Abstract
Kidney stones are solid masses that are formed when there are high levels of calcium, oxalate, cystine, or phosphate and too little liquid. There are different types of kidney stones. Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone. Nowadays it is thought that kidney stones are a systemic disorder. The stone composition can differ from a distinct single crystal to a compound mixture of many dissimilar crystals. The epidemiology of kidney stones is evolving. The gender gap has narrowed, and diet, obesity, and environmental factors have been implicated. Understanding of the epidemiology is required to comprehend the degree to which modiable etiological factors are responsible for stone formation and to undertake measures for preventing recurrence. Many methods for stone analysis are available, including dry and wet chemical spot tests, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The Guidelines on Urolithiasis of the European Association of Urology recommend infrared spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction for kidney stone analysis and consider wet chemical tests as outdated. Have shared our experience with FITR for kidney stones analysis in this article.
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