmental perspective. While rice side-deep fertilization technology can significantly improve fertilizer utilization efficiency, improve crop yield and reduce environmental pollution caused by improper use of fertilizer compared with conventional fertilization methods. Therefore, side-deep fertilization technology has an important role in the sustainable development of agriculture. This article describes fertilizer selection, side-deep fertilization devices and the effects of side-deep fertilization technology on rice plants and soil. We summarize the types and characteristics of side-deep fertilizers and their ratios and modes. The basic principles and characteristics of the key components of mechanical fertilization devices are described in detail, including fertilizer discharging devices (rotating disc type, outer groove wheel type, screw type), fertilizer conveying devices (pneumatic, mechanical forced type) and sensors. The effects and mechanisms of side-deep fertilization on rice growth, yield, quality, fertilizer utilization efficiency and soil microorganisms are summarized. Finally, based on current research on side-deep fertilization, future directions are identified to aid the development of this promising technology.

Forecasting technical performance and cost estimation of designed rim wheels based on variations of geometrical parameters

Abstract Rim wheel testing through the SAE standard is necessary for driving safety. This study focused on rim wheel tests carried out using the dynamic radial fatigue test method, which has been included in the SAE standard using Fusion360 for the design and ANSYS for the simulation. With different parameters for the rim wheel type, only some parameters of the tested rim wheels were able to pass the standardization by SAE; 16 rim wheels passed the test, while the other 11 rim wheels did not pass. Simulation results suggested that variations in the thickness, geometry, and material affected the displacement of the safety factor, which was inversely proportional. In addition, the variation in the rim wheel produced a change in the safety factor due to changes in its mass and cost, which were directly proportional. The results of this study will aid in rim wheel design, not only in terms of achieving the best performance but also with regard to cost efficiency.

Robot Crawler for Surveying Pipelines and Metal Structures of Complex Spatial Configuration

There is an obvious tendency towards increasing the information content of surveys of hard-to-reach objects at high altitudes through the use of remote-controlled robot crawlers. This can be explained by the reasonable desire of industrial objects owners to maintain their property: pipelines, containers, metal structures in operating technical condition, which contributes to reducing accident risks and increasing the economic efficiency of operation (optimization of repair planning, etc.) This paper presents the concept of a robotic device equipped with LIDAR and EMAT which can move over pipes from a diameter of 100 mm by using a special type of magnetic wheel. The robot uses convolutional neural networks to detect structural elements and classify their defects. The article contains information about tests held on a specially developed test rig. The results showed that the device could increase the information level of survey and reduce the labour intensity. In this work, we consider a prototype of the device which has not started mass operation at industrial facilities yet.

Wine Jars and Jar Makers of Cyprus: The Ethnoarchaeology of Pitharia

Wine Jars and Jar Makers of Cyprus: The Ethnoarchaeology of Pitharia

Effect of Mechanical Properties of Rail and Wheel on Wear and Rolling Contact Fatigue

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and wear are important problems for the wheel and rail. RCF and wear is caused by contact stress and the slip ratio between the wheel and the rail. The material properties of the wheel and rail are an important factor to prevent the degradation caused by RCF and wear. In this study, the mechanical properties and fatigue characteristics of the two types of wheel and rail were evaluated, and the effects on wear and contact fatigue were examined. We found that the crack growth rate and the hardness were important factors in the contact fatigue and the wear. The rail steel with a higher crack growth rate and hardness had a low resistance to contact fatigue with large size damage. The hardness ratio and the total hardness are important factors in evaluating the wear resistance. In addition, we found that the residual stress increased proportionally to the maximum shear stress.

Research on the Influence of Wheelsets on the Visual Imagery of City Bicycles

City bicycles have become popular worldwide because they play an essential role in releasing urban traffic congestion and are environmentally friendly. Since wheelsets are the most prominent shape element in a bicycle, this research explores the influence of various wheel types on the visual image of a city bicycle. First, 10 wheelsets with a high market share in China were selected as the research samples. Meanwhile, vocabularies suitable for describing wheelsets were chosen from many vocabularies. Then, all vocabularies were summarized into six adjectives using factor analysis, and consumers were invited to evaluate all samples using the grouped adjectives. Finally, triangular fuzzy numbers were used to obtain the evaluation scores of 10 wheelsets on six adjectives, and the 10 wheelsets were divided into four groups based on the evaluation scores. The results show that the visual imagery evaluation of the 10 wheelsets had a significant difference in the “trimmed and stable”, “superior and presentable”, and “holistic and balanced” groups, but a slight difference in “novel and individualized”, “rhythmic and metrical”, and “mechanical and ordered.” The research results could serve as a reference for city bicycle operators and help improve product development efficiency, thereby promoting the sustainable development of city bicycles.

Overall Cognitive Consistency of Complex Combination Form

The work aims to study the formal aesthetic consistency of car body and wheel matching. An "aesthetic matching threshold method" was proposed. Taking the SUV model as an example, the clustering analysis of sample A was carried out by a k-means clustering algorithm to find out the cluster of typical samples in dealing with the cognitive consistency problem of model A and wheel type B. The morphological analysis of part B of the cluster was carried out to find out the typical characteristics of the influential design factors of part B. Based on the corresponding analysis, through the perceptual experiment, the design features were analyzed to find out the AB matching range. Through the experiment, six influential wheel hub design feature ranges were obtained, and the perceptual score range that reflected the SUV model and the hub matching was obtained by the perceptual experiment. In this range, model A and hub B were more harmonious regarding the visual aesthetics of matching. The proposed best aesthetic matching threshold method can be used to study the matching relationship between complicatedly combined products and their matching quality to help designers, businesses or individuals find suitable solutions.

Study on Aerodynamic Performance and Lightweight Multiobjective Optimization Design of Wheel With Entropy Weighted Grey Relational Analysis Methods

In order to improve the aerodynamic performance and optimization efficiency while wheel lightweight designing, a multi-objective optimization design method of wheel lightweight based on entropy weighted grey relational analysis (EGRA) was proposed in this article. The aerodynamic analysis finite element model of the assembled wheel was established, and the simulation accuracy was verified by experiments. Study the distribution law of performance parameters such as pressure and turbulent kinetic energy in flow field of the car, analyze the variation law of flow field velocity and turbulent intensity in front and rear wheel cavities of the assembled wheel, and analyze the cloud diagram distribution of temperature and surface convective heat transfer coefficient of the brake disc ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h_c</i> ). Research on the influence of wheels with different disc structures on the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the car ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C_d</i> ) and the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h_c</i> . Combined with grey relational analysis (GRA) and EGRA, the objective evaluation of the comprehensive aerodynamic performance of wheels with different disc structures was given. With the design of experiments (DOEs), 12 important design variables were screened out by contribution analysis method. Using the approximate model method, combined with the RBF surrogate model, a hybrid method combining EGRA and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA- II) was proposed to lightweight and multi-objective optimize the assembled wheel. Comparing and analyzing the optimization platform recommending scheme, the technique for ordering preferences by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method preferring scheme and the EGRA method optimum scheme, it was found that the optimal compromise scheme was obtained by the EGRA method, the reduction of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C_d</i> was more obvious, and the improvement rates of performance were also more balanced. After multi-objective optimization, the mass of the assembled wheel was reduced by 10.83%, the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C_d</i> was reduced by 3.47%, and the average convective heat transfer coefficient of brake disc ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h_a</i> ) was reduced by 8.02%. The optimized assembled wheel has a weight reduction of 32.74% compared with the same type of cast aluminum alloy wheel, which has a remarkable lightweight effect and significant reduction on the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C_d</i> .

A Review on Wheeled Type In-Pipe Inspection Robot

A Review on Wheeled Type In-Pipe Inspection Robot

Development and Laboratory Evaluation of Picker Wheel type Metering Mechanism for Tuberose and Gladiolus Corms

Manual planting of Tuberose bulbs and Gladiolus corms is very tedious and labour intensive operation demanding for development of a suitable metering mechanism for planting of both the crops. Considering the need, a picker wheel type metering mechanism was developed and evaluated for planting of both the crops in linear soil bin for three levels of nominal spacing (15, 20 and 25 cm) and four levels of forward speed (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 km/h). The experimental results indicated highest Quality of Feed Index (QFI) as 91.5 and 91.6% at forward speed of 1.5 km/h for Tuberose bulbs and Gladiolus corms respectively. The quality of feed index, coefficient of uniformity and CP3 values decreased whereas missing index and precision values increased with respect to increase in forward speed of the metering unit for all the three nominal spacings. Maximum visible damage was observed at higher levels of forward speeds for lower nominal spacings. The overall performance of the metering unit was found satisfactory for higher nominal spacings and at lower levels of forward speed.

Optimal Design of Biped Amble Mechanism using Matlab

From past decades, the different types of mechanisms in mobile robots have been created so far which includes legged, treaded-tyre and wheeled type robots. Among these types, the wheeled type is easiest to control while the treaded-tyre type offers improved flexibility. Legged locomotion, though not widely used for industrial purposes, has growing implications

A Return to the Wheel: Rethinking Experimental Methodologies for the Study of the Potter’s Wheel

Research into the study of wheel-making techniques has grown, but studies of the tool or the wheel and its properties have remained understudied or considered insignificant until recently. In order to develop this research, the wheel and its practicalities, such as the physics, should be incorporated more into research of making techniques. Through the application of chaîne opératoire and experimental archaeology, this research questioned whether different wheel types produce different macroscopic traces on pots produced by the same technique. There are several results presented here that can shed light on the way archaeologists should investigate and understand early wheel potting, in particular the physics of rotation, which has received minimal attention as a result of a predominance for researching techniques over the tool (the wheel). The application of this research is used to better understand pottery and potter’s wheels from their adoption and development during the Middle Bronze Age on Crete, c. 2000 to 1500 BCE. A revision of experimental work and methodologies is combined with archaeological experimentation in order to help clarify not only how tools such as the wheel were used but subsequently what roles these craftworkers played in past societies.

Process design of a novel combination of peel grinding and deep rolling

Grinding is mostly considered as a finishing operation by which a high surface quality is achieved. An increase in productivity is therefore limited by maintained surface properties such as the roughness or tensile residual stresses. Thus, a roughing operation is inevitable followed by a finishing operation, while both operations are separated, leading to larger cycle times and process costs. In this paper, a novel process combination is investigated in which the roughing is done by grinding and the finishing operation by deep rolling within one tool setup. In this way, both processes are conducted parallel within the primary processing time. The objective of this study is the knowledge of the characteristics of this process combination with regard to the workpiece surface integrity. Therefore, shafts are ground in peel grinding with varying grinding wheel types and process parameters and subsequently machined with deep rolling. The process combination is evaluated with regard to the process forces and the resulting surface properties. In addition, experiments using the process combination were conducted in order to investigate the transferability of the results towards the process combination. By this approach, it was found that the surface roughness was reduced up to 80% by deep rolling showing the potential of the process combination.

Backstepping sliding-mode control for active suspension system matching mechanical elastic wheel with uncertainties

For the purpose of anti-puncture and lightweight, a new type of mechanical elastic wheel (MEW) is constructed. However, the large radial stiffness of MEW has a negative effect on ride comfort. To make up for the disadvantage, this paper proposes a novel control strategy consisting of backstepping control and integral sliding-mode control, considering the uncertainties of active suspension and MEW. First, an active suspension system matching MEW is established, discussing the impact of uncertainties. The nonlinear radial characteristic of MEW is fitted based on the previous experiment results. Then, in order to derive ideal motions, an ideal suspension system combining sky-hook and ground-hook damping control is introduced. Next, ignoring the nonlinear characteristics and external random disturbance, a backstepping controller is designed to track ideal variables. Combined with the backstepping control law, an integral sliding-mode control strategy is given, further taking parameter uncertainty and external disturbance into account. To tackle chattering problem, an adaptive state variable matrix is applied. By using Lyapunov stability theory, the whole scheme proves to be robust and convergent. Finally, co-simulations with Carsim and MATLAB/Simulink are carried out. By analyzing the simulation results, it can be concluded that the vehicle adopting backstepping sliding-mode control performs best, with excellent real-time performance and robustness.

Study on the influence of resilient wheels on vibration and acoustic radiation characteristics of suburban railway concrete box girder bridges

To control noise radiated from suburban railway concrete box girder bridges, damping and vibration isolation measures are normally applied. However, it is often the case that applying such measures to a single or few spans is not adequate, and the incurred cost is too high if more spans are subsequently treated. Alternative solutions must be sought. Therefore, in this paper a study is performed on the influence of resilient wheels on vibration and acoustic radiation characteristics of suburban railway concrete box girder bridges, providing a reference from the noise aspect to the applicability of resilient wheels to suburban railways. The study is carried out by representing bridge vibration using the finite element method and calculating the wheel-rail forces in the frequency domain. Sound radiation from the bridge is predicted using the boundary element method. The simulation model is validated by in-situ measured results. The model is then used to analyse the influence of resilient wheel structure and rubber parameters on bridge structure noise, from which the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The influence of resilient wheel on bridge noise is related to the vertical decoupling frequency of resilient wheel. The lower the decoupling frequency is, the lower the bridge noise is; (2) Different types of resilient wheels have different decoupling frequencies, among which shear type and press-shear type have the lowest vertical decoupling frequency and the best noise reduction effect; (3) The total sound pressure level of box girder structure noise radiation will be reduced by using resilient wheels, which is related to the Young's modulus of rubber. The higher Young's modulus is, the higher the bridge noise is, however, when the Young's modulus exceeds 200 MPa, the impact of the Young's modulus on the bridge noise is considerably small; (4) Under the commonly used roughness spectrum, the coefficient of change of bridge noise with speed under the action of resilient wheels is greater than that of the steel wheel. With the increase of speed, the noise reduction effect of bridge noise by resilient wheels decreases, but the choice of roughness spectrum does not affect the evaluation of noise reduction effect of bridge noise by resilient wheels.

Novel comparison concept between CBN and Al2O3 grinding process for eco-friendly production

Minimal Quantity of Lubrication was developed to achieve green manufacturing in machining process. In this study, parameters of cutting fluid flow, grinding wheel type and wheel cleaning system were evaluated to achieve the maximum potential of this technique in grinding process. The comparison of super abrasive (CBN) and conventional (Al2O3) grinding wheel, the cutting fluid flow (30 ml/h, 60 ml/h and 120 ml/h), and the wheel cleaning system were analyzed based on: surface roughness, roundness errors, grinding wheel wear, confocal of grounded surface, grinding power, acoustic emission and workpiece microscopy. In a novel way, this study compared the costs per piece and the carbon footprint in terms of CO2 emission for both abrasive tool application. For all the parameters analyzed, the CBN grinding with MQL outperformed the Al2O3 grinding, showing a superior performance not only in terms of surface finishing, on average, 29% lower surface roughness and dimensional deviation 9% lower but also regarding tool efficiencies, such as 127% lower diametrical wear, 42% lower acoustic emission, and 13% lower grinding power. Despite that, the cost per piece was also evaluated for the different lubri-cooling conditions and tools, and the cost per piece recorded for Al2O3 grinding was substantially lower than CBN grinding, irrespective of the lubri-cooling method employed. The cost of grinding for all MQL techniques analyzed with aluminum oxide wheel was, on average, 72% less than grinding with CBN wheel. Besides, the conventional method with the CBN wheel was 7% more expensive than the aluminum oxide wheel.

Quasi-Static Research of ATV/UTV Non-Pneumatic Tires

The non-pneumatic tire (NPT) is a type of wheel whichdevelopment is related to the beginning of automotive development. The non-pneumatic tire (NPT) is a type of tire that does not contain compressed gases or fluid to provide directional control and traction. Nowadays, this type of wheel is more and more often used in special purpose vehicles, e.g., in military vehicles and working machines. The main feature of the non-pneumatic tire is a flexible support structure (including the part of the wheel between the tread and the rim). This paper presents the results of research aimed at determining the influence of the geometry of the NPT’s (intended for All-Terrain Vehicle–ATV/Utility Task Vehicle–UTV) load-bearing structure on its quasi-static directional characteristics. The experimental tests included the determination of the radial stiffness of research objects on a non-deformable flat surface and on a single obstacle, as well as the determination of the degree of deformation for the elastic structure and belt. The significant influence of the elastic structure’s shape and the elastomer, as the material forming the NPT, on its radial stiffness was revealed.

Linear Expressions of Drawbar Pull and Driving Torque for Grouser-Wheeled Planetary Rovers Without Terrain Mechanical Parameters

Drawbar pull and driving torque are usually applied to characterize the mobility and energy consumption, respectively, of wheeled planetary rovers (WPRs) traversing sandy terrain. Owing to the complexity of the grouser-terrain interaction, neither can be modeled as a closed-form analytical expression of the terrain mechanical parameters. Complexity limits their online applications. Moreover, it is difficult to estimate the terrain mechanical parameters. To solve these issues, based on equivalent wheel sinkage, both the drawbar pull and driving torque can be modeled as a linear function of physically measurable quantities in the absence of terrain mechanical parameters, which is demonstrated using single-wheel experiments conducted with four types of wheels and two sand types. The influence of a sophisticated grouser-terrain interaction on wheel sinkage can be explicitly determined using the linear driving torque model. Furthermore, the validated linear drawbar pull equation is used to estimate the slope-climbing capability of a four-wheeled planetary rover prototype by computing the slope-climbing coefficient, and the relative error can be limited to 10%. In addition, the wheel driving torque of the rover prototype can also be accurately predicted.

“STUDI POTENSI PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKROHIDRO (PLTMH) DI DESA” AAN, KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG PROVINSI BALI

Bali has the potential for mini-hydro and micro-hydro power plants of 15 MW. There are154 rivers and springs scattered in Bali which are used as irrigation for rice fields. Aan Villagehas an Irrigation Channel, namely Subak Aan Dauh Desa which is sourced from the TukadBubuh, which according to observations has a stable flow every year. This study aims todetermine the potential of MHP in Aan Village, especially in Subak Aan Dauh Village IrrigationChannel, Tukad Bubuh seen from the condition of the research location, water discharge andhead. The methods used in this research are observation, literature study, and interviews. Thedata is then processed to obtain an estimate of the appropriate power generation based on thewater discharge, and head at each location. The results of this study indicate the potential ofMHP in the Subak Aan Dauh Desa irrigation channel, Tukad Bubuh, Aan Village, there are 4research locations with each water discharge of 0,7917 m3/s, 0,7434 m3/s, 0,9612 m3/s, and0,3198 m3/s, having a head of 0.9 m, 1.1 m, 3 m, and 2 m. The estimated power generation withthe assumption that the total efficiency of the 65% is 4.54 kW, 10.42 kW, 18.38 kW, and 4.07kW. Based on the aspect of determining the type of turbine at each research location, locations1 and 2 used the Breast Wheel type waterwheel, while locations 3 and 4 used ArchimedesScrew turbines.

OPERATORS EXPOSURE TO WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION WHILE PERFORMING FOREST SOIL PREPARATION BY BULLDOZER AND HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

The levels of exposure whole-body vibration (WBV) while performing mechanized soil preparation operations are concerning due to the exposure time of operators at their work stations, adverse terrain topography, and types of wheels on the machines used. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the exposure to WBV in bulldozers and hydraulic excavators in performing soil preparation for forest plantation in order to identify possible ergonomic problems and propose improvements in working conditions. The study was carried out in Paraná State, Brazil, in a Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis stand hybrid, being registered with use of a vibration meter and triaxial accelerometer coupled to the seat of the machines, the resulting acceleration to normalized exposure (aren) and the resulting vibration dose (VDVR) for a period of 8 working hours, following the Occupational Hygiene Standard 09. The results showed aren and VDVR values of 1.0 m s-2 and 18.3 m s-1.75 in the bulldozer, while in the hydraulic excavator it was 0.7 m s-2 and 13.5 m s-1.75, respectively, with a statistically significant difference between the machines by the Wilcoxon test for independent samples (α ≤ 0.05). The WBV levels were above the action level and below the exposure limit in both machines, with the bulldozer showing values above the uncertainty level. Therefore, substituting machines specifically designed for soil preparation and improvements in work organization are measures indicated to reduce ergonomic problems.