Composition Of Wheat Straw Research Articles

Morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of wheat‐straw reinforced copper nanocomposite

AbstractThe work summarizes an innovative nanocomposite including synthesized copper nanoparticle (CuNP) impregnated wheat straw (WS) (the agronomic waste from an wheat plant) reinforced unsaturated polyester resin has been established. The addition of nanoparticles (NPs) increased the antifungal properties (~11%), durability (~9%), and strength (~39%) of the composites. Therefore, these nanoparticles have been synthesized from a copper chloride dihydrate precursor and they have been impregnated into wheat straw via cationization. This copper‐impregnated wheat straw (CuIWS) was formulated and employed to create a strong and long‐lasting nanocomposite with unsaturated polyester resin. Their morphological, mechanical, chemical, biodegradability (BD), and thermal properties were estimated and relationships were explicated systematically. Particularly, the tensile strength of polyester resin, crude and treated WS (cationized and copper‐impregnated) composites were 11.70, 14.20, 20.92, and 22.34 N/mm2 respectively. Therefore the reinforcement capability for crude, cationized and copper‐impregnated WS composites increased by ~22%, 75%, and 92% respectively. The residual ash was just about 16.23%, 12.04% and 6.56% for copper impregnated wheat straw composite (CuIWSC), Cationized wheat straw composite (CWSC) and untreated wheat straw composite (UTWSC) respectively point to the existence of ~4.1% Cu incorporated into the wheat straw which holds up the energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) spectra of ~4.2% copper content. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates that the nanocomposites are stable up to 325°C. These nanocomposites also show superlative crystallinity compared to other ones. Water uptake capacity followed typical Fickian diffusion law. The developed nanocomposites might be suitable for automobile and aircraft parts, furniture, and other indoor to outdoor applications.Highlights TS of the composites increased by increasing the WS filling up to 15%. The crystallinity increased after the addition of nanoparticles. The typical water uptake properties followed the Fickian diffusion rule. Incorporation of nanoparticles increased 11% antifungal properties. The developed nanocomposites are used for inside and outside applications.

Evaluation of Treatment Performance of Different Methods on Wheat Straw Composites

The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of both traditional and innovative techniques on the qualities of wheat straw, as well as the mechanical performance of epoxy composites which use wheat straw as a reinforcing material. Two different methods were used for treatment: Alkali treatment (AlT) was carried out using NaOH at concentration of 5% w/v for 1 hour at 25°C, Microwave irradiation (MwT) aws performed at 300 W for 20 minutes. It was found that Alkali and microwave treatment both changed the surface morphology of wheat straw. Microwave treatment provided further improvement in the mechanical properties of the composite materials, enabling a 37% increase in tensile strength and 62% increase in flexural strength. Microwave reclamation, which is cleaner and performs better than chemical reclamation, shows promising performance for more sensitive material application areas.

Soil drives humus formation during composition of wheat straw and cattle manure

Humus formation in compost is key to improving the quality of organic fertilizers. Soil has the potential to promote humus formation due to characteristics such as porousness and large amounts of nutrients, but the mechanisms by which soil drives humus formation are unknown. The study intended to reveal the effects of soil addition on humification and microbial metabolism during composting and to investigate the mechanisms by which soil drives humification. The results showed that hemicellulose and cellulose contents were reduced by 4.67, 11.8 % and 5.85, 6.26 % in compost with Paddy soil (PS) and Laterite soil (LS) addition, respectively, compared to control group. Humus and humic acid increased by 38.1, 38.8 % and 60.6, 77.8 % after composting. Soil addition significantly enriched the hydrolytic bacteria Corynebacterium and fungi Thermomyces, raising the efficiency of organic matter conversion and symbiotic metabolic network complexity. Soil addition improved carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, facilitating polyphenol synthesis and amino acids polymerization, and enhanced the humus through the polyphenol humification pathway. In summary, by regulating the microbial metabolism during composting, soil can successfully encourage humus formation. This study offers a new option and method for quick humification.

Effects and Analysis of Chytazone in the Process of Processing Paper from Natural polymeres

The paper obtained during the study was mainly obtained from wheat straw cellulose and Jerusalem artichoke cellulose, which contained chitosan of various concentrations. An increase in the mechanical properties of the obtained papers was observed in samples using the substance chitosan. A 1.0% chitosan was added to the paper, mainly based on various plant celluloses. It should be noted that the obtained paper products were used without bleaching due to the fact that it was recommended to use them for wrapping paper. The youngest results were observed in samples prepared from a composition of wheat straw and artichoke pulp. From the fiber morphology, it was observed that the sized paper fibers became stronger, denser and smoother. Keywords: chytazone, Natural polymers, fibers, cellulose. Biocomposites of chitosan (CS)/cellulose nanocrystals (CN) were prepared by using solution casting method. Influences of solution preparation method and CN content on the properties of composites were investigated. Mechanical stirring/ultrasonication or micro fluidization were used to disperse nanocrystals in the chitosan matrix. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, DSC, TGA, TMA and contact angle measurements.

Feed intake and growth performance of crossbred dairy calves fed on a basal diet of wheat straw treated with urea-molasses, urea-lime, and effective microorganisms

ABSTRACT The effects of various treatment options on the nutritional value of wheat straw as well as the growth performance of crossbred calves fed the treated wheat straw were evaluated. Twenty-four female calves (75% Friesian-Borana), weighing 99.3 ± 19.7 kg (aged 6–9 months), were divided into four groups of six animals using a randomized complete block design. The feeding trial lasted approximately 104 days. The dietary treatments were: untreated wheat straw (control T1), wheat straw treated with urea-molasses (T2), urea-lime (T3), and effective microorganisms (T4). Results showed that the treatment options affected the physical silage quality and chemical composition of wheat straw. Calves in the T3 and T4 groups had a higher daily DM intake (3.7 and 3.5 kg/head, respectively) than those in T2 (3.1 kg/head) and T1 (3.02 kg/head) groups. Calves in the T3 (422.7 g/d) and T4 (391 g/d) groups gained greater weight than those in the T2 (281.7 g/d) and T1 (204.4 g/d) groups (P < 0.001). Thus, improving the feed value of wheat straw with urea-lime or effective microorganisms treatment options suggested in this trial could result in cost-effective and significant growth performances when crossbred calves were supplemented with concentrate at a rate of 1.2% of their live weights.

Microbial Degradation of Plant Residues Rapidly Causes Long-Lasting Hypoxia in Soil upon Irrigation and Affects Leaching of Nitrogen and Metals

With this study, we aim to relate the substrate quality of different organic materials derived from plant residues to the respiratory activity of soil microorganisms after amendment, the formation of oxygen gradients upon irrigation, and the leaching of macronutrients and metals in soil. Elemental analyses were performed to determine the chemical composition of wheat straw, green compost, and a biochar product, showing that carbon availability, C/N ratio, and metal contents varied markedly. Consequently, after application to well-aerated sandy loam soil at 1% w/w, only straw increased microbial activity substantially, and nitrate was depleted within one week. Upon intense irrigation of soil columns packed with differently amended soils, strong hypoxia formed only in straw–soil, where microbial oxygen demand for straw degradation was high. This was enhanced after the application of mineral fertilizers, and nitrate leaching was mitigated. With the decreasing redox potential in straw–soil, the leaching of Fe, Mn, Al, Ni, Co, and As was increased. However, nitrate from mineral fertilizer mitigated the reduction of redox potential and, thus, the leaching of these metals. Measuring oxygen at different depths revealed near anoxic conditions at −15 cm of straw–soil with NP-fertilizer applied within 12 h after the start of irrigation and remained for at least 60 h, while oxygen showed extensive fluctuations in the upper few centimeters. This study showed that organic soil amendments with high carbon availability induce microbial respiration to the extent that causes strong and long-lasting hypoxia upon irrigation, even in sandy soil, which leads to substantial effects on the mobility of nutrients and toxic metals. In contrast, organic soil amendments with low carbon availability did not cause such effects.

Growth and Influence of White-Rot Fungi on the Chemical Composition of Wheat Straw Inoculated under Varying Pre-Conditions

Solid-state fermentation with white-rot fungi is an interesting alternative to chemical straw treatment for ruminant nutrition. However, for practical implementation on farms, feasible handling and its effect on nutritional characteristics have to be tested beforehand. Chopped wheat straw was either soaked and drained or just remoistened to about 24% dry matter without subsequent sterilization. Moist straw was inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, or Volvariella volvacea. Fermentation lasted up to 42 d with weekly or shorter sampling intervals. Fiber fractions, minerals and elements, and non-starch polysaccharides were analyzed, and microflora was plate counted. Lactic acid bacteria of selected samples were identified by MALDI-TOF. All inoculated fungi grew well under the selected conditions expressed by the visible mycelium and specific smell. P. ostreatus developed fruiting bodies in the given time. Initial numbers of lactic acid bacteria were &gt;8.0 log cfu/g. In the beginning, Weissella confusa/cibaria dominated. However, neither decrease in lignin nor cellulose concentration was observed during the period in either of the treatments, thus seeming to be inappropriate for ruminant nutrition purposes. Some elements and minerals peaked, especially towards the second and third week (Na, Cl, Mg, Fe, and Mn). Growth conditions for mushrooms were optimized by remoistening the straw with a defined amount of water.

Unlocking the molecular basis of wheat straw composition and morphological traits through multi-locus GWAS

BackgroundRapid reductions in emissions from fossil fuel burning are needed to curb global climate change. Biofuel production from crop residues can contribute to reducing the energy crisis and environmental deterioration. Wheat is a renewable source for biofuels owing to the low cost and high availability of its residues. Thus, identifying candidate genes controlling these traits is pivotal for efficient biofuel production. Here, six multi-locus genome-wide association (ML-GWAS) models were applied using 185 tetraploid wheat accessions to detect quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for fifteen traits associated with biomass composition.ResultsAmong the 470 QTNs, only 72 identified by at least two models were considered as reliable. Among these latter, 16 also showed a significant effect on the corresponding trait (p.value < 0.05). Candidate genes survey carried out within 4 Mb flanking the QTNs, revealed putative biological functions associated with lipid transfer and metabolism, cell wall modifications, cell cycle, and photosynthesis. Four genes encoded as Cellulose Synthase (CeSa), Anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), Glucoronoxylan 4-O Methyltransferase (GXM) and HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 (HYL1) might be responsible for an increase in cellulose, and natural and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) content in tetraploid wheat. In addition, the SNP marker RFL_Contig3228_2154 associated with the variation in stem solidness (Q.Scsb-3B) was validated through two molecular methods (High resolution melting; HRM and RNase H2-dependent PCR; rhAMP).ConclusionsThe study provides new insights into the genetic basis of biomass composition traits on tetraploid wheat. The application of six ML-GWAS models on a panel of diverse wheat genotypes represents an efficient approach to dissect complex traits with low heritability such as wheat straw composition. The discovery of genes/genomic regions associated with biomass production and straw quality parameters is expected to accelerate the development of high-yielding wheat varieties useful for biofuel production.

Effects of segmented aerobic and anaerobic fermentation assisted with chemical treatment on comprehensive properties and composition of wheat straw

Traditional aerobic composting used for straw treatment shows limited regulation effects and unstable properties, and it is necessary to introduce some co-processing methods to optimize its performance. Herein, segmented aerobic/anaerobic fermentation, combined with chemical treatment with wood vinegar/NaOH, was used to treat wheat straw. The results showed that anaerobic fermentation when used as the first stage could stabilize the wheat straw pH between 5.19 and 6.13 and improve nutrient contents. All treatments had greater effects on substrate aeration porosities (range of 14%) than on total porosity (range of 6%), and the water-holding porosities were improved to a greater extent by NaOH than by wood vinegar. The hemicellulose degradation rate of aerobic-anaerobic treatment was higher than that achieved with anaerobic-aerobic treatment, while the latter method was more effective at removing the neutral detergent-soluble as well as remaining organic matter, which was generated due to a higher KCl content in the ash.

Assessing the nutritional quality of fungal treated wheat straw: Compounds formed after treatment with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Lentinula edodes

A variety of secondary metabolites are formed and compounds released during the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass by white-rot fungi that can affect the nutritional value and acceptance of the biomass by ruminants. Changes in pH, ergosterol content, fibre and metabolites composition of wheat straw (WS) incubated with either Ceriporiopsis subvermispora or Lentinula edodes for up to 8 weeks were investigated. With increases in mycelium content, significant decreases in absolute amount of hemicellulose, acid detergent lignin and, to a lesser extent, cellulose were observed in both fungal treatments. Acidification mainly occurred within the first four weeks of incubation, coinciding with the largest changes in metabolites profile. Diverse compounds, including organic acids and soluble sugars increased or decreased with C. subvermispora and L. edodes treatment. None of the thirty-four common mycotoxins analyzed were detected in WS after 8 weeks of fungal incubation. These results provide important information for application of fungal treated WS that might affect animal acceptance and performance.

Effect of different washing parameters on the fuel properties and elemental composition of wheat straw in water-washing pre-treatment. Part 2: Effect of washing temperature and solid-to-liquid ratio

The present work is the second part of a study conducted to evaluate the effect of basic parameters on the efficiency of water washing pre-treatment. As per the results of Part-1, large sizes and shorter washing durations are favourable for industrial applications, yet low to moderate fouling and corrosion can be expected from them on combustion. The aim of the present study was to further improve the efficiency of the washing pre-treatment for rather short washing durations (5 and 10 min) and a large feedstock size (3 cm) by optimizing the temperature and solid-to-liquid (S:L) ratio. The washing temperatures considered were 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C, while the S:L ratios considered were 1:15, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, and 1:50. Fuel composition, heating values, energy loss, and fouling and slagging propensity were evaluated. Increasing the washing temperature resulted in the greater removal of ash (25–37%), K (42–55%), Cl (60–81%), S (32–61%), Mg (52–68%), N (17–25%), P (11–37%), and Ca (14–29%). On increasing the S:L ratio, improvement in the removal of ash (27–35%), Cl (73–84%), S (41–59%), and N (21–40%) was also observed. For practical applications, an S:L ratio of 1:15 was found adequate compare to higher S:L ratios. The washing of 3 cm sized wheat straw for 10 min at 40 °C with a 1:15 S:L is recommended for industrial applications, as it shows the least fouling propensity and energy loss.

Effect of different washing parameters on the fuel properties and elemental composition of wheat straw in water-washing pre-treatment. Part 1: Effect of washing duration and biomass size

Washing pre-treatment significantly improves the fuel properties and composition of agricultural residues, though still requires further development before being applied on the industrial scale. So, to improve the efficiency of the washing pre-treatment, four basic parameters were modified in the present study, and presented in two separate and consecutive articles as Part 1: washing duration and biomass size; and Part 2: washing temperature and solid-to-liquid (S:L) ratio. In Part 1, to evaluate the effect of washing duration and sample size, three different sample sizes of wheat straw were used – 3 cm, 1 cm, and 0.05–0.08 cm, and each size was washed for 0 min, 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 180 min. The biomass composition, heating values, energy loss, and fouling and slagging propensity were evaluated for both treated and untreated samples. As a function of increasing the washing time and reducing the sample size, continuous improvements in fuel properties and fouling and slagging propensity were observed. Washing for longer durations shows best improvement in fuel properties, with a much lower fouling and slagging tendency due to the high removal of potassium (up to 68%), chlorine (up to 87%), sulphur (up to 74%), nitrogen (up to 46%), and ash (up to 39%). For biomass size, smaller sizes resulted in better washing efficiency, while larger sizes showed similar trends in washing. As shorter washing durations and a larger sample size are more favourable for industrial applicability and show considerable improvement, such cases were further modified by varying the temperature and S:L ratio (presented in Part-2).

On the Design of Novel Biofoams Using Lignin, Wheat Straw, and Sugar Beet Pulp as Precursor Material.

In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of pyrolyzed lignin compacts reinforced with 50 wt % wheat straw (WS) or sugar beet pulp (SBP) fibers. The compacts were pyrolyzed at 300, 500, 700, and 900 °C in an Ar atmosphere. Detailed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and microstructure analysis were performed on these samples. FTIR analysis showed that pyrolysis of lignin–WS and lignin–SBP resulted in aromatic char. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies showed that foams obtained by pyrolyzing both lignin–50 wt % SBP and lignin–50 wt % WS composites have a cellular structure. X-ray tomography and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) studies showed that pyrolysis of wheat straw caused the formation of mineral-rich nodules in the pyrolyzed lignin matrix, which was responsible for the denser and uniform microstructure of the lignin–WS composites. Due to this reason, the lignin–WS composites were denser and had a better mechanical strength as compared to the lignin–SBP composites. Both the compositions also showed temperature-dependent wettability behavior.

Evaluation of effects of freezing pretreatment on the grindability, energy consumption and chemical composition of wheat straw

In biomass utilisation, size reduction caused by grinding is a critical procedure because it greatly changes the particle size and shape of the biomass sample, which greatly influences its energy conversion efficiency. Raw biomass is difficult to grind due to its fibrous nature and therefore needs to be pretreated before grinding. Traditional torrefaction pretreatment consumes more energy and changes the chemical composition of biomass. In this study, we select wheat straw with abundant yield in northern China as the biomass sample for testing and introduce a new freezing pretreatment method into the grinding procedure. This method incorporates the freezing of wheat straw with liquid nitrogen. We evaluate the performance of freeze grinding in terms of grindability, energy consumption, chemical composition and energy conversion efficiency, and compare it with that of torrefaction grinding to investigate the effects of pretreatment methods on wheat straw. Particle size and shape distribution are used to characterise grindability. Moreover, we improve sample preparation, image acquisition and segmentation methods to reduce the impact of particle agglomeration. Experimental results demonstrate that freezing as pretreatment improves the grindability and energy conversion efficiency, whilst reducing energy consumption and maintaining chemical composition of wheat straw.

Analysis of Cracking Potential and Modification of Soil‐Water Characteristic Curve by Adding Wheat Residues

Core Ideas Wheat residues (WRs) prevent surface crack and raise water retention. Wheat straw is better than wheat husk in limiting crack and enhancing soil water. Soil capillary theory is combined with van Genuchten (VG) model for modification. The modified VG model is valid for infiltration simulation for soil–WR composites. Wheat is a common crop, and its residues, such as wheat straw (WS) and wheat husk (WH), are typically recycled into farmland to improve water retention capacity. Water availability (in an unsaturated range) and soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) require evaluations, but research has revealed little regarding the crack potential of dehydrated soil with added WS or WH composites. The current study investigated variations in crack intensity factor (CIF) caused by 1, 1.5, and 2% (w/w) WS and WH addition and modified the traditional SWCC model for applicability to soil mixed with WS or WH. The results revealed that the inclusion of WS and WH inhibits surface cracking, with maximum CIF reductions from 11.22 to 3.80%. Meanwhile, saturated moisture is improved by adding either WS or WH, and supplemented soil retains more water on average than pure soil under drought conditions. Moreover, a modified physical‐based SWCC model applicable to determining SWCC for soil mixed with WS or WH composites is established by combining the traditional model with the soil capillary theory. The fitted results showed this modified SWCC model led to a better agreement than the traditional SWCC model between measurement and simulation. The hydraulic parameters in this modified model can be used as inputs in the soil‐water movement simulation for soil–wheat residue composites.

Optimization of polyethylene/polypropylene/alkali modified wheat straw composites for packaging application using RSM

Abstract The objective of this research was to synthesize the optimized packaging film based on polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and alkali treated-wheat straw (WS) using central composite design (CCD). In this paper, effects of three independent factors viz. polyethylene (1.8–1.08 g), polypropylene (1.2–0.72 g), and alkali treated-wheat straw (0–1.2 g) on three dependent variables viz. tensile strength, elongation at break (%) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of packaging film were investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) provided the combination for an optimum film, which was 1.8 g of polyethylene, 1.2 g of polypropylene and 1.192 g of alkali treated-wheat straw giving 45.018 MPa tensile strength, 120% elongation limit and 51.740 g/m−2day−1 water vapor transmission rate, respectively for packaging application. The film prepared using the optimized results further characterized using several characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mechanical testing, contact angle, water vapor transmission rate and optical characteristics test. This result demonstrated the perfect use of treated-agro-waste in a polymer matrix for green packaging application.

Investigation on the attack of Trichoderma viride on wheat straw composites manufactured with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

Trichoderma viride can infect wheat straw composites (WSC), thus affecting the quality of boards. This study investigated the change in color of the composite and its chemical composition after the straw was infested with mold with for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze chemical structural changes in the WSC after the infestation. The infested surface and core layers were examined and analyzed. The infection of T. viride on the WSC can darken its color. After 12 weeks of cultural infestation, 19.6% of cellulose, 27.2% of xylan, 9.3% of lignin, and 31.9% of ethanol extracts were degraded. The degradation on WSC by T. viride was 9 times and 14 times more than the degradations of pine and poplar wood, respectively. T. viride attacked WSB differently on its surface and center layers. More lignin in the WSB surface layer was degraded. In contrast, cellulose and xylan were degraded to a greater degree in the center.

The effect of atmospheric pressure plasma pretreatment with various gases on the structural characteristics and chemical composition of wheat straw and applications to enzymatic hydrolysis

The effects of atmospheric pressure plasma pretreatment (PT) on the enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of wheat straw were investigated, applying air, N2 and CO2 as the plasma gases onto wet substrate environment for varying durations. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and compositional analyses were all used to characterize changes in the structure and composition of the wheat straw. The composition, structure, and surface of the straw were changed considerably through pretreatment, all of which promoted enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimal conditions (90 s, air plasma) merged advantages both very high biomass/sugars recoveries as well as high conversation yield of glucan and xylan with the overall production of 358.4 and 135.8 mg g−1 respectively following 24 h EH. Considering the feasibility of PT at the optimum with subsequent EH to glucose and xylose production process of wheat straw, PT showed a positive impact on the energy balance of the process with an only input energy of 189.97MJ/t that led to net energy gain of 1297.8 MJ/t of the process. Energy-processing costs of PT and subsequent EH estimated to be $ 0.052 MJ/kg glucose and xylose, demonstrating the significant potential of PT to be scaled to industrial-level in biorefineries.

Characterization of composite formed by cement and wheat straw treated with sodium hydroxide

Cement-based composites with lignocellulosic residues (e.g. wheat straw, rice husk, and bagasse) as fillers have reduced density and cost. Pretreatments have been applied in these raw materials to improve their compatibility with cement. This work aimed to characterize composites made from cement and wheat straw particles that had been chemically treated (2% NaOH solution) at two different temperatures (30 °C and 60 °C). Values of bulk density (209 kg·m-3) and specific density (679 kg·m-3) were determined for wheat straw at 12% moisture content. Straw yield was 71.9% and the particle size distribution showed large concentrations of wheat straw particulate material between 5- to 10-mesh. Composites made with wheat straw particles, in comparison to the control treatment, showed half the density, i.e., from 1800 to 900 kg·m-3. Also, the stress x strain curve presented a higher deformation before failure. NaOH pretreatment did not affect the mechanical properties of wheat straw composites.

Revisiting the thermal recrystallization of mechanically amorphized lignocellulose

The products of mechanical activation of lignocellulose are subject to the process of recrystallization of amorphized cellulose sections in some cases, this process reduces the efficiency of subsequent chemical and enzymatic treatment of plant raw materials. The process of recrystallization was studied on lignin-containing raw material - wheat straw. The crystal structure, particle and crystallite size of wheat straw ware studied by X-ray diffraction and granulometric analysis. It was found that the degree of crystallinity of cellulose in the composition of wheat straw decreases from 70 to 19 % in the process of mechanical activation in an AGO-2 planetary ball mill, the destruction of cellulose chains is observed predominantly along the [010] direction. The grinding limit was reached after 10 minutes of activation. Thermocycling at the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (-196 °C ) and at 180 °C of lignocellulose revealed that under these conditions the degree of recrystallization of amorphous regions of cellulose is negligible, which can be explained by the presence of lignin and a low water content in a material with a material moisture content (about 5.0 wt. %).