Root Rot Of Wheat Research Articles

Fungi associated with root and crown rot of wheat in the Kerman province of Iran

In the growing season of 2016-17, the fungal agents associated with crown and root rot of wheat in the Kerman province of Iran were identified. For this purpose, different fields were randomly selected for sampling and percentages of disease were estimated. Infected parts of root and crown were surface sterilized and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar medium. A total of 260 isolates were obtained and identified on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic characters and valid keys. Of the total isolates, 212 belonged to Fusarium, 28 to Bipolaris and 20 isolates belonged to Drechslera species. Fungal species included F. oxysporum (96 isolates), F. nivale (20 isolates), F. poae (18 isolates), F. anthophilum (9 isolates), F. subglutinans (22 isolates), F. solani (32 isolates), F. culmorum (11 isolate), F. proliferatum (2 isolate), F. chlamydosporum (2 isolates), B. kusanoi (11 isolates), B. australiensis (17 isolates) and D. tetrarrhene (20 isolates). The pathogenicity test was conducted using greenhouse root dip technique. The pathogenicity confirmed five Fusarium species, two Bipolaris and one Drechslera species associated with wheat root and crown rot in Kerman province of Iran. It is concluded that wheat root and crown rot is fairly distributed in the Kerman province and showed virulence of varying degrees demanding strict control measures to minimize losses.

The effect of low-pressure plasma treatment of seeds on the plant resistance to pathogens and crop yields

The effect of pre-sowing plasma seed treatment of maize (Zea mays L.), narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on seed germination, plant resistance to common diseases during vegetation and crop yield is studied in laboratory and field experiments. It is shown the efficiency of seed treatment by low-pressure radio frequency plasma in suppression of a number of fungal crop diseases such as boil smut of maize, root rot of lupine and winter wheat at different growth stages. At the stage of V9 (9th leaf visible) the infection level in maize plants from treated seeds was 3 times less than that in control. Root rot disease development of lupine at the first stages (3rd–4th leaves emerged) of growth did not exceed 6.9% in plants from the treated seeds while reached to 47.8% in control. Pre-sowing seed treatment led to suppress the anthracnose spreading on narrow-leaved lupine up to the flowering stage. It was revealed that, due to a decrease in the level of seed infection, stimulation of field germination, early seedling growth and plant resistance to pathogens during the vegetation period, the winter wheat grain yield increased by 2.3%, maize—by 1.7%, narrow–leaved lupine—by 26.8% compared to control plants. Increases in activity of non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline, anthocyanins as well as total phenolic content) in roots of maize seedling were observed which may indicate a significant role of plasma seed treatment in improving the plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress during the vegetation.

Impacts of previous crops on inoculum of Fusarium culmorum in soil, and development of foot and root rot of durum wheat in Tunisia

Fusarium foot and root rot (FFRR) of cereals, caused by Fusarium culmorum and other Fusarium spp., is one of the most important soil- and residue-borne diseases in Tunisia. Management of the disease relies primarily on cultural practices such as crop rotation. Impacts of previous crops on the population of F. culmorum in the soil, and the incidence and severity of FFRR in durum wheat, were evaluated under Tunisian farming systems. A field trial showed that break crops of faba bean and fenugreek reduced the amount of F. culmorum DNA in soil, by 58% (faba bean) and 65% (fenugreek), and decreased numbers of F. culmorum propagules per g of soil by 83% (faba bean) and 85% (fenugreek). Farm demonstration trials also showed that faba bean and vetch used as previous crops reduced F. culmorum inoculum in the soil. Non-cereal crops also reduced the incidence of F. culmorum present in durum wheat roots and stem bases. The greatest grain yields and thousand kernel weights were recorded when faba bean and vetch were used as previous crops, but were less where durum wheat was previously grown. There were strong correlations between inoculum level of F. culmorum in the soil and incidence of FFRR in the following year. Results obtained in the field trial were supported by those collected from three demonstration farm trials during two cropping seasons. This study demonstrated for the first time in Tunisia and the Mediterranean region that break crops are effective for reducing F. culmorum inoculum in the soil and decreasing the pathogen in wheat roots and stem bases. Inoculum levels in soil can predict the expression of the disease in the following year in Tunisian farming conditions. These results are likely to be useful for developing and implementing guidelines for the management of FFRR of durum wheat.

Resistencia a Fusarium causante de pudriciones en trigo: actualidad y perspectivas para su uso en México

Las pudriciones de raíz, corona y tallo en trigo se consideran una amenaza seria para este cereal en diversas partes del mundo ya que las pérdidas que ocasionan en el rendimiento y calidad de grano llegan hasta 89% y pueden ser comparables con las causadas por las royas, además de que los hongos asociados a estas pudriciones sintetizan micotoxinas que pueden contaminar productos alimenticios. Esta problemática en México ha sido poco estudiada; sin embargo, en los últimos años, estas enfermedades en trigos de riego y temporal han sido más incidentes lo que está causando preocupación en los productores de este cereal en el país. Esta revisión resume aspectos actuales de la enfermedad, las fuentes de resistencia disponibles a nivel mundial, así como la forma de cómo opera dicha resistencia en el patosistema Fusarium-trigo. Las bases genéticas de la resistencia a pudriciones de raíz, tallo y corona de los trigos hexaploides se ha examinado; a través, del mapeo de Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Hasta la fecha, 44 QTL han sido identificados en 14 cromosomas con alelos que inducen la resistencia a esta enfermedad y que derivan de trigos hexaploides y de parientes cercanos. El mejoramiento genético para esta enfermedad mediante la introgresión de los alelos con estos QTL es la estrategia más factible y la piramidación de estos QTL parece ser la estrategia más viable en los programas de mejoramiento genético. Paso importante para el manejo de la problemática en las zonas productores de trigo en México.

Pseudomonas synxantha 2-79 Transformed with Pyrrolnitrin Biosynthesis Genes Has Improved Biocontrol Activity Against Soilborne Pathogens of Wheat and Canola.

A four-gene operon (prnABCD) from Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 encoding the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrronitrin was introduced into P. synxantha (formerly P. fluorescens) 2-79, an aggressive root colonizer of both dryland and irrigated wheat roots that naturally produces the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and suppresses both take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat. Recombinant strains ZHW15 and ZHW25 produced both antibiotics and maintained population sizes in the rhizosphere of wheat that were comparable to those of strain 2-79. The recombinant strains inhibited in vitro the wheat pathogens Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8 (AG-8) and AG-2-1, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium culmorum, and F. pseudograminearum significantly more than did strain 2-79. Both the wild-type and recombinant strains were equally inhibitory of Pythium ultimum. When applied as a seed treatment, the recombinant strains suppressed take-all, Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat, and Rhizoctonia root and stem rot of canola significantly better than did wild-type strain 2-79.

Molecular and pathogenic characterization of Cochliobolus anamorphs associated with common root rot of wheat in Azerbaijan

Genetic variation among the Azerbaijani isolates of anamorphs of Cochliobolus spp., the causal agents of common root rot of wheat, was evaluated using pathogenicity assessments, sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene, as well as inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers. Twenty-eight isolates used in this study were obtained from diseased wheat plants in cereal growing regions of Azerbaijan in 2017. Bipolaris sorokiniana, Curvularia spicifera, and Curvularia inaequalis were identified. Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates were the most virulent on wheat seedlings, followed by isolates of C. spicifera and C. inaequalis. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined dataset of the ITS and GPDH regions grouped the isolates into three clusters, each of which contained isolates of one species. The dendrogram derived from the unweighted pair-grouped method by arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analyses based on the data of ISSR and iPBS markers divided the isolates into three clusters in concordance to their taxonomic grouping at species level, but without correlation to their geographic origins. Population structure of isolates was estimated based on Bayesian modelling, and this showed three populations (K = 3) supporting the separation of isolates in the dendrogram with the greatest mean value of Ln likelihood (-893,8). Utilization of the markers either separately or together produced a high level of polymorphism at interspecies level, which allowed for the separation of species. Although both marker systems had similar discrimination power to reveal genetic differences among the species, ISSR markers were more informative for eliciting intraspecies polymorphisms within B. sorokiniana and C. spicifera isolates. This is the first study on genetic diversity and population structure of anamorphic stages of Cochliobolus associated with common root rot of wheat using iPBS markers.

Multitrait Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Monocropped Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Suppress Fusarium Root and Crown Rot.

Fusarium root and crown rot is the most common disease of wheat, especially wheat grown in arid zones where drought is a common issue. The development of environmentally safe approaches to manage diseases of food crops is important for humans. The monocropping system recruits beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth through nutrient solubilization and pathogen suppression. In this study, a field where wheat was monocropped for 5 successive years under rainfed conditions was identified. A total of 29 bacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere, endosphere, and phyllosphere of wheat at its harvesting stage. The Gram-negative bacteria were less prevalent (41%) but the majority (75%) exhibited plant growth-promoting traits. The ability of strains to solubilize nutrients (solubilization index = 2.3 to 4), inhibit pathogenic fungi (25 to 56%), and produce antifungal compounds was highly variable. The rhizobacteria significantly promoted the growth and disease resistance of wheat varieties such as Pirsbak-2015 and Galaxy-2013 by inducing antioxidant enzyme activity (0.2- to 2.1-fold). The bacterial strains were identified as Ochrobactrum spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Pseudomonas mediterranea by 16S rRNA and rpoD sequence analysis. The endophytic bacterium P. mediterranea HU-9 exhibited maximum biocontrol efficacy against wheat root and crown rot diseases with a disease score/disease index from 1.8 to 3.1. The monocropping systems of rainfed agriculture are an ideal source of beneficial bacteria to use as bioinoculants for different crops.

Management of common root rot and Fusarium foot rot of wheat using Brassica carinata break crop green manure

Brassica crop rotations have been associated with the reduction of pathogens, due to both the production of volatile sulfur compounds and changes in soil microbial community composition. In this research Brassica carinata, as break crop green manure, was evaluated for the control of common root rot and Fusarium foot rot of durum wheat in a complete randomized experimental scheme. Field trials were performed on seven farms, in some of the most representative areas of cereal production in Sicily, from 2011 to 2013. A total eradication of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Microdochium nivale populations following the B. carinata break crop, as compared to wheat monoculture, was found in all experimental fields. Fusarium culmorum population reduction ranged between 90% and 66%, with an average of 82% considering all field trials data. Symptoms or signs of common root rot were absent on wheat plants grown after the B. carinata break crop but were detectable on the wheat monoculture. Both incidence and severity of Fusarium foot rot were also reduced, by an average of 40.6% and 56.3%, respectively, following the B. carinata break crop in six of the seven field trials. After B. carinata break crop, wheat plant growth showed significant increases in height and weight, with an average increase of 48.3% and 49.0% respectively. Durum wheat grain yield was also significantly greater following the Brassica green manure, with increases ranging from 9.5% to 62.2%, as compared to wheat monoculture. B. carinata break crop green manure was also characterized by interesting results in terms of disease management in comparison to controls. These results suggest that the use of Brassicas such as B. carinata, as a break crop green manure, may potentially provide significant reduction of pathogens and disease development as well as improvement in grain yield of the succeeding crop.

Variability of Stem-Base Infestation and Coexistence of Fusarium spp. Causing Crown Rot of Winter Wheat in Serbia.

Investigations related with factors influencing root and crown rot are rare and mainly related to farming practice and soil management. The main objective of this study was to examine broader range of factors influencing stem-base infestation of winter wheat in the field conditions. The effect of spatial distribution of infected plants on disease index (DIs) assessments was also investigated. Analysis of factors influencing DIs of crown rot of wheat demonstrated significant influence of the growing seasons (P < 0.001) and extreme fluctuations in winter temperatures (P < 0.001). In addition to that, localities together with their interaction with the growing season also significantly influenced DIs (P < 0.001). Aggregation of infected plants influenced variability of DI estimations, and it was pointed out that more extensive investigation should be conducted on broad range of DI in order to establish sampling method giving uniform sampling precision. Fusarium graminearum was shown to be predominant Fusarium species in Serbia (72.6%) using sequence-characterized amplified region analysis. Interestingly F. oxysporum was isolated in higher frequencies (27.4%) than it was reported in the literature. Given that there were no reports on the diversity of Fusarium species causing crown rot of wheat in Serbia, this study presents first report on this important subject. It also indicated that more attention should be focused on combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors influencing stem-base infestation of winter wheat. This knowledge will contribute to better understanding of factors influencing root and crown rot of wheat which would ensure sustainable disease management in the future.

Fungicidal activity of seed disinfectants against root rot of wheat in various types of soils

We studied the efficacy of seed treatment with a variety of fungicides for control of root rot of wheat in different soil types. The effectiveness of various doses of the preparation on the basis of thiram (TMTD and TMTD-plus) and triazole containing Dividend Star, SC has been compared under the conditions of the Southern Urals in typical soils of the region (dark chestnut, southern chernozem, common chernozem). It is revealed that the effectiveness of thiram containing preparations in moderate doses (2.0–2.5 l/t for TMTD-plus and 3.0 l/t for TMTD) is higher on the dark-chestnut soils than on Chernozem. The biological efficiency of the Dividend Star does not depend on the type of soil. We compared the five pesticides with active substances from different chemical classes: Celest Top (thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + fludioxonil), Scenic Combi (clothianidin + fluoxastrobin + prothioconazole + tebuconazole), Maxim (fludioxonil), TMTD-plus (thiram), Kinto Duo (triticonazole + prochloraz) and Dividend Star (difenoconazole + cyproconazole) at the different tillage technologies under the non black soil region conditions. The effectiveness of all preparations decreases significantly at the no-till technology compared to the plowing. Most effective in plowing were Kinto Duo, Celest Top and TMTD-plus, and in zero-till – Celest Top and Scenic Combi.

Pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with crown and root rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different condition

This study was conducted to test the pathogenicity of Fusarium species, the causes of crown and root rot disease of wheat crop, under three different conditions (Laboratory, Greenhouse and Field) and to show the best method for pathogenicity among different conditions. Pathogenicity test of six isolates of Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, F. nivale, F. solani and F. udum) was tested on durum (Simeto) cultivar of wheat by test tube method in the laboratory, the tested fungi had substantial effect on seed germination. F. oxysporum showed the highest germination failure (44.44%) which significantly differed with other species. In the greenhouse, seedlings were inoculated by spore suspension at the base of each plant stem. The most virulent fungus after 35 days of inoculation was F. oxysporum (0.78) followed by F. solani (0.70) and F. graminearum (0.66), while the lowest disease severity was recorded by F. udum (0.16). Also in the field pathogenicity experiments of three Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. solani) were performed on a durum (Simeto) and soft (Cham6) cultivars. Spore suspension was applied at the 2- to 3-leaf Zadoks’s growth stage. Disease severity was calculated at two stages of wheat growth (Booting and Ripening).The most virulent fungus was F. graminearum (0.42) that was significantly different from other fungi. This work indicated that F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and F. solani showed higher infection than remaining tested species under threeconditions. Pathogenicity test in laboratory by test tube method (In-vitro) appeared more effective than greenhouse and field experiments

Identification and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp., the causal agent of wheat crown and root rot in Iran

Crown and root rot are among the most important wheat diseases caused by Fusarium species. The aim of this study was the identification of Fusarium spp. isolates obtained from wheat with crown and root rot symptoms in Yazd province of Iran, based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The ef1/ef2 and ITS4/ITS5 primers were used for molecular identification of the isolates. The results of morphological and molecular investigations revealed that among 40 isolates, 11 isolates were identified as F. equiseti, six isolates as F. pseudograminearum, five isolates as F. culmorum, five isolates as F. flocciferum, four isolates as F. acuminatum, four isolates as F. oxysporum, three isolates as F. solani and two isolates as F. proliferatum. Pathogenicity of the isolates was evaluated on wheat cultivar Falat. Comparing pathogenicity of different Fusarium spp. isolates on wheat seedlings revealed that the highest level of disease index was observed for F. pseudograminearum, F. culmorum, F. flocciferum and F. solani and the lowest disease severity was observed for F. equiseti. This is the first report on the identification of Fusarium spp., causing wheat crown and root rot in Yazd province of Iran, and on pathogenicity of F. flocciferum on wheat.

Effect of Redworm Extracts against Fusarium Root Rot during Wheat Seedling Emergence

Globally, Fusarium root rot, which is caused by Fusarium graminearum, reduces wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and quality up to 20%. Colonization of roots by F. graminearum has been recognized, but controlling Fusarium root rot using worm extracts (mucus, vermicompost tea, and vermiwash) has received little attention. We report the antagonistic properties of redworm (Eisenia fetida) extracts against F. graminearum and their effects on wheat seedling growth. Mycelial growth inhibition against the fungus was conducted in quintuplicate using the extracts in vitro. The extracts significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus under in vitro conditions, and there was significant interaction between the infections and extracts for all the parameters measured (root and shoot lengths, root biomass, and disease index). Redworm mucus and 14‐d vermiwash produced moderately (26%) to relatively less (16%) antifungal activity, respectively. Vermiwash and augmented vermicompost tea were able to inhibit Fusarium root rot and improve (&gt;58%) the growth of the inoculated seedlings under laboratory conditions. Vermiwash also acted as nutritional supplement, enhancing plant growth. The extracts suppressed F. graminearum and could serve as a potential bio‐fungicide in the integrated management of Fusarium root rot in wheat. Longer term experiments under field conditions are needed to validate the findings from the current study.Core Ideas The redworm extracts (vermiwash and augmented vermicompost tea) were able to inhibit Fusarium root rot (&gt;58%) of the inoculated seedlings. Likewise redworm extracts acted as nutritional supplement, enhancing plant growth. Redworm extract suppressed F. graminearum and could serve as a potential bio‐fungicide in integrated management of Fusarium root rot in wheat.

First Report of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGII and AG-2-1 Causing Root Rot of Wheat in Azerbaijan

First Report of <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> AG-4 HGII and AG-2-1 Causing Root Rot of Wheat in Azerbaijan

Development and Application of Seed Coating Agent for the Control of Major Soil-Borne Diseases Infecting Wheat

In order to reduce the usage amount of pesticide fertilizers and protect the natural environment, seed coating agents are receiving increased wide concern. In this study, the active constituent (pesticide) and inactive components (surfactants and film former) of the seed coating agents were screened and optimized by the wet sand processing superfine grinding method. The fungal inhibition test of pesticides showed that thifluzamide, fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin, and difenoconazole have an obvious fungal inhibitory effect on wheat sharp eyespot, take-all, and root rot. LAE-9 and polyacrylamide + carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is recommended for the safe surfactant and film former, respectively, based on the seed germination test. Moreover, 6% difenoconazole · fludioxonil flowable concentrate for seed coating (FSC) stimulates the seedling growth of wheat, advances the growth of root, and improves biomass in the field trial, meanwhile, the control efficiency reached above 80%. Thus, we suggested it can be used as an effective seed coating agent for the control of soil-borne diseases in wheat. The seed coating agent has the characteristics of disease prevention, increasing crop yield, and safety of environment, which is of significance in practical application.

First Report of Exserohilum pedicellatum Causing Root Rot of Wheat in Azerbaijan

First Report of <i>Exserohilum pedicellatum</i> Causing Root Rot of Wheat in Azerbaijan

Virulence factors of Fusarium spp., causing wheat crown and root rot in Iran

Crown and root rot of wheat, caused by Fusarium spp., limit crop yields worldwide, from rotting of seeds, seedlings, crowns, roots and basal plant stems. Virulence factors and virulence and aggressiveness of Fusarium spp. were investigated for isolates from Iran, obtained from wheat plants with crown and root rot symptoms. Forty isolates of Fusarium were used in this research. Among the isolates, nivalenol (NIV) was detected as the dominant trichothecene chemotype produced. Production of trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA) in autoclaved rice cultures of Fusarium isolates was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of NIV ranged from 258 to 1246 μg kg −1 , of deoxynivalenol (DON) from 45 to 1411 μg kg −1 , and of ZEA from 53 to 3220 μg kg −1 . All Fusarium isolates produced cellulase and pectinase enzymes. Positive correlation was observed between activity of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by the isolates and their pathogenicity on wheat leaf segments. Virulence of trichothecene-producing isolates was greater than that of non-trichothecene-producing isolates. Considerable association was detected between the capability of Fusarium spp. isolates to produce virulence factors (such as mycotoxins and CWDEs) and their pathogenicity on wheat.

Biological Control of Fusarium Crown and Root Rot of Wheat by Streptomyces Isolates – It’s Complicated

The predominant causal agents of Fusarium crown and root rot (FCR) of wheat, along with Fusarium pseudograminearum, are F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Members of the Gram-positive bacterial genus Streptomyces have been shown to inhibit isolates of the genus Fusarium, and Fusarium spp. isolates are also able to inhibit Streptomyces isolates in vitro. However, little is known about these complex antagonistic interactions and the potential for inhibitory Streptomyces to reduce FCR of wheat. The aim of this study was to analyze whether inhibitory Streptomyces isolates affect FCR of wheat and reduce root and stem base colonization by Fusarium culmorum. We enriched sterilized potting soil with spore suspensions of two Streptomyces isolates, inoculated the soil with F. culmorum-colonized wheat straw, and planted pre-germinated wheat seedlings. At 4 weeks, F. culmorum-inoculated plants had significant FCR symptoms on roots and showed reduced fresh weight of roots and above-ground plant biomass compared with the non-inoculated controls. Enrichment of soil with an inhibitory Streptomyces isolate reduced F. culmorum DNA in roots and stem bases by 75% compared with inoculation with F. culmorum alone. Interestingly, co-inoculation of F. culmorum with a non-inhibitory Streptomyces isolate led to the highest levels F. culmorum DNA in stem base tissue and greatest Streptomyces densities (CFU per g of soil) in the rhizosphere. In vitro assays revealed that F. culmorum showed a strong inhibitory activity against the pathogen-inhibitory Streptomyces isolate but not against the non-inhibitory isolate. In vitro tests with a larger set of 17 Streptomyces and five Fusarium spp. isolates revealed that there was little variation among Fusarium spp. isolates in capacities to inhibit the collection of Streptomyces isolates. In contrast, the sensitivity to inhibition by pathogenic Fusarium spp. isolates varied widely among Streptomyces isolates. The results of this study suggest the potential of Streptomyces isolates for biocontrol of FCR of wheat, while highlighting the specificity of Streptomyces−Fusarium interactions. Broader understanding of the variation in susceptibility within Fusarium spp. populations to Streptomyces inhibition and vice versa are needed to advance the potential for successful biological control.

КОРРЕЛЯТИВНАЯ СВЯЗЬ МЕЖДУ ПАРАМЕТРАМИ КЛИМАТА И УРОВНЕМ РАЗВИТИЯ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

In order to form an information base for predicting the development of diseases of agricultural crops, in particular, winter wheat, a correlation analysis was made of the links between the main meteo-data (temperature, precipitation, SCC) and the level of development and major diseases of winter wheat (brown rust, powdery mildew, root rot and spike fusarium) for a 36-year period (1972-2007). The original long-term meteo-data (“Moldgidrometeo” and meteorological stations of the Research Institute of Field Crops “Selectia”) were also structured in 3 soil-climatic regions of Moldova, subjected to mathematical processing (cluster and system analysis, etc.). The data of annual surveys of the republican plant protection station and the plant protection laboratory of the Research Institute of Field Crops Selectia for the same period were subjected to similar processing. As a result, a reliable correlation was established between the seasonal parameters of air temperature (mainly negative), precipitation volumes and SCC (mostly positive) with the level of development of winter wheat diseases (by the criterion of the percentage of occurrence of pathogens and the percentage of affected plants). The calculated coefficients of the level of correlation between these objects are the necessary information basis for the prognosis of the development of diseases (annual, seasonal and operational), including and on electronic media. In addition, an assessment was made of the consequences for the phytosanitary situation on winter wheat sowings for 2 possible scenarios: subsequent climate warming up to +10.5... + 11.5 °C (decrease in the level of development for brown rust, ear fusarium, and root rot (but, on the contrary, an increase in the percentage of affected plants); a possible cooling of the climate to +8.0... + 8.9 ° С (accented enhanced development of brown rust and fusarium ear, as well as root rot, but a decrease in the level of plant damage), in addition a moderate increase in the development of powdery mildew is predicted.

First Record of Fusarium poae, Wheat Root Rot Fungus in the North of Iraq

First Record of Fusarium poae, Wheat Root Rot Fungus in the North of Iraq