Wheat Bran Fiber Research Articles

Structure Characterization and Dye Adsorption Properties of Modified Fiber from Wheat Bran.

The fibers from four wheat varieties (FT, XW 26, XW 45, and KW 1701) were selected and chemically modified with NaOH, epichlorohydrin, and dimethylamine to improve the adsorption capacity for anionic dye. The structure of the fibers with or without modification was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The modified products were studied from the aspects of adsorption capacities, adsorption kinetics, and thermodynamics to provide a reference for the utilization of wheat bran. By SEM, more porous and irregular structures were found on the modified fibers. The XRD results showed that the crystals from the original fibers were destroyed in the modification process. The changes in fibers' infrared spectra before and after modification suggested that quaternary ammonium salts were probably formed in the modification process. The maximum adsorption capacity of wheat bran fibers for Congo red within 120 min was 20 mg/g for the unmodified fiber (XW 26) and 93.46 mg/g for the modified one (XW 45). The adsorption kinetics of Congo red by modified wheat bran fiber was in accord with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C, indicating that the adsorption process might be mainly dominated by chemisorption. The adsorption was more consistent with the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, implying that this process was monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption occurred spontaneously, and the temperature increase was favorable to the adsorption. As mentioned above, this study proved that the wheat bran fiber could possess good adsorption capacities for anion dye after chemical modification.

Particle size of insoluble fibres and gelation of soluble fibres influence digesta passage rate throughout the gastrointestinal tract of finishing pigs

Fibres, as abundant in agricultural by-products, exhibit a large range of physicochemical properties that can influence digestive processes such as digesta mean retention time (MRT), thereby affecting nutrient digestion kinetics. In this study, we investigated the effects of particle size of insoluble fibres, and gelation of soluble fibres on MRT of liquids, fine solids, and fibrous particles in the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Twenty-four boars (51.6 ± 4.90 kg) were allocated to four diets; two diets contained 15% wheat straw, either coarsely chopped or finely ground (1-mm screen), two diets contained 27% wheat bran without or with the addition of 10% low-methylated pectin. After 14 days of adaptation to the diet, a total collection of faeces was performed to determine the total tract digestibility of nutrients. Thereafter, pigs were fed diets supplemented with tracers for at least 5 days and dissected following a frequent feeding procedure to approach steady-state passage of digesta. The MRT of liquids (Co-EDTA), fine solids (TiO2), and fibrous particles (Chromium-mordanted fibres) in the different segments of the GIT were quantified. In the stomach, particle size reduction of straw decreased the MRT of fine solids by 02:39 h, and fibrous particles by 07:21 h (P < 0.10). Pectin addition to the wheat bran diet reduced the MRT of fine solids by 03:09 h, and fibrous particles by 07:10 h (P < 0.10), but not of liquids, resulting in less separation between digesta phases in the stomach compared with the bran diet (P < 0.05). In the mid−small intestine (SI), pectin addition reduced the MRT of fibrous particles and the separation between fibrous particles and fine solids. No further effects of particle size reduction of straw nor pectin addition on MRT and digestibility of starch, nitrogen, or fat were observed in the SI. In the large intestine (LI), particle size reduction of straw reduced separation between fibrous particles and fine solids (P < 0.10), while pectin addition had no effects. Total tract, non-starch polysaccharide degradation of straw was poor (∼31%), and unaffected by particle size reduction (P > 0.10). The complete fermentation of pectin did not influence the degradation of wheat bran fibres (∼51%). In conclusion, the effects of particle size of insoluble fibres and gelling properties of soluble fibres on the passage of digesta phases were most pronounced in the stomach, but less prominent in distal segments of the GIT.

High-fibre diets regulate antioxidative capacity and promote intestinal health by regulating bacterial microbiota in growing pigs.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a high-fibre diet on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal health, and intestinal microbiota composition of growing pigs. Twelve healthy "Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire" castrates (49 ± 1.35 kg) were randomly divided into two groups with six replicates and one pig per replicate. The two diet treatments were fed the basal diet (CON) based on corn and soybean meal and high fibre diet (HF)respectively. The nutritional levels of the two treatments were the same. The experiment lasted 28 days. The results showed that the addition of 16% wheat bran fibre to the diet of growing pigs did not affect growth performance (p > 0.05). Compared with the CON, contents of isobutyric and butyric acid, GSH-PX and T-AOC in serum were increased in the HF. It decreased the gross energy digestibility and acetic acid content in feces of growing pigs (p < 0.05), the contents of GSH-PX and T-AOC in serum. It decreased the gross energy digestibility and acetic acid content in feces of growing pigs (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON, the Shannon, and Chao1 indexes of the HF were increased (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, the abundance of g_Lactobacillus increased in the HF (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that a total of 18 microbial genera were correlated with antioxidant capacity and volatile fatty acid levels (p < 0.05). In summary, this study showed that adding 16% wheat bran to the diet of growing pigs had no effect on growth performance but helped to improve the richness and stability of intestinal microbiota, promote posterior intestinal fermentationand increase serum antioxidant capacity.

Wet refining: A novel approach for modification of wheat bran fiber

To address the poor physiochemical and functional properties a novel wet refining (using Valley Beater) treatment was adopted for modification of wheat bran fiber. Valley Beater, which is valuable equipment in the pulp and paper industry to improve fiber properties, was optimized for wheat bran using response surface methodology. The obtained modified bran fiber was further compared, separately and in combination with the moist heat modified wheat bran. The effect of modifications was accessed in terms of physiochemical, functional, morphological, structural, and antioxidant properties. Particle size, SEM, FT-IR spectroscopy, and XRD analysis depicted the successful modification effects with a good explanation of different improved properties. The wet refining process significantly improved the bran fiber water absorption, oil absorption, water swelling, and sedimentation properties along with increasing the fines content. Although, the moist heat modification showed a positive effect on soluble dietary fiber, and glucose absorption capacity. Still, the wet refining modification was found to ameliorate bran fiber antioxidant properties such as total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging capacity, and total reducing power. Categorically, the combined (wet refining followed by moist heating) modification process was most suitable with more desirable effects. Our research manifested that the wet refining process in combination with moist heat treatment can be used to improve nutritional and product-making characteristics of wheat bran fiber and thus can be adopted for preparing high-fiber food products.

Effects of Varying Levels of Wheat Bran Dietary Fiber on Growth Performance, Fiber Digestibility and Gut Microbiota in Erhualian and Large White Pigs.

To evaluate the tolerance of a high-fiber diet in Erhualian pigs (Er-HL), the present investigation systematically investigated the ramifications of varying wheat bran fiber levels, specified as total dietary fiber (TDF) values of 14.07%, 16.32%, 17.99%, and 18.85%, on growth performance, fiber digestibility and gut microbiota in Er-HL, large Large White pigs (L-LW, the same physiological stage as the Er-HL) and small Large White pigs (S-LW, the same body weight as the Er-HL). Our results revealed that fiber levels exerted no discernable impact on growth performance (average daily feed intake (ADFI), and average daily gain (ADG)) of Er-HL (p > 0.05). Conversely, L-LW exhibited a decrease in ADFI and ADG with increasing fiber levels (p < 0.05). Notably, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of various fiber components, including neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, TDF and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), in Er-HL were significantly higher than those in S-LW and L-LW irrespective of diets (p < 0.05). The ATTD of cellulose and hemicellulose in Er-HL significantly decreased with increasing fiber levels (p < 0.05), yet remained statistically indifferent when comparing the 7%-wheat-bran-replaced diet (7% WRB, TDF 16.32%) to the basal diet (TDF 14.07%) (p > 0.05). The cecal microbiota of Er-HL had higher richness estimators (Chao1 and ACE) than those of S-LW and L-LW irrespective of diets (p < 0.01). Breed serves as a pivotal determinant in shaping swine gut microbiota. Thirteen genera were selected as the key bacteria related to high fiber digestibility of Er-HL. Further functional examination of these key genera elucidated an enrichment of pathways pertinent to carbohydrate metabolism in Er-HL samples compared with S-LW and L-LW samples. In summary, Er-HL exhibited high-fiber tolerance both in terms of growth performance and fiber digestibility compared with Large White pigs. Specifically, the ATTD of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, IDF and TDF were significantly higher in Er-HL compared with L-LW and S-LW, irrespective of diets. Fiber level exerted no discernable impact on growth performance (ADFI, ADG) and the ATTD of fiber (NDF, ADF, IDF and TDF) in Er-HL. The optimum fiber level of the Er-HL was identified as 7% WRB (TDF 16.32%). Thirteen genera were ascertained to significantly contribute to high fiber digestibility of Er-HL, correlating with an enhancement of carbohydrate metabolism pathways.

Wheat bran inclusion level impacts its net energy by shaping gut microbiota and regulating heat production in gestating sows

An accurate estimation of net energy (NE) of wheat bran is essential for precision feeding of sows. However, the effects of inclusion level on NE of wheat bran have not been reported. Inclusion level was hypothesized to impact NE of wheat bran by regulating gut microbiota and partitioning of heat production. Therefore, twelve multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; 2 to 4 parity) were assigned to a replicated 3 × 6 Youden square with 3 successive periods and 6 diets in each square. The experiment included a corn-soybean meal diet (WB0) and five diets including 9.8% (WB10), 19.5% (WB20), 29.2% (WB30), 39.0% (WB40) and 48.7% wheat bran (WB50), respectively. Each period included 6 d of adaptation to diets followed by 6 d for heat production measurement using open-circuit respiration chambers. Compared with other groups, WB30, WB40, and WB50 enriched different fiber-degrading bacteria genera (P < 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of wheat bran were greater in WB30 and WB40 (P < 0.05). Physical activity (standing and sitting) decreased as inclusion level increased (P = 0.04), which tended to decrease related heat production (P = 0.07). Thermic effect of feeding (TEF) was higher in WB50 than other treatments (P < 0.01). Metabolizable energy of wheat bran was similar among treatment groups (except for WB10). NE of wheat bran conformed to a quadratic regression equation with inclusion level (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.01) and peaked at an inclusion level of 35.3%. In conclusion, increasing inclusion level decreased energy expenditure of sows on physical activity and promoted growth of fiber-degrading bacteria, which improved energy utilization of fiber. Fermentation of wheat bran fiber by Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 and norank_f__Paludibacteraceae might increase TEF. Consequently, sows utilized energy in wheat bran most efficiently at an inclusion level of 35.3%.

Influences of wheat bran fiber on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal epithelium functions in Xiangcun pigs

Dietary fiber (DF) has long been looked as an essential “nutrients” both for animals and humans as it can promote the intestinal tract development and modulate the intestinal epithelium functions and the gut microbiota. This study was conducted to investigate the influences of wheat bran fiber (WBF) on growth performance and intestinal epithelium functions in Xiangcun pigs. Twenty Xiangcun pigs with 60 days of age were divided to two groups and exposed to a basal diet (BD) or BD containing 4.3% wheat bran fiber (WFD). WFD improved the average daily gain (ADG) and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) (p < 0.01). Moreover, WFD lowered the serum triglyceride (TC), d-lactate, and malonicdialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, but significantly improved the glutathione (GSH) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05). Interestingly, WFD observably improved the villus height (VH) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) in the small intestine (p < 0.05). The jejunal sucrase and ileal maltase activities were higher in the WFD group (p < 0.05). WFD markedly elevated the tight junction protein ZO-1 and claudin-1 expression levels in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05). The sodium/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and fatty acid transport proteins 4 (FATP-4) expression levels in jejunum and ileum were also elevated under WFD (p < 0.05). WFD decreased the IL-6 impression level in the duodenum and ileum, but significantly increased the IL-10 expression levels in jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05). Moreover, WFD reduced the abundance of E. coli, but elevated the abundances of beneficial microorganisms (e.g. Lactobacillus and Bacillus) and the production microbial metabolites (e.g. propionic acid and butyrate acid) in the cecum (p < 0.05).

Конверсия пшеничных отрубей в целевые продукты биосинтеза

A more efficient bioconversion of renewable plant resources is a priority in modern biotechnology. An important aspect of the processing and pretreatment of cellulose raw materials is to obtain a high content of reducing substances in the final product. The present research objective was to determine the optimal conditions for the chemical transformation of plant polymers to obtain biologically valuable substances. The research results will reduce the final cost of biotechnological production.&#x0D; This research featured wheat bran polymers treated with sulfuric acid and relied on a set of standard research methods. The degree of polymer conversion was tested on native and mechanically activated wheat bran fractions of 600, 200, and 100 microns. The kinetics of the high-temperature chemical hydrolysis was as follows: temperature – 120–130°C, sulfuric acid concentration – 0.6–0.9%, treatment time – 30–60 min, hydromodule – 1:8;9;10. The quantitative and qualitative composition of mono- and disaccharides of hydrolysates was determined using the high performance liquid chromatography method. &#x0D; The composition of wheat bran showed a low content of lignin (7.55%) and a high content of pentosans (17.9%). The highest content of reducing substances in hydrolysates was 640 mg/g bran. The optimal technological conditions with the highest content of reducing substances were as follows: hydromodulus – 1:10, temperature – 120°C, treatment time – 45 min, and sulfuric acid concentration – 0.9%. The greatest change in the content of mono- and disaccharides of hydrolysates belonged to pentoses: 78.2 mg/g of bran (in terms of xylose). The amount of easily hydrolysable carbohydrates and wheat bran fiber decreased by 80 and 19%, respectively.&#x0D; This research revealed the optimal parameters for the chemical hydrolysis of wheat bran to obtain biologically valuable carbohydrates. This area of research can be of practical use for producers of biofuels, chemicals, and food additives.

Greater Adherence to Cancer Prevention Guidelines Is Associated with Higher Circulating Concentrations of Vitamin D Metabolites in a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Pooled Participants from 2 Chemoprevention Trials

Background: Several lifestyle factors targeted by the American Cancer Society (ACS) Nutrition and Physical Activity Cancer Prevention Guidelines are also associated with circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. This suggests that greater adherence to the ACS guidelines may be related to better vitamin D status.Objective: We examined the relation between adherence to the ACS guidelines and circulating concentrations of 2 vitamin D metabolites, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D] and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D].Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analyses of pooled participants from the Wheat Bran Fiber (n = 503) and Ursodeoxycholic Acid (n = 854) trials. A cumulative adherence score was constructed with the use of baseline data on body size, diet, physical activity, and alcohol consumption. Continuous vitamin D metabolite concentrations and clinically relevant categories were evaluated with the use of multiple linear and logistic regression models, respectively.Results: The most adherent participants were more likely to be older, white, and nonsmokers than were the least adherent. A statistically significant association was observed between guideline adherence and concentrations of circulating 25(OH)D (means ± SEs-high adherence: 32.0 ± 0.8 ng/mL; low adherence: 26.4 ± 0.7 ng/mL; P-trend < 0.001). For 1,25(OH)2D concentrations, high adherence was again significantly related to greater metabolite concentrations, with mean ± SE concentrations of 36.3 ± 1.3 pg/mL and 31.9 ± 1.0 pg/mL for high- and low-adherers, respectively (P-trend = 0.008). Furthermore, the odds of attaining a sufficient 25(OH)D status were 4.37 times higher for those most adherent than for those least adherent (95% CI: 2.47, 7.71 times).Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that greater adherence to the ACS guidelines is associated with higher circulating concentrations of both of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D.

Dietary supplementation with a mixture of herbal extracts during late gestation and lactation improves performance of sows and nursing piglets through regulation of maternal metabolism and transmission of antibodies.

The dietary inclusion of phytogenic feed additives to improve the performance and health of sows is considered to be safe, effective and environmentally friendly, thus gaining growing popularity among new strategies. This study was designed with three trials aimed to determine the effective supplemental levels of Scutellaria baicalensis and Lonicera japonica mixed extracts (SLE) in sow diets based on production performance and explore its related mechanisms of action based on serum metabolites, antioxidant capacity, and immune profile of sows and nursing piglets. Trials 1 and 2 were conducted to determine the effective dose and ratio of SLE by supplementation of various proportions and doses of SLE to sows diets from the late pregnancy to weaning, with litter performance at farrowing and weaning and disease conditions being evaluated. Trial 3 was conducted to further explore the mechanisms of action of SLE as evaluated by serum immunity and antioxidants indices in late gestation and lactation sows. The results of trials 1 and 2 showed that dietary supplementation of 1.0 g/kg SLE (50% S. baicalensis extract, 30% L. japonica extract, and 20% wheat bran fiber as carrier) enhanced the number of piglets born alive, litter birth weight, litter weight gain, and average daily feed intake of sows during lactation, while decreased diarrhea of suckling piglets. In Trial 3, compared with the control group, dietary SLE supplementation increased (P < 0.05) sow serum glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), prolactin (PRL) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations, and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities at the farrowing, and increased (P < 0.05) sow serum prolactin, leptin, and insulin concentrations at d 14 of lactation. Fat concentrations in sow colostrum and in milk on day 14 of lactation, both IgA and IgG concentrations in colostrum, and both IL-10 and IgA concentrations in piglet serum at d 14 of lactation were all increased (P < 0.05) following dietary SLE supplementation. Altogether, dietary supplementation with the appropriate levels of SLE promoted health and growth of suckling piglets, which was associated with the improvement of maternal metabolism and transmission of antibodies.

The microbiome modulating potential of superheated steam (SHS) treatment of dietary fibres

In this study, wheat and oat bran fibres were used to investigate the potential beneficial prebiotic-enhancing effects of superheated steam (SHS) treatment. Following SHS treatment of fibres, in-vitro simulated gastric and intestinal digestion followed by batch culture fermentation was performed. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and short chain fatty acid analysis were conducted, which demonstrated that SHS treatment was associated with significant differences in beta diversity and the relative abundances of several microbial taxa. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) revealed significant separation between SHS-treated oat and non-treated oat (p = 0.013), and between SHS-treated wheat and non-treated wheat following in vitro batch fermentation (p = 0.042). Abundances of Ruminococcus were found to be significantly higher by 1.09-log in SHS-treated oat when compared with non-treated oat while abundances of Escherichia_Shigella, and Alistipes were significantly lower by 1.47-log and 0.39-log, respectively in the SHS-treated oat samples than the non-treated oat samples (p = 6.85E-06, p = 0.002037, p = 0.002458; respectively). These data demonstrate that SHS treatment of dietary fibre enhanced its effectiveness to modulate the gut microbiome.Industrial Relevance: Superheated steam (SHS) treatment has emerged as an effective method to improve the shelf-life of grains by reducing lipid hydrolysis and oxidation. Our results revealed that SHS treatment of wheat and oat brans led to increased physiological and chemical properties including higher water-binding capacity, water-extractable arabinoxylan, and total phenolics as well as improvement in human gut microbiota. Our results suggest that this method could be implemented in the food industry in order to improve beneficial properties of oat and wheat brans.

Use of Insoluble Dietary Fiber and Probiotics for Bowel Preparation Before Colonoscopy: A Prospective Study.

Background:In screening colonoscopy, patients usually have to ingest large amounts of bowel-cleansing agents, including polyethylene glycol (PEG). This is difficult and has various side effects; thus, patients avoid undergoing a colonoscopy. We tested a novel bowel preparation method before colonoscopy using insoluble dietary fiber and probiotics (PB).Methods:This was a prospective clinical study conducted between October 2018 and March 2019 at a general hospital. Forty participants were randomly assigned to low-volume PEG solution diet (MoviPrep), wheat bran fiber (WBF) and probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505 (PB GCL2505), or standard-volume regimen (1.0 to 1.5 L of MoviPrep) (control group). The patient compliance and the quality of bowel preparation were evaluated.Results:Forty individuals aged 38 to 83 years were randomly assigned to the WBF with PB (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. All participants underwent bowel preparation before colonoscopy according to each protocol. The mean required volume of MoviPrep was significantly lower in the WBF with PB group than in the control group (582.5 vs. 1305 mL, P<0.0001). Successful bowel-cleansing rates were not significantly different between the 2 groups; however, the ratio of the Harefield Cleansing Scale grades C and D was significantly lower in the WBF with PB group than in the control group (P=0.0471).Conclusions:The intake of WBF and GCL2505 before colonoscopy reduces the required PEG quantities while maintaining bowel-cleansing quality. This novel, minimally invasive pretreatment method makes colonoscopy more accessible contributing to the prevention and early treatment of colorectal cancer.

Essential Work of Fracture and Evaluation of the Interfacial Adhesion of Plasticized PLA/PBSA Blends with the Addition of Wheat Bran By-Product.

In this work biocomposites based on plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)–poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) matrix containing wheat bran fiber (a low value by-product of food industry) were investigated. The effect of the bran addition on the mechanical properties is strictly correlated to the fiber-matrix adhesion and several analytical models, based on static and dynamic tests, were applied in order to estimate the interfacial shear strength of the biocomposites. Finally, the essential work of fracture approach was carried out to investigate the effect of the bran addition on composite fracture toughness.

Too Good to Be True? Evaluation of Colonoscopy Sensitivity Assumptions Used in Policy Models.

Models can help guide colorectal cancer screening policy. Although models are carefully calibrated and validated, there is less scrutiny of assumptions about test performance. We examined the validity of the CRC-SPIN model and colonoscopy sensitivity assumptions. Standard sensitivity assumptions, consistent with published decision analyses, assume sensitivity equal to 0.75 for diminutive adenomas (<6 mm), 0.85 for small adenomas (6-10 mm), 0.95 for large adenomas (≥10 mm), and 0.95 for preclinical cancer. We also selected adenoma sensitivity that resulted in more accurate predictions. Targets were drawn from the Wheat Bran Fiber study. We examined how well the model predicted outcomes measured over a three-year follow-up period, including the number of adenomas detected, the size of the largest adenoma detected, and incident colorectal cancer. Using standard sensitivity assumptions, the model predicted adenoma prevalence that was too low (42.5% versus 48.9% observed, with 95% confidence interval 45.3%-50.7%) and detection of too few large adenomas (5.1% versus 14.% observed, with 95% confidence interval 11.8%-17.4%). Predictions were close to targets when we set sensitivities to 0.20 for diminutive adenomas, 0.60 for small adenomas, 0.80 for 10- to 20-mm adenomas, and 0.98 for adenomas 20 mm and larger. Colonoscopy may be less accurate than currently assumed, especially for diminutive adenomas. Alternatively, the CRC-SPIN model may not accurately simulate onset and progression of adenomas in higher-risk populations. Misspecification of either colonoscopy sensitivity or disease progression in high-risk populations may affect the predicted effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening. When possible, decision analyses used to inform policy should address these uncertainties.See related commentary by Etzioni and Lange, p. 702.

Sorption equilibrium moisture and isosteric heat of Chinese wheat bran products added to rice to increase its dietary fibre content

More and more people concern about supplementing dietary food with wheat bran to increase fibre content, but there has been little study of the sorption isotherms and isosteric heats of wheat bran fibre products, which are important to the quality and storage durability of such commodities. This study collected equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) data on six Chinese wheat bran products via the static gravimetric method and analysed their sorption isosteric heats. Results showed that all six wheat bran products had sigmoidal isotherms. The data were best fitted by polynomial, modified GAB, modified Oswin, and modified Halsey models. The relative safe moisture contents of the six wheat bran products were 12.20%–13.86% wet basis (w.b.). The heat of vaporization of wheat bran products approached the latent heat of pure water at around a moisture content (MC) of 22.5% and approximately 2450 kJ/kg. A process of extrusion and ultrafine grinding reduced the solid surface area and sorption isosteric heats of the monolayer, multilayer and condensed water regions in the wheat bran products. In the temperature range of 10–37 °C, the EMC of sorption in monolayer, multilayer and condensed water regions decreased with increasing temperature. The milled rice to which 1%–3% 200-mesh wheat bran product was added maintained its texture when made into cooked rice and its thermomechanical properties when made into rice dough. After processing by extrusion and ultrafine grinding, wheat bran products have a lower solid surface area and lower monolayer water content ( M m ) and sorption isosteric heat values. Some 3% 200-mesh wheat bran product can be added to cooked rice for increasing its fibre content and making it more nutritious.

Nutritional Composition, Techno-Functional Properties and Sensory Analysis of Pan Bread Fortified with Kenaf Seeds Dietary Fibre

Kenaf seeds are underutilized source of food with good source of dietary fiber, protein, essential oil, and phytocompounds. The objectives of this study were to determine the nutritional composition of kenaf seeds, the techno-functional properties of kenaf seeds dietary fibre (KSDF), and sensory analysis of pan bread fortified with dietary fibre that was extracted from kenaf seeds. Analyses showed that kenaf seeds are rich in dietary fibre (28.87 g/ 100 g), protein (27.07 g/ 100 g), oil (23.78 g/100 g) and mineral (5.55 g/100 g). The dietary fibre that was extracted through enzymatic hydrolysis (KSDF (EH)) exhibited significantly (p &lt; 0.05) greater water-binding capacity (WBC), oil-binding capacity (OBC) and viscosity than non-enzymatic hydrolyzed kenaf seeds dietary fibre (KSDF (NEH)) and defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM). Different formulations of bread were prepared by replacing 10% of wheat flour with wheat bran fibre (positive control), rice bran fibre and KSDF, with white bread unfortified with fibre as negative control. Addition of 10% KSDF to bread formulation significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced bread height, volume, specific volume, water activity and firmness, and increased proofing time and bread surface colour. Results from the sensory evaluation of the bread samples also showed that KSDF bread was the most acceptable in comparison to rice bran and wheat bran fortified breads. This study shows that kenaf seed has valuable source of dietary fibre with the potential to be used as a functional ingredient in the development of functional breads.

BLACK WHEAT BRAN AS A PROMISING SOURCE OF FOOD FIBRES WITH AN EXPANDED SPECTRUM OF FUNCTIONALITIES

Modern requirements of nutritiology determine the enrichment of a person’s daily diet with food fibres. Dietary supplements and cereal-based ingredients are widely used to achieve this goal. Wheat as a food crop traditionally occupies a leading position in food production. Currently, new varieties of wheat with colored grains are being given increasing attention as a source of high-activity phytochemical compounds, which can initiate a positive synergistic physiological effect in the complex. The black-grain wheat of the domestic variety "Chornobrova" belongs to the functional species among the new valuable colored varieties of wheat. It contains an increased amount of biologically active components concentrated in the husk and germ of the grain. At grain processing plants by-products are formed in the production of flour and cereals, among which the hard shells of grain release in the form of bran, that have a rich source of dietary fibres. The paper describes the breaking bran and grinding bran of black-grained wheat "Chornobrova". They contain up to 78.0% of polysaccharides, among which hemicelluloses and cellulose predominate. Both types of black wheat bran are protein-rich (13.0-15.3%), and the crude fat content does not exceed 2.1%. The non-hydrolyzed residue, represented primarily by lignin, reaches 3.8%. Bran is rich in phenolic compounds – powerful antioxidants with the mass fraction 310.0 mg/100 g. Both types of bran have a water retention and sorption capacity towards toxicants (phenol, Pb2+), cholic acid, methylene blue. As a result of acid treatment of bran, dietary fibre concentrates were obtained, in which non-starch polysaccharides predominate. They are characterized by modified physicochemical properties, namely improved water holding capacity, sorption activity against Pb2+, not inferior to bran in terms of the ability to bind cholic acids and methylene blue. "Chornobrova" wheat bran and dietary fibre concentrates are highly active enterosorbents with antioxidant activity, which can be considered as dietary supplements and food ingredients that should be included in recipes in the development of new functional foods.

Effect of Wheat Bran on Anthropometric Measures, Serum Glucose and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Type II diabetes mellitus represents one of the most serious and widely spread chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of wheat bran fiber in type II diabetes mellitus patients. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The study was carried out in Makkah among 160 diabetes individuals who were randomly selected. The subjects consumed 40 g per day of wheat bran for 30 days. Anthropometrics measurement and blood samples were taken for various biochemical analyses before and after the experimental period. Data were analysed using the SPSS program. Using a t-test to compare the significant differences between the measures associated with the subject before and after taking the bran. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Findings indicate that the consumption of 40 g per day of wheat bran for 30 days offers an improvement in fasting glucose levels and the level of serum lipids along with total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride. Moreover, wheat bran is shown to have other beneficial effects regarding the reduction of weight in obese diabetic patients. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; It was concluded that wheat bran has beneficial effects in patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity. As such, it should be encouraged as a disease management strategy. However, additional studies focused on the long term consumption of dietary fiber are needed.

Utilization of wheat germ oil and wheat bran fiber as fat replacer for the development of low-fat beef patties.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of wheat germ oil and wheat bran fiber as fat replacers on quality and stability of low‐fat beef patties. Total five treatments were prepared by employing wheat germ oil (WGO) and wheat bran fiber (WBF). WBF was used at fixed amount of 3% in all treatments except control in conjunction with varying WGO concentrations as follows: 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5%. Prepared raw and cooked beef patties were stored at 4°C, and further analyses were carried out up to 21 days of storage period with intermittent evaluation interval of 7 days. Higher values of TBARS, peroxide, and cholesterol were observed in raw and cooked beef patties in control, whereas minimum values were found in treatment of beef patties prepared with WGO 4.5% + WBF 3%. The physicochemical parameters were observed by pH and hunter color values. pH was higher in cooked patties as compared to beef patties and showed increases with increase in WGO concentration and storage intervals. The sensorial attributes were observed which included different parameters, such as appearance, texture, taste, odor, and overall acceptability. Higher score was given by the panelists to control for both raw and cooked beef patties; however, minimum score for all sensory properties was found in group treated with WGO 4.5% + WBF 3% within acceptable limit. In nutshell, raw and cooked beef patties treated with WGO 4.5% plus WBF 3% showed better quality, stability, and reduced cholesterol content.

Effects of cereal fibers on short-chain fatty acids in healthy subjects and patients: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are involved in the regulation of a wide array of diseases. However, the effect of cereal dietary fibers on SCFA production remains unclear. We reviewed relevant clinical studies between 1950 and 2021 and aimed to evaluate the effect of cereal fiber consumption on SCFA production in healthy subjects and patients. PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases were used for systematically searching published relevant trials with adults and a minimum intervention duration of 2 weeks. The effect size was estimated using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Of the 555 identified studies, 14 intervention groups involving 205 participants aged between 20 and 69 years are eligible. The results of meta-analysis revealed that cereal fiber supplementation significantly increased acetate [SMD: 0.86, 95% CI (0.46, 1.25), p < 0.0001], propionate [SMD: 0.48, 95% CI: (0.15, 0.81), p = 0.004], butyrate [SMD: 0.61, 95% CI: (0.20, 1.01), p = 0.003], and total SCFA [SMD, 0.96, 95% CI: (0.54, 1.39), p < 0.00001] concentrations. Subgroup analysis suggested that a long intervention duration (>4 weeks) significantly promoted acetate and propionate production, whereas a short intervention duration (≤4 weeks) significantly facilitated butyrate production. Cereal fiber supplementation had a more significant impact on overweight and obese subjects with body mass index (BMI) >29 kg m-2 than on individuals with BMI ≤29 kg m-2. Furthermore, we found that cereal fibers and wheat/rye arabinoxylan oligosaccharides, rather than wheat bran fibers, barley fibers, and barley β-glucan, could significantly elevate the SCFA concentration. Overall, our meta-analysis demonstrated that cereal fiber supplementation is helpful in increasing the SCFA concentration, which provided strong proof for the beneficial role of cereal fibers.