Wet Spot Research Articles

The lacustrine ecosystem of the Bajo de Veliz Formation: A wet spot at the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in westernmost Gondwana

During the Carboniferous-Permian transition in the westernmost part of Gondwana, the environment became drier and more seasonal than the preceding humid estuarine and fluvial habitats of the Middle Pennsylvanian of central western Argentina. The Gzhelian-Asselian Pallero Member of the Bajo de Veliz Formation, located to the east of the Paganzo Basin, represents an ecosystem preserved in lake deposits. This unit comprises lacustrine facies, and the fossil flora and fauna contained therein represent a wet refuge developed within a regionally semi-arid context. The flora is assigned to the Gangamopteris Biozone and includes specimens of lycophytes, equisetaleans, cordaitaleans, coniferophytes, and glossopterids that grew around the lake shoreline. Winged insects, arachnids, large eurypterids, and traces of fishes comprise terrestrial and aquatic fauna. This ecosystem is considered a wet spot similar to those that characterize the global paleoclimatic shift in low paleolatitudes.

Neutron emission on the surface of Mars

The neutron emission of Mars is known to be produced due to the bombardment of Martian surface by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs). As evidenced by numerical simulation, the intensity of neutron emission on the planetary surface is much larger than that of the neutron emission at the orbital altitude due to multiple reflections of the neutrons emitted from soil by the atmosphere. The code developed for simulations was validated using the experimental data of neutron emission acquired in the Gale crater by the RAD and DAN instruments aboard the NASA's Curiosity rover. Neutron emission was simulated for two Martian areas: the dry Solis Planum territory and the bottom of the Valles Marineris system of canyons, which is thought to be the most wet equatorial spot on Mars. For both areas a strong effect is found, showing a considerable difference between the neutron emission on the surface and at the altitude of a typical orbit. It was also shown that surface emission in these two areas is quite different due to the difference of mass fraction of water in the shallow subsurface. Finally, the seasonal variations of neutron emission in these areas due to the atmospheric seasonal changes are also estimated.

Determination of the time of death of a domestic cat by measuring the area of a wet spot

Animal cruelty is a criminal offence under the current legislation of Ukraine. When investigating criminal proceedings related to animal cruelty, including domestic cats, it is often necessary to establish the time of death. Therefore, the development of new methods for determining it and improving existing ones is extremely relevant. The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between the obtained values of wet spot area indicators and the time of death. To achieve this goal, the authors propose a new method for determining the age of death of domestic cats based on the results of measuring the area of a wet spot obtained from skeletal muscle tissue samples of corpses (Shkundia method). To do this, samples of muscle tissue were taken from the corpses of cats, a wet spot preparation was obtained by pressing and its area was calculated to establish a correlation between the values of this indicator and the time that has passed since death. The study of the obtained indicators established that these values are constant, and the features of fluctuations in the values of this indicator with the time elapsed since the death of the animals were established and shown graphically. Using a number of statistical methods, the absence of dependence of wet spot area indicators on the muscles from which samples were taken for research and animal breeds was determined. The nature of changes in the values of the wet spot area indicator depending on time is established and the features of their fluctuations in different periods during 27 days from the moment of animal death were explained. Reference values of these indicators depending on the time elapsed since the death of animals are presented, which can be used by forensic veterinary experts in practical work to determine the time of the occurrence of death of domestic cats. Due to a number of advantages, this method can be widely implemented in the practice of forensic veterinary medicine

STONE ANALYSIS- A 5 YEARS REVIEW

Kidney stones are solid masses that are formed when there are high levels of calcium, oxalate, cystine, or phosphate and too little liquid. There are different types of kidney stones. Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone. Nowadays it is thought that kidney stones are a systemic disorder. The stone composition can differ from a distinct single crystal to a compound mixture of many dissimilar crystals. The epidemiology of kidney stones is evolving. The gender gap has narrowed, and diet, obesity, and environmental factors have been implicated. Understanding of the epidemiology is required to comprehend the degree to which modiable etiological factors are responsible for stone formation and to undertake measures for preventing recurrence. Many methods for stone analysis are available, including dry and wet chemical spot tests, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The Guidelines on Urolithiasis of the European Association of Urology recommend infrared spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction for kidney stone analysis and consider wet chemical tests as outdated. Have shared our experience with FITR for kidney stones analysis in this article.

Comparative experiment to determine the waterproofness of concrete by "wet spot" and "breathability" methods

Comparative tests of control samples of concrete for water resistance by the direct method of "wet spot" and the method of "air permeability" were carried out. Tests of 6 series of control samples showed that 60 % of the results obtained by the two methods differ by 0.2 MPa (one brand of water resistance W), which is unacceptable. The range of results for the direct "wet spot" method was 0.6 MPa (four waterproof grade W), more than for the "air permeability" method 0.4 MPa (three grade W). Probably, this is due to the imperfection of test methods, with an insufficient level or lack of metrological confirmation of equipment for determining water resistance, and more. In production practice, this situation means that the test results obtained are not provided with confidence, and as a result, under these conditions, it is possible to produce products (concrete) that do not meet regulatory requirements.

NANOCIS®: Possible errors in the summary of product characteristics quality control method and a suggested alternative method

BackgroundDetermination of the radiochemical purity of [99mTc]NANOCIS® was performed using the procedure described in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). In contrast to the clinical findings of thyroid gland accumulation indicating free [99mTc] pertechnetate, the QC results showed no free [99mTc]pertechnetate. This discrepancy prompted us to further investigate the described QC procedure.The aim of our study is to develop a correct QC procedure for [99mTc]NANOCIS®. Method and materialsAfter 99mTc-labelling performed in accordance with the SPC, QC was performed on two stationary phases (Whatman No. 1 and ITLC-SA) with both wet and dry application spots. ResultsAll QC samples prepared using the method described in the SPC (Whatman No. 1 with dry application spot) indicated an acceptable labelling with a radiochemical purity over 99 %.The QC methods performed using non-SPC described methods (Whatman No. 1 with wet application spot, ITLC-SA with wet and dry application spot), show more impurities, resulting in radiochemical purity ranging between 68 % and 99 %. All results from the three QC procedures not outlined in the SPC resulted in comparable results.When comparing the QC results with imaging of the thyroid gland, if the correct TLC method is used, a clear connection was observed between low radiochemical purity, as a result of free [99mTc]pertechnetate present in the prepared radiopharmaceutical, and visualisation of the thyroid gland, due to thyroid uptake of the free [99mTc]pertechnetate. ConclusionDrying the application spot on Whatman No. 1 paper indicates erroneous high labelling.To obtain a correct QC result, either an analytical method using Whatman No. 1 papers without drying of the application spot or a method using instant thin layer chromatography with a silica acid coating (ITLC-SA) should be used.

Relative Localization Method of Wet Spot of Grain using Array of Passive RFID Tags

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) enables a large number of object monitoring since semi/passive tags are independent of batteries. In our previous work, the possibility of using different wireless technologies such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to determine the moisture content in rice was investigated. Finding from our previous work suggest that RFID can be used to determine the moisture content of rice. While numerous research have been conducted for moisture content of grain, however, to author’s knowledge, there is only a few studies conducted on the localization of grain hostpot. Therefore, this study aims to investigate if the passive RFID array can be used to localize the location of the wet spot of grain. Prior, the experiment, a suitable setting for the RFID system were determined. In addition, a simple test was conducted to select a suitable operating frequency. From the investigation, the result indicates that only frequency channels 865, 866, 867, 868 and 869 MHz can detect all 30 tags. Meanwhile, frequency channel in the range 902 to 928 MHz detects 26 to 29 unique tags. Hence, 868 MHz was selected as the operating frequency throughout the experiment. The findings indicate that the RSSI value measured by the RFID reader decreased as the moisture of the sample increased when the tags were blocked by the sample placed at the designated location during the test.

Who pays when a graduate student gets hurt?

When chemistry PhD student Shiva Dastjerdi burned herself in a lab accident, she assumed her school would cover her medical bills. Isn’t that what employers do? As it turns out, university policies about workers’ compensation don’t always include graduate students. Interviews with students, professors, university officials, and lawyers across the US reveal that whether graduate students are considered employees—and are thus eligible for workers’ compensation—is far from clear. Consequently, when accidents happen, they can leave students recovering from significant injuries while facing huge medical bills. And PhD students may not have any idea. On Nov. 2, 2018, chemistry PhD student Shiva Dastjerdi was working in her Boston University research lab synthesizing candidates for cancer drugs. She was walking across the lab carrying a small vial containing trifluoroacetic acid when her foot slipped on a wet spot on the floor. Dastjerdi was wearing gloves, goggles, and a lab coat, as her

Spatiotemporal patterns of dengue outbreaks in Sri Lanka

Background: Dengue occurs epidemically in Sri Lanka and every year, when the monsoon season begins, health authorities warn on rising numbers of dengue cases. The popular belief is that dengue epidemics are driven by the two monsoons which feed different parts of the country over different time periods. We analysed the time series of weekly dengue cases in all districts of Sri Lanka from 2007 to 2019 to identify the spatiotemporal patterns of dengue outbreaks and to explain how they are associated with the climatic, geographic and demographic variations around the country.Methods: We used time-series plots, statistical measures such a community-wide synchrony and Kendall-W and a time-varying graph method to understand the spatiotemporal patterns and links.Results and conclusions: The southwest wet zone and surrounding areas which receive rainfall in all four seasons usually experience two epidemic waves per year. The northern and eastern coastal region in the dry zone which receives rainfall in only two seasons experiences one epidemic wave per year. The wet zone is a highly synchronised epidemic unit while the northern and eastern districts have more independent epidemic patterns. The epidemic synchrony in the wet zone may be associated with the frequent mobility of people in and out of the wet zone hot spot Colombo. The overall epidemic pattern in Sri Lanka is not a sole outcome of the two monsoons but the regional epidemic patterns are collectively shaped by monsoon an inter-monsoon rains, human mobility, geographical proximity and other climate and topographical factors.

Вплив породи дюрок на якість м’яса свиней різних генотипів

Studies on the main indicators of the chemical composition and physical properties of the longest muscle of the back of pigs of various genotypes were carried out. The indicators of the chemical composition and physical properties of muskulus longissimus dorsi in the laboratories of the Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy by generally accepted methods were determined. Materials of experimental studies were processed using methods of variation statistics. According to the indicators of the amount of moisture and protein in the longest muscle of the back, a tendency to decrease them in crossbreeds, and an increase in the of the Duroc breed from ½ to ¾ contributed to a decrease in the relative amount of moisture by 0.7%, protein - by 0.1% has been established. At the same time, crossbreeding compared with pure breed large white breeds contributed to an increase in intramuscular fat by 0.35% (½D) ... 0.36% (¾D) at P> 0.95. According to the content of tryptophan and oxyproline in the muscle of pigs of various genotypes, no significant difference was found. At the same time, crossbreeds, in comparison with pure-breed peers of a large white breed were characterized by a higher tryptophan content and an increase in the amount of tryptophan is directly proportional to an increase in the “blood share” in the Duroc breed. The same trend in the context of genotypes in the amount of oxyproline was observed. The moisture-holding ability of meat of animals of different genotypes is almost at the same level - 67.2 (LW) ... 67.9% (½K + ½ D). The increase in the “blood share” in the Duroc breed from ½ to ¾ as compared to the purebred peers of the large white breed did not affect the size of the total wet spot, nor did the animal genotype affect the area of the meat spot and wet spot. The pH value is an indicator of the maturity stage of the meat and its safety. A tendency to increase the pH value of the longest back muscle in animals with a share of blood of the Duroc breed when compared with large white breed has been established. In animals with a “blood share” of the Duroc ½ and ¾ breed, the pH value increases compared to the large white breed by 0.07 (1.3%) ... 0.05 (0.9%).

Оцінка якості м’яса свиней різних генотипів при чистопородному розведенні та схрещуванні

The main indicators of the chemical composition and physical properties of the longest muscle of the back of pigs for different genotypes when using pure breeding and crossing were studied. The certain indicators were determined in the laboratories of the Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy by generally accepted methods. The statistical analusis was carried out using methods of variation statistics. Meat and meat products are essential foods. The nutritional value of meat is determined by its chemical composition, energy value, taste properties and level of digestibility. The by taste, energy and nutritional value of pork exceed the meat of other farm animals, and canning even enhances its taste properties. Pigs of the Landrace breed were found to be inferior to the peers of other genotypes by the number of intramuscular fat. Thus, the difference for Landrace breedwas 0.8% (P>0.99) compared with the large white breed, - 0.8% (P>0.99) compared with crossbreeds of the genotype ¼LW+¾L and 1.1% (P>0.999) with crossbreeds of the genotype ¾LW+¼L. The quality of meat is characterized by the content of connective tissue proteins or their ratio. The higher content of tryptophan (1.40%) of the muscle of purebred animals of the Landrace breed as well as for the genotype ¼LW+¾L were also found to compare with animals with a different “blood share” in the landrace breed (½L and ¼L) which were in the intermediate position between the LW and L breeds (1.38 and 1.37% respectively). An increase in the “blood share” of the landrace breed from ½ to ¾ compared to the purebred peers led to significant increase in the wet spot area by 0.04 and 0.05% respectively, and in of the common spot by 0.05-0.08% (landrace breed) and 0 , 02-0.05% (large white breed). There is a tendency to increase the pH value of the longest back muscle in landrace breed compared with large white. In animals with a different “blood share” in the both landrace breed (½L and ¼L), an increase in pH were observed to compare with the large white (by 0.09 or 1.7%) and with the landrace breed (by 0.04 or 0.7%). Therefore, the crossing of large white and landrace breed can result in an increase of intramuscular fat in crossbred animals, regardless of the blood share of the landrace breed.

Tree-ring analysis elucidating palaeo-environmental effects captured in an in situ fossil forest – The last 80 years within an early Permian ecosystem

The early Permian Chemnitz Fossil Lagerstätte (Leukersdorf Formation, Chemnitz Basin, SE Germany) represents a diverse T0 assemblage of a fossil forest ecosystem around the Sakmarian-Artinskian transition (290.6±1.8Ma), which was preserved by pyroclastic deposits of a multi-phased volcanic eruption. The multi-aged plant community consists of predominantly hygrophilous elements, which grew on an alluvial plain mineral substrate under sub-humid conditions, representing a wet spot environment. Strong seasonality triggered the formation of annual tree rings in arborescent woody plants, such as pycnoxylic gymnosperms, medullosan seed ferns and calamitaleans. From several hundred fossil trees, the 53 best-preserved specimens were selected and investigated in detail by measuring 2,081 tree rings in individual sequences of up to 77 rings. Ring sequences were analysed by standard dendrochronological methods to determine both annual growth rates and mean sensitivity. Morphological and statistical analyses on single tree rings reveal different tree-ring types according to the different plant groups. Pycnoxylic gymnosperms have distinct and regular tree rings, whereas medullosan seed ferns and calamitaleans show indistinct and regular tree rings as well as so called event rings.Results reveal differences between plant groups regarding their physiological reactions or adaptations to seasonal fluctuations. In comparison to pycnoxylic gymnosperms, both medullosan seed ferns and calamitaleans exhibit reduced growth rates and more sensitive reaction to environmental perturbances as water deficiency pointing to comparably lower adaptation to seasonally dry palaeoclimate. In this context, event rings are in many cases traced back to plant physiological stress during particularly severe drought periods. Altogether, these fossil trees serve as sensitive environmental archives, which shed light on growth conditions several decades back in time from the entombing eruption.

Environmental assessment of potential toxic trace element contents in the inundated floodplain area of Tablas de Daimiel wetland (Spain).

Contamination of aquatic systems with potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) is a major problem throughout the world. The National Park Tablas de Daimiel (NPTD) is considered to make up one of the two most important wetlands in the Biosphere Reserve called "Wet Spot." Since PTEs are good indicator of the prevailing environmental conditions and possible contamination, soil samples collected from 43 sites were analyzed in order to investigate the levels and its distribution of these elements, in the inundated floodplain area of the NPTD wetland. In addition, some physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity and organic matter were measured. The total concentrations of 32 trace elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence. The results show that there was accumulation of lead (Pb), tin (Sn), selenium (Se), antimony (Sb), copper (Cu), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), strontium (Sr) and zirconium (Zr)-in some cases at high concentrations. The interpolated maps showed that the distributions of some of these elements and in some cases the trend in spatial variability are pronounced and decrease from the inlet to the outlet. The values for some elements are higher than the reference values, which is consistent with contamination (some values are higher by a factor of more than 10 compared to the reference). In the case of iodine (I), the levels at some sample points are significantly more than ten times the reference; Se appears in the range from 1.0 to 9.8mg/kg, with an average value of 3.1mg/kg, and these can be considered as seleniferous soils. The concentrations found are consistent with the introduction in the wetland of pollution by human activities, such as agricultural non-point sources, uncontrolled fertilization over many years, treatment with urban wastewater and other possible sources.

Wicking behavior of fabrics described by simultaneous acquiring the images of the wet region and monitoring the liquid weight

An experimental study on the radial spreading of the liquid from a virtually infinite reservoir onto a horizontal fabric sample was performed using a simple setup which is presented in two variants: One variant (the simplest) collects the images of the wet spot during the radial outward wicking and the other variant collects the images simultaneously with the monitoring of the weight decrease of the liquid reservoir. We notice that recording with a webcam gives advantages in the subsequent data processing. Afterward, the resulting image series were processed with routines developed in LabVIEW to determine the area of the wet spot. The programs are better adapted to the inhomogeneous and anisotropic structure specific to textiles than the existent edge-finding algorithms. The time dependence of the wet area provides information about the wicking kinetics and further, by modeling the data, to the possible mechanism. The experiments were performed using solutions of red (rhodamin 6B) or blue (brilliant blue E133) dyes in linen and polyester samples differing besides the chemical structure in the roughness of their surfaces as well. The data allow an easy comparison between the textile behavior. Determination of the mass loss of the test liquid might be useful especially for the colored fabrics. The infinite reservoir case is compared with that of the finite reservoir.

Impacts of Furrow Irrigation on Shesher and Welala Natural Reservoirs of Lake Tana Sub Basin, Ethiopia

The survey was conducted from March 2012 to March 2013 based on field observations and samples. Shesher is natural reservoir of Lake Tana found at coordinates of 0350300 and 1322162 UTM and at altitudes 1805 a.s.l. Welala natural reservoir is found at UTM coordinates of 0348348 and 1326081 with altitude of 1804 a.s.l. The area of Shesher and Welala was estimated about 500 ha and 110 ha respectively, which are impounded by open water for extended period of a year and both with maximum depth of 3 m during rainy season. Both reservoirs filled their capacity during the rainy season through the inflow river of Ribb and the surrounding flood plain. But during pick dry season of March, 2012 and March 2013 the survey showed unexpected, amazing and sudden death of a home for many biodiversity that both Shesher and Welala natural reservoirs dried up totally. Birds fetch their food from remnants small shrink wet mud spot and it is not uncommon to see remnant dead fishes eaten by birds. This is due to several and unlimited human encroachments mainly for crop cultivation, without any rules and regulations. Major crops cultivated by drained two reservoirs using gravitational force were Eragrastis teff, Cheak pea, Grass pea, Lentils and Safflower. During dry season no one could be able found drinking water even for their animals and humans, inhabitants started digging well to fetch water from the middle of Shesher and Welala reservoirs. The drainage system was carried out at every 50 m intervals by making large furrows in both sides of two reservoirs until their water totally vanished. These reservoirs should be properly and sustainably exploited by designing appropriate interventions without land use change, for instance it could be serve for fisheries, ecotourism and livestock sectors.

Wetting films on chemically patterned surfaces

The behavior of thin wetting films on chemically patterned surfaces was investigated. The patterning was performed by means of imprinting of micro-grid on methylated glass surface with UV-light (λ=184.8nm). Thus imprinted image of the grid contained hydrophilic cells and hydrophobic bars on the glass surface. For this aim three different patterns of grids were utilized with small, medium and large size of cells. The experiment showed that the drainage of the wetting aqueous films was not affected by the type of surface patterning. However, after film rupturing in the cases of small and medium cells of the patterned grid the liquid from the wetting film underwent fast self-organization in form of regularly ordered droplets covering completely the cells of the grid. The droplets reduced significantly their size upon time due to evaporation. In the cases of the largest cell grid, a wet spot on the place of the imprinted grid was formed after film rupturing. This wet spot disassembled slowly in time. In addition, formation of a periodical zigzag three-phase contact line (TPCL) was observed. This is a first study from the planned series of studies on this topic.

A molecular dynamics approach to study the importance of solvent in protein interactions

Water constitutes the cellular environment for biomolecules to interact. Solvent is important for protein folding and stability, and it is also known to actively participate in many catalytic processes in the cell. However, solvent is often ignored in molecular recognition and not taken into account in protein-protein interaction studies and rational design. Previously we developed SCOWLP, a database and its web application (http://www.scowlp.org), to perform studies on the contribution of solvent to protein interface definition in all protein complexes of the PDB. We introduced the concept of wet spots, interfacial residues interacting only through one water molecule, which were shown to considerably enrich protein interface descriptions. Analysis of interfacial solvent in a nonredundant dataset of protein complexes suggested the importance of including interfacial water molecules in protein interaction studies. In this work we use a molecular dynamics approach to gain deeper insights into solvent contribution to protein interfaces. We characterize the dynamic and energetic properties of water-mediated protein interactions by comparing different interfacial interaction types (direct, dual and wet spot) at residue and solvent level. For this purpose, we perform an analysis of 17 representative complexes from two protein families of different interface nature. Energetically wet spots are quantitatively comparable to other residues in interfaces, and their mobility is shown to be lower than protein surface residues. The residence time of water molecules in wet spots sites is higher than of those on the surface of the protein. In terms of free energy, though wet-spots-forming water molecules are very heterogeneous, their contribution to the free energy of complex formation is considerable. We find that water molecules can play an important role in interaction conservation in protein interfaces by allowing sequence variability in the corresponding binding partner, and we discuss the important implications of our observations related to the use of the correlated mutations concept in protein interactions studies. The results obtained in this work help to deepen our understanding of the physico-chemical nature underlying protein-protein interactions and strengthen the idea of using the wet spots concept to qualitatively improve the accuracy of folding, docking and rational design algorithms.

Source area effects on herbicide losses to surface waters—A case study in the Swiss Plateau

Reducing herbicide applications on hydrologically contributing areas has been suggested as an effective approach to mitigate diffuse herbicide pollution. We report on controlled herbicide applications in two small neighboring catchments in the Swiss Plateau investigating the persistence of contributing areas in time and the influence of herbicide properties on the spatial loss patterns and on the extent of herbicides loads. A mixture of atrazine, dimethenamide, metolachlor, and sulcotrione was applied to four corn fields on the same day. Simazine was used as an additional tracer to the wettest part of one field. Irrespective of rainfall timing and for all compounds, spatial differences in the herbicide losses relative to the amounts applied were large (factors 15–18). The water table fluctuations in the fields suggest that soil hydrology differentiated between “high” and “low loss” fields. The spatial patterns were consistent with results obtained under very different weather conditions in an earlier study indicating that contributing areas prevail in time. Simazine losses from a wet hot spot were exceptionally large exceeding 24% of the applied mass. Avoiding atrazine applications on this small area corresponding to 1% of the field size would have resulted in a 30% decrease of the overall losses. Hence, land use strategies should not only account for soil (hydrological) differences between fields but should pay sufficient attention to small-scale heterogeneity within fields.

Snapshots From the Meeting

Snapshots from the meeting include martian features that behave just like areas of Antarctica that are known to be wet and evidence that the LCROSS lunar impacter most likely struck a particularly wet spot by chance.

Topical formulations of metaflumizone plus amitraz to treat flea and tick infestations on dogs

A topical spot-on solution was developed for treating pets that contained of active ingredients metaflumizone and amitraz and intended for use as an ectoparasiticide. The formulation vehicle system was designed by balancing the following three attributes of various solvents: evaporation/drying, surface spreading, and percutaneous absorption. The solvents were selected by evaluating the solubilization capacity of individual solvents with respect to the above active ingredients. The evaporation rates of various solvent systems were then determined. The visual observations of the treatment sites was also performed a day after treating the dogs to understand the cosmetic effect of various solvent systems. The lead formulations dried off within a day after application with no noticeable residue at the treatment site, while others produced appreciable powdery residue or a large wet and oily spot. The stability of the lead formulations was also evaluated over 2 years to demonstrate a 2-year shelf life of this product.