Wheat Farmers Research Articles

Analysis of farmers’ environmental sustainability behavior: the use of norm activation theory (a sample from Iran)

Human activities are the most effective and significant cause of environmental changes, some of which are destructive and others are beneficial. One of the most effective steps to protect the environment is to assess farmers’ behavior in achieving the goals of environmental sustainability. This study aimed to analyze the environmental sustainability behavior of farmers using the norm activation theory (NAT) in a questionnaire-based survey. The statistical population comprised wheat farmers in Kermanshah province, Iran (N = 126,900). The sample size was determined to be 382 farmers by Krejcie and Morgan’s table. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by experts and its reliability was confirmed by a pilot test and calculating Cronbach’s alpha. Five variables of perceived behavior control, perceived self-efficacy, ascription of responsibility, denial of responsibility, and awareness of consequences had significant effects on personal norms. The variable of personal norms had a significant effect on farmers’ sustainable behavior. By and large, it can be concluded that NAT can adequately account for the environmental sustainability of farmers.

Willingness to pay for adopting conservation tillage technologies in wheat cultivation: policy options for small-scale farmers

Traditional farming involves intensive tillage causing soil degradation and erosion. On the contrary, conservation tillage technologies are expensive to purchase for small-scale farmers. However, the adoption of these technologies reduces soil tillage costs which lead to reduced overall production costs. In this milieu, this study assessed the willingness to pay (WTP) for adopting conservation tillage technologies in terms of individual and cooperative payment systems using the primary data collected from 320 wheat farmers in Bangladesh. The contingency valuation method (CVM) was followed to estimate their WTP, and factors affecting WTP were identified through the logistic regression model. The results elicited farmers perceived that conservation tillage technologies would facilitate by reducing costs, timely land preparation, seed sowing and planting, appropriate positioning of seed and fertilizers, and higher soil moisture. Nevertheless, most of the farmers wanted to adopt conservation tillage technologies, while about 79% would like to pay for it. Although farmers' average WTP for individual purchases was higher, most were interested in the cooperative systems for adopting conservation tillage machines. Farmers' WTP for both individual and cooperative purchases was influenced by location of wheat production, farming experience, and demonstration plots. Additionally, individual payment system was affected by the amount of wheatland and training while credit affected the cooperative purchase system. Besides, the farmers would like to expand their wheat farms by approximately 73.33% after adopting conservation tillage technologies. The refusal to pay for conservation tillage technologies was mostly due to low-quality spare parts, lack of technical understanding, and unawareness of the technology. This study suggests that providing training among farmers and operators, credit support, and making machines and spare parts available in the nearest markets would support adopting conservation technologies. Besides, cooperative-based payment system should be formed to help small-scale farmers adopt conservation tillage techniques for sustainable agriculture in an environment-friendly way.

Synchronized agricultural credit and diversification adoption to catastrophic risk manage for wheat production in Punjab, Pakistan.

In developing countries, particularly in agrarian economies like Pakistan, agricultural production is severely affected by successive incidences of adverse catastrophic risks. Inadequate and limited risk management measures from farming community to overcome such severe financial, production, and marketing risks not enough so need of adoption farm-based feasible risk management strategies. In addressing this research gap, this study investigated the potential association and implementing synchronized agricultural credit and diversification adoption to catastrophic risk manage for wheat production in Punjab, Pakistan. The study used the data of 480 wheat farmers' respondents and employed multinomial and bivariate probit regression models for empirical analysis. Empirical estimates illustrated the significant association in adoption of multiple risk management strategies as addressing the adoption single risk management strategy motivates farmers to adopt another strategy at same time. Furthermore, results also indicated as farmer schooling, age, family return, ownership of land, farm size, and farmer risk oppose character were highlighted the most influenced features for adopting various risk management strategies. Policy makers and state-based authorities can be assisted by these outcomes to evaluating plans of risk management and willingness of farmer in accept government supported regarding implementation of these catastrophic risk managing strategies.

Development of Sustainable Production of Rainfed Winter Wheat with No-Till Technologies in Southern Kazakhstan

The production of rainfed crops in arid regions is an extremely difficult task, especially without tillage. In southern Kazakhstan, in 2020–2021, the approbation of various nutrition regimes for winter wheat grown in conditions of no-tillage rainfed lands has been studied. The effect of different doses and terms of application of growth stimulators, micronutrients, bio-fertilizers and mineral fertilizers, as well as their economic efficiency, was studied in ten variables. The use of a combination of growth stimulators and microfertilizers produced the highest grain yield and was the most cost-effective. The greatest value of the nominal net profit of 223.25 euro and 244.10 euro from one hectare was provided and calculated with the recommended target grain yield of 2.0 t/ha dose of mineral fertilizers, respectively; however, the production cost of one ton of grain in these treatments was also highest. Further research is continuing with a wider range and combination of amendments and various crops in a rainfed no-till winter wheat farm in southern Kazakhstan.

Factors that Influence Adoption of New Improved Wheat Varieties by Farmers in Nakuru and Narok, Kenya

This study examines the factors that influence the adoption of new improved wheat varieties (NIWV) by wheat farmers in Nakuru and Narok counties in Kenya. Cross-sectional data from 344 randomly selected wheat farmers from the Njoro and Rongai sub-Counties in Nakuru County; and Narok South and Narok North sub-counties in Narok County, Kenya were investigated. Probit model was run to estimate the factors influencing the adoption rate of improved new wheat varieties. Results derived from model estimates indicate that farmers' adoption of improved wheat varieties in the study area is positive due to education, availability of information, off-farm income, distance to inputs and produce markets, and exposure to extension advice services and access to credits. The study recommends that the public and private sectors promote access to advisory services to improve the dissemination of certified wheat seeds to farmers through training, workshops, and seminars.

A comparative of modeling techniques and life cycle assessment for prediction of output energy, economic profit, and global warming potential for wheat farms

Uncertainty about the energy use efficiency, lack of knowledge about economic outcomes, and its environmental consequences have always take risks in changing cultivation patterns and moving towards the optimal path. Accordingly, this study provided mathematical, artificial neural networks (ANNs), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) methods to predict output energy, economic profit, and global warming potential (GWP) of wheat production. For this purpose, 75 wheat farms located in the central area of Hamadan province, Iran, were selected randomly, and data were gathered through oral interviews. After collecting input and output energies data, the averages of inputs and outputs energies were obtained about 43055 MJ ha−1 and 117407 MJ ha−1, respectively. Economic analysis has performed in the next step. Its results revealed that the benefit-to-cost ratio and net return were computed about 2.33 and 488.29 $ per ha for wheat production. Then, life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to specify the environmental effects of wheat cultivation, and its results demonstrated that GWP is the most important environmental impact which caused 624.29 kg CO2eq. during 1 ton of wheat production. Modeling results illustrated R2 was varied between 0.264 and 0.978 in the linear regression, 0.313 and 954 in the best structure of ANN with two hidden layers, and 0.520 and 0.962 in the ANFIS with three-level structure. Modeling comparison indicated that generally, ANFIS model with considering all uncertainty items can be offered better prediction models among all and after that ANN with considering non-linear parameters is in the next rank.

Determination of rainfed wheat agriculture potential through assimilation of remote sensing data with SWAT model case study: ZarrinehRoud Basin, Iran

Abstract Considering the importance of rainfed agriculture in adaptation to nature and long-term sustainability in the human food supply and livelihood of farmers, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of rainfed agriculture in the Zarrinehroud basin as this basin is one of the most important sub-basins of Lake Urmia. For this study, the remote sensing data of surface soil moisture and evapotranspiration were combined with the SWAT model using the Data Assimilation method, Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Calibration of runoff flow rate in the SWAT model showed the correlation coefficient ranging between 0.69 and 0.84 in the calibration period (2000–2009) and between 0.64 and 0.86 for the validation period (2010–2014). The assimilation of the remote sensing data with the calibrated SWAT model showed that the model simulations for both the variables of surface soil moisture and actual evapotranspiration improved by at least 25% in both 2010 and 2014. It has been determined that 10.5 and 25.4% of the region's lands have a Very Appropriate and Appropriate potential for rainfed wheat agriculture, respectively. Areas with Moderate and Inappropriate potential occupy 64.1% of the lands in the region.

Application of Safety-First Approach to Measure Risk Behavior of Wheat Farmers in Reclaimed Lands in Iraq for the Season 2019 (Wasit province as an Applied Model)

This study aimed to investigate the application of safety-first approach to measure the risk behavior of wheat farmers in unreclaim land. A random sample of 105 farms in Wasit province for season 2019 were used. The analysis was divided into three stages. The first stage was to estimate the production function (Cob-Douglas) of wheat using the regression method of the Robust M-Weighted Estimator (R.M.W) to represent the functional relationship between quantity of produced wheat and the independent variables (seed, fertilizers, pesticides, number of mechanical and human).The second stage included an analysis of farmers' behavior towards risk based on safety-first standards. It was found that the number of farmers affording high, medium and natural risks were 46, 24 and 33, respectively, representing 43.8%, 24.76%, 31.34% of the total farmers, respectively. Third stage analyzed the factors affecting the farmers' behavior towards risk, using a multiple logistic regression model. The results indicated that farmers having normal or medium salinity soil, long experience (more than 25 years) and those owning their agricultural lands bear the risks more than their counterparts with high salinity soils, shorter experience and tenants of agricultural lands. Therefore, the study recommends conducting maintenance operations on the main and secondary drainage networks to ensure low salinity levels to obtain high productivity.

Problems facing wheat farmers in the village of Sanhour el-madena in Desouk district, at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

Problems facing wheat farmers in the village of Sanhour el-madena in Desouk district, at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

An Empirical Assessment of the Interactive Impacts of Irrigation and Climate on Farm Productivity in Samarkand region, Uzbekistan

Analyzing climate change's consequences is more complex for irrigated agriculture compared to rainfed. There are still limited researches that has considered the interactive effects of irrigation and climate variables regardless the fact that a broad range of climate studies was already involved in international literature. In this view, this study aimed at exploring the cross effects of irrigation with climate on farm output using ex-post assessment technique in Uzbekistan, where agriculture contributes for a large portion of the national GDP and irrigation water is becoming scarce. We applied a Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) with panel data from the central-eastern part of Uzbekistan for the period of 2013-2018, which includes a sample of 2,135 wheat and 1,141 cotton growers. The analysis revealed that climate factors have diverse influence by crop types across the region. Increased warming would be harmful for wheat farmers: a one-degree Celsius rise in average temperature between March and June could lead to up to 60% losses of total yields on wheat-growing farms, although precipitation has a positive significant effect. In contrast, increased temperatures are beneficial for cotton-growing farmers but excessive rainfall during the months of May-September could lead to 3% losses of total yields on cotton-growing farms. It's expected that both wheat and cotton growing farmers will suffer from temperature increases and excessive precipitation on their farms in the near future. More importantly, the interaction effects of irrigation and climate variables show that the cross effects of applied irrigation and mean temperature have highly significant positive impacts on the total yields of both wheat and cotton growing farmers in the study region. Thus, productivity in the region could be improved when enough water is available and more efficient irrigation techniques are used, otherwise declines in productivity could be witnessed.

Analysis of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Henan Province (China) from the Perspective of Time and Space

Henan is China’s most populous agricultural province. Wheat, cotton, oil crops, and other farming and animal husbandry industries rank first in China in terms of output value. The agricultural sector has grown significantly, and rural populations’ living standards have greatly improved. The effects of rural urbanization can be seen all over the place. However, the rural economy’s rapid growth has resulted in a slew of environmental contamination issues. Chemical fertilizer emissions of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) have been decreasing for a long time in Henan Province, whereas total phosphorus (TP) emissions are increasing. The usage load of pesticides went high in Zhoukou, Nanyang, Shangqiu, Xinyang, Xinxiang, and Zhumadian. The application of agricultural film was relatively common in Nanyang, Zhoukou, Anyang, Xinyang, Zhumadian, Kaifeng, and Shangqiu. Wheat, corn, and oil-bearing crop stalks are the main sources of crop solid waste in Henan Province, and the solid waste generated by these three crops accounted for 93.96% of the province’s total amount. In Zhumadian, Zhoukou, Nanyang, and Shangqiu, there was a lot of crop stalk trash.

Can Cooperative Supports and Adoption of Improved Technologies Help Increase Agricultural Income? Evidence from a Recent Study

Global climate change may result in major environmental issues that have already affected and will continue to affect agricultural sector in the future. A continuing effort to utilize and adopt new agricultural technologies is necessary to mitigate climate change and increase agricultural income. Agricultural cooperatives are gradually being used in emerging countries to encourage improved technology and reduce food insecurity and poverty. This research analyses the influence of cooperative supports (CS) and technology adoption (TA) on agricultural income in Pakistan. It applied the propensity score matching (PSM) technique to evaluate the productivity on survey data from 498 wheat growers to conduct counterfactual analysis for farmers in Pakistan. In addition, a dual selection model (DSM) was applied to resolve the bias in sample selection caused by observed and unobserved aspects of survey data. The results showed that, contrasted with non-membership and non-adopters, growers who joined CS and TA could boost agricultural income by 2.78% and 2.35%, respectively. Stimulatingly, the influence of less-revenue farmers on agricultural income was more substantial than that of high-income farmers. Agricultural income of growers who attached cooperatives and adopted improved agricultural technology enhanced by 5.45% and 4.51%, respectively. These results, among others, emphasize the optimistic role of growing CS and TA in boosting wheat farmer’s income. The findings of the study showed strong relationships among education, age, skill, training, gender with CS and TA, and agricultural income. Overall, this study can be helpful in conducting similar studies in other emerging/developing countries for wheat or any other crop growers.

An Evaluation of Technical Efficiency and Garret Ranking Technique of Paddy and Wheat Farmers in Dabra Block Gwalior District M.P.

Objective: An evaluation of technical efficiency and garret ranking technique of paddy and wheat farmers has been conducted.
 Methods: Multistage random sampling method was used to acquire sample farmer. A list of paddy and wheat growing farmers was prepared from Dabra block and twenty villages were selected randomly thereafter, a list of paddy and wheat farmers from each selected village was prepared then classified into five major categories on the basis of their land holding i.e. marginal(less than 1ha), small (1-2 ha), semi medium (2-4 ha), medium (4-10 ha), and large (greater than 10 ha). Then a sample of 30 farmers were selected in each category by simple random sampling technique under proportionate allocation from 20 villages treated as strata thus, 150 paddy and 150 wheat farmers were selected hence total sample size were 300.
 Finding: The likelihood test ratio (LR test) for the inefficiency term on paddy farms was observed at 32.91 which was significant and suggesting that the inefficiency component is present in the model. In the case of wheat farms, the likelihood test ratio (LR test) was noted 1.02 which was insignificant and suggesting that the inefficiency component is not present in the model. The highest technical efficiency (88%) was found on the paddy farms as comparison to wheat farms (72%).This implied that on an average 12 per cent and 28 per cent of the technical potential was not achieved by paddy and wheat growers respectively.
 Novelty: The studies establish that wheat farmers have more opportunity to amplify the yield by adopting modern crop management practices, training activities as compared to paddy farmers.

Addressing the soil carbon dilemma: Legumes in intensified rotations regenerate soil carbon while maintaining yields in semi-arid dryland wheat farms

Semi-arid regions support the majority of global wheat production, but they are threatened by continued soil erosion and increased risk of drought and extreme temperatures from climate change. Enhancing soil organic matter (SOM) is a key adaptation strategy for sustaining agriculture in these regions because it can improve water retention and nutrient cycling. When seeking to increase SOM, growers face a dilemma, known as the ‘soil carbon (C) dilemma’ (Janzen, 2006): How can SOM be increased, while also increasing the release of nutrients that accompanies decomposition? Our observational study examined whether growers could address this dilemma through intensification with diverse grain crops. We specifically tested whether incorporating legumes into a continuous rotation influences the form and amount of SOM as well as productivity in farms of the central Great Plains region of the U.S. by contrasting three, no-till rotation systems: 1) conventional wheat-fallow; 2) continuous grain-only rotations, and 3) continuous grain rotations that incorporate a legume crop. We sampled on-farm fields and experimental agricultural research station plots that had received one of these rotations for at least eight years. We compared yield, soil organic C (SOC), and nitrogen (N) stocks in bulk soil to 1 m, as well as SOC and N in particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) in surface soils (0–10 cm) among the different rotations. We also estimated the long-term effects of the rotations on SOC fractions through a simulation of each rotation with the MEMS 1.0 model, verified with measured data.We found that intensifying the rotation with continuous grains led to 1.5-fold increase in aggregate size but did not change SOC stocks. Incorporating a legume to the continuous grain rotation resulted in 1 Mg C ha-1 more SOC on average in surface soil compared to wheat-fallow rotations. No significant soil changes among rotations were observed at depth. Longer-term simulations of these cropping systems suggest that including legumes could allow for 10% greater SOC gains over time compared to wheat-fallow. Since legume incorporation also increased crop yields across the full rotation cycle, our results support our hypothesis that growers can solve the ‘soil C dilemma’ by simultaneously increasing the quantity and N-content of soil input through continuous cropping with both grains and legumes.

Impact of Combining Long-Term Subsoiling and Organic Fertilizer on Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen, Soil Enzyme Activity, and Water Use of Winter Wheat.

Reductions in soil productivity and soil water retention capacity, and water scarcity during crop growth, may occur due to long-term suboptimal tillage and fertilization practices. Therefore, the application of appropriate tillage (subsoiling) and fertilization (organic fertilizer) practices is important for improving soil structure, water conservation and soil productivity. We hypothesize that subsoiling tillage combined with organic fertilizer has a better effect than subsoiling or organic fertilizer alone. A field experiment in Henan, China, has been conducted since 2011 to explore the effects of subsoiling and organic fertilizer, in combination, on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) farming. We studied the effects of conventional tillage (CT), subsoiling (S), organic fertilizer (OF), and organic fertilizer combined with subsoiling (S+OF) treatments on dry matter accumulation (DM), water consumption (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) at different growth stages, yield, and water production efficiency (WPE) of winter wheat over 3 years (2016–2017, 2017–2018, 2018–2019). We also analyzed the soil structure, soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and soil enzymes in 2019. The results indicate that compared with CT, the S, OF and S+OF treatments increased the proportion of >0.25 mm aggregates, and S+OF especially led to increased soil organic carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, soil enzyme activity (sucrase, cellulose, and urease). S+OF treatment was most effective in reducing ET, and increasing DM and WUE during the entire growth period of wheat. S+OF treatment also increased the total dry matter accumulation (Total DM) and total water use efficiency (total WUE) by 18.6–32.0% and 36.6–42.7%, respectively, during these 3 years. Wheat yield and WPE under S+OF treatment increased by 11.6–28.6% and 26.8–43.6%, respectively, in these 3 years. Therefore, S+OF in combination was found to be superior to S or OF alone, which in turn yielded better results than the CT.

Market Harms and Market Benefits

Market Harms and Market Benefits

Complex plant interactions in heterogeneous material require the ecological rethinking of sowing density recommendations for bread wheat. A review

Des pite the growing concerns over the damages and unsustainability of conventional agriculture, arable farmers struggle to convert to organic cropping practices. In wheat farming, the lack of cultivars adapted to organic cropping has prompted a search for alternatives to better cope with unpredictability and stress. In that respect, heterogeneous material (HM) has attracted a lot of attention for its good performances and yield stability across years and environments. These benefits are thought to arise from facilitative plant interactions brought forth by intraspecific diversity, but much remains to be known about the mechanisms at play as well as their interactions with the other elements of the cropping system. Here, we review the literature on plant interactions within organic bread wheat crops through the successive scopes of (i) heterogeneous material, (ii) plant density, and (iii) their interaction. Our major findings are as follows: (1) optimizing heterogeneous material performance and evolutionary trajectories grossly amounts to tipping the balance between competitive and facilitative plant interactions toward the latter. (2) The stress gradient hypothesis applies to the competition/facilitation balance within HM: The more stressful the conditions, the more facilitation happens. (3) Plant density also affects this balance, and the relationship between net facilitation and plant density in HM follows a humped curve. (4) Therefore, the optimal plant density range for HM should be both narrower and lower than for pure lines, and also harder to predict. (5) High-tillering, high individual yielding plant types should probably be aimed for in HM, for two reasons: first, they perform better at the lower-than-the-recommendations plant densities at which HM are expected to best express their potential. Second, optimal plant densities of such plant types are more stable across environments, which should increase the probability of falling within the narrower optimal plant density range of HM, particularly in unpredictable and/or stressed environments.

E-commerce Adoption and Technical Efficiency of Wheat Production in China

Improving technical efficiency (TE) is crucial for the sustainable growth of smallholder agriculture in developing countries. While there has been a large literature investigating the determinants of smallholders’ agricultural technical efficiency, little is known about the effect of e-commerce on agriculture and crop production efficiency despite the growing importance of rural e-commerce in developing countries. This study, therefore, bridges the research gap by examining the impact of e-commerce adoption on TE using household survey data of wheat farmers in China. We employ the combination of propensity score matching (PSM) and a selectivity-corrected stochastic production frontier model to address the possible selection biases stemming from both observable and unobservable factors. We found that e-commerce adoption would lead to a 2.75 per cent increase in the technical efficiency of wheat production. Our study also complements the existing research of rural e-commerce, which mainly focuses on the benefits of e-commerce from the perspective of market opportunity and farmers’ welfare.

Climate Change Consequences on Rain-Fed Wheat Farming and its Relationship with Rent in Iran

Introduction: Today, the effects of climate change in the short and long term are one of the most challenging issues in the world. The negative effects of climate change are more severe in countries with drier climates and lower incomes. Accordingly, this article aims to investigate the consequences of climate change and its relationship with rent in case of rainfed wheat crop. Materials and Methods: To investigate the presence of a nonlinear relationship between climate change and rainfed wheat rent, using agricultural information during 2002-2017 and Ricardian approach and Panel data technique was used. Findings: Based on the model of fixed effects, cumulative rainfall of harvest, the square of the temperature of the harvest season, autumn temperature, rainfall of autumn, the product of temperature and cumulative precipitation in June, have had a positive and significant effect on rent and product of temperature and rainfall of harvest season, June temperature and square of the temperature of harvest season had a significant negative effect on rent. Also, with increasing harvest temperature, a nonlinear relationship between temperature and rent is confirmed. With one degree increase in the temperature of the harvest season to the critical point of 36.3 degrees C, rent increases by 0.06% and with increasing temperature after this point, it will decrease. Conclusion: the development of cultivars resistant to reduced rainfall and high temperatures can help prevent rent reduction. Training and leadership in all economic sub-sectors and the development of a comprehensive plan and practical action to adapt and deal with this phenomenon is necessary to reduce its adverse effects.

The Role of Balanced Fertilization on the Reduction of Phytic Acid to Zinc Molar Ratio (PA/Zn) in the Irrigated and Rainfed Wheat Fields on the Calcareous Soils of Iran

One of the most important quality factors in the wheat grain, which directly affects the quality of the bread, is the molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc (PA/ Zn) index. In order to evaluate the role of balanced fertilization on increasing the yield, quality, and reducing PA/Zn in wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.), the first experiment was implemented with two fertilizer treatments (Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice, i.e. NP-fertilizers) and the optimum use of fertilizers (fertilization was on the basis of soil test results) in three different irrigated farms in Mianeh, East Azarbaijan province and the second experiment was carried out in 10 different dryland farms on the outskirts of the Khodabandeh, Zanjan Province in 2010-2011 growing season with an average of 380 mm annual rainfall. This experiment had three treatments, i.e. T1=Control (no fertilizer); T2=Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice (NP-fertilizers), and T3=Fertilization based on soil test values (Optimum use of fertilizers) in four replications with a randomized complete block design. The wheat cultivar in the irrigated farms was Alvand and in the rainfed farms was Azar-2. Protein, phytic acid, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) in wheat grains were analyzed according to the standard methods. The collected data were analyzed by using a t-test and SAS Software. The results revealed that in the irrigated wheat fields, the optimal use of fertilizers increased the grain yield up to 27 percent, protein content, all micronutrients especially Zn significantly, but it decreased PA/Zn molar ratio significantly in comparison to Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice. While phytic acid concentration in the control plots was 8.70, it decreased up to 7.41gkg-1, Zn concentration was increased from 29 to 43 mgkg-1 and subsequently, PA/Zn molar ratio was reduced from 30 to 17. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference for phytic acid, Zn, and PA/Zn molar ratio in all wheat farms in the second experiment, the results demonstrated that while the average grain yield in T1 was 975kgha-1, it has increased up to 1401kgha-1 in T2 and over 1628kgha-1, respectively. The average yield increase was significant at the 5% level despite the existing drought situation in the fall of 2010. The mean concentration of P and Zn in wheat grains in the control plots were 0.26 percent and 21mgkg-1, in Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice were 0.24 percent and 25mgkg-1 and in the fertilization based on soil test values were 0.21 percent and 30mgkg-1, respectively and they were significant in the 5% level. While PA/Zn in the control plots was 29, it has been decreased to 22 in T2 and to 15 in T3 plots, respectively. Comparison between PA/Zn molar ratios revealed that due to the existing water during the growing season in the irrigated fields, the availability of all nutrients including Zn was slightly higher, but in drylands, the amount and distribution of rainfall is much important and it is clear that by increasing the amount and distribution of rainfall during the growing season, more grain yield and lower PA/Zn molar ratio is expected. It is obvious that these variations are widely dependent on climate change, cultivars, and management factors. This project is recommended to be continued at least in the wheat-grown provinces all over the Iran.