Wet Gas Research Articles

Bioinspired multi-scale interface design for wet gas sensing based on rational water management.

Natural organisms have evolved multi-scale wet gas sensing interfaces with optimized mass transport pathways in biological fluid environments, which sheds light on developing artificial counterparts with improved wet gas sensing abilities and practical applications. Herein, we highlighted current advances in wet gas sensing taking advantage of optimized mass transport pathways endowed by multi-scale interface design. Common moisture resistance (e.g., employing moisture resistant sensing materials, post-modifying moisture resistant coatings, physical heating for moisture resistance, and self-removing hydroxyl groups) and moisture absorption (e.g., employing moisture absorption sensing materials and post-modifying moisture absorption coatings) strategies for wet gas sensing were discussed. Then, the design principles of bioinspired multi-scale wet gas sensing interfaces were provided, including macro-level condensation mediation, micro/nano-level transport pathway adjustment and molecular level moisture-proof design. Finally, perspectives on constructing bioinspired multi-scale wet gas sensing interfaces were presented, which will not only deepen our understanding of the underlying principles, but also promote practical applications.

Flue Gas Desulfurization Scrubbers in Heavy Diesel Combustion Plants

Through the purification technology of flue gas desulfurization, ultralow emissions of SO2 flue gas in industrial flue gas can be achieved. In this article, wet flue gas desulphurization (FGD) processes using limestone (calcium carbonate CaCO3) and caustic (sodium hydroxide NaOH) as absorption solution are introduced in terms of fluid mechanics and mass transfer phenomena as well as absorption unit processes. Also initial investment and operation costs are compared for wet flue gas desulphurization processes using limestone and and caustic.

Массопроводность дисперсных и листовых материалов в условиях термодинамического равновесия

The intensification of drying of wet capillary-porous bodies and their structural and deformation transformations is determined by the internal mechanism of moisture transfer in the material being dried. The scientific papers of A.V. Lykova, S.P. Rudobashty, B.S. Sazhina, E.N. Ochneva, N.V. Churaeva are devoted to the study of mass conductivity of various bodies. They confirm the importance to determine the characteristics of internal moisture transfer in the form of liquid and vapor to calculate the intensity of moisture exchange between the surface of a wet material and the coolant and to establish the ratio of moisture and heat flows not only during the drying process, but also during storage of materials. For dispersed and sheet capillary-porous materials of different composition and porous structure, determining the intensity of internal moisture transfer during their interaction with the environment is a relevant area of the research. It determines the drying method, thermal treatment conditions and energy efficiency. Dispersed and sheet capillary-porous materials of various shapes, sizes, structures, and humidity have been used as the objects of the study. To determine the mass conductivity parameters of a wet body during its interaction with a coolant, a thermodynamic method is used. It is based on the use of experimental desorption isotherms and calculated parameters characterizing the porous structure of the material. The authors have applied the method to calculate the mass conductivity coefficients of dispersed and sheet materials based on experimental data obtained under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium of a wet body and gas. Calculated curves of the dependence of effective mass conductivity coefficients and the moisture content of the dried material are obtained considering environmental parameters. The data obtained on the patterns and the changes in mass conductivity coefficients makes it possible to establish the types of relationships between moisture and the material with the mechanisms of its transfer for a number of dispersed and sheet bodies. The data obtained can be used for the kinetic calculation of the drying process and to determine the conditions of their storage, as well as to identify the conditions for increasing the energy efficiency of dryers with convective supply.

Exciting and Detecting Higher-Order Guided Lamb Wave Modes in High-Density Polyethylene Structures Using Ultrasonic Methods.

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are becoming increasingly popular, being used in various fields, such as construction, marine, petroleum, water transfer, process water, methane gas collection, oil and gas gathering, gas distribution systems, mining, acid and wet gas lines, offshore oil and gas and in nuclear power plants. Higher-order guided Lamb wave (UGW) modes can be used to detect various defects in complex structures. We will apply this methodology to one of the types of plastic-the structure of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). However, the excitation of UGW modes faces numerous challenges, especially when there is a need to identify which mode is excited. It is essential to note that, in the higher frequency range, multiple different higher-order modes can usually be excited. This can make it difficult to determine which modes have actually been excited. The objective of this research was to successfully excite and receive various higher-order UGW modes in high-density polyethylene structures using both ultrasonic single-element transducers and a phased array. Theoretical calculations were performed using a variety of methods: semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) method, 2D spatial-temporal spectrum analysis and finite element modeling (FEM). The results obtained from both measurements and simulations clearly demonstrate the possibility of efficiently exciting and receiving different Lamb wave modes possessing different phase velocities.

Iron oxide fluxing and precipitation in sulphate deposits during heat-resistant alloy corrosion in simulated combustion gas

Two ferritic alloys, Fe-25Cr and Fe-25Cr-2Mn-1Si, and two austenitic alloys, Fe-25Cr-20Ni and 310SS, coated with a thin film of Na2SO4-K2SO4 mixture were exposed to a flowing wet CO2 gas at 650 and 750 °C for up to 300 h. In addition to oxide scaling, a new manifestation of Fe oxide fluxing into the salt layer was observed. The effects of alloy composition and reaction temperature on this phenomenon were determined. The process is attributed to formation of a low melting Na2O-Na2SO4 solution in the early stages of reaction, followed by basic fluxing of FeO and/or Fe3O4.

ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF DAMAGE TO A LONG-OPERATED PIPELINE OF WET HYDROGEN SULFIDE-CONTAINING NATURAL GAS

The results of ultrasonic inspection of discontinuities in the metal of the pipe walls, long time operation under high pressure of wet hydrogen sulfide-containing natural gas, and analysis of the data characterizing them are presented. The criteria for selecting characteristic sections of the pipe with defects and sample cutting for fractographic research are substantiated. Based on the results of the analysis of ultrasound inspection and fractographic investigation, the causes and factors determining the process and mechanisms of sulfide cracking of the pipe walls have been established. The pipeline damage was assessed.

Devices and methods for wet gas flow metering: A comprehensive review

Wet gas is commonly encountered in various industries, including energy, chemical, and electric power sectors. For example, natural gas extracted from production often contains small amounts of liquid, such as water and hydrocarbon condensates, which classifies it as wet gas. The presence of liquid within the gas poses challenges for accurate flow measurement. To improve the performances of wet gas flow metering methods, significant research and development efforts have been invested into the wet gas flow metering technologies due to their vital importance in the production, transfer, and trade benefits.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent development of wet gas flow metering. Firstly, a comprehensive discussion of the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter (Xlm) and its relation to the gas void fraction (αg) is presented, which was mostly overlooked in previous wet gas research work. The occurrence of various flow patterns in wet gas conditions at different orientations (horizontal and vertical) was explored. Following an investigation of pressure impact on the wet gas flow patterns and development of the wet gas regions, a different test matrix for further research work was suggested. After a novel classification of wet gas measurement methods, the paper offers a detailed comparison of differential pressure (DP) meters including Venturi, Cone meter, and orifice meters, by considering both liquid and gas flow rate measurements. Secondly, the paper discusses and compares vortex flow meters, Coriolis and ultrasonic meters in comparison to DP meters. Notable phase fraction meters are also examined and compared to one another. Thirdly, the paper reviewed the concept of existing and potential hybrid wet gas meters, conducting a detailed discussion and comparison with commercial solutions by evaluating their ranges and accuracies. This assessment provides valuable insights into the capabilities of these hybrid meters, highlighting their potential to enhance the measurement of wet gas flow rates.

Effect of air equivalence ratio on the characteristics of biomass partial gasification for syngas and biochar co-production in the fluidized bed

In order to explore the characteristics and mechanism of biomass partial gasification for biochar and syngas co-production in the fluidized bed, a study on the influence of gasification performance and biochar characteristics after partial gasification with different air equivalence ratios was carried out in a self-built small atmospheric bubble fluidized bed. The results indicate that when the air equivalence ratio rises from 0.07 to 0.16, the lower calorific value of wet producer gas keeps decreasing, and the maximum value can reach 9.16 MJ/Nm3. The biochar yield shows a declining trend, and the maximum value is 18.07 %. In addition, when the air-equivalence ratio is lower than 0.14, the rising of air equivalence ratio makes biochar more disordered due to the newly formed C–O structures, and the total Raman intensity will thereby continue to increase.

Effect of Water Vapor on Hydrogen Isotopes Separation by Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell

IntroductionHydrogen isotopes are protium (H), deuterium (D) and tritium (T). D and T are important materials not only for fission and fusion reactors, but also for semiconductors since the strong hydrogen termination improves the durability. Various techniques for hydrogen isotope separation have been known for long time, but they have some drawbacks such as low separation efficiency and poor energy consumption. Therefore, new separation and purification methods are required.In polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), wettability is optimized well and small amount of Pt catalyst is used. The configuration is also key issue for the conventional method of water-hydrogen chemical exchange. Therefore, we investigated the effect of water in hydrogen isotope separation by PEFC [1].ExperimentalA mixture hydrogen gas of H2 and D2 was supplied to the PFEC. The separation factor for dry and wet gas flow was measured, respectively. Hydrogen gas and water vapor from PEFC were analyzed by quadrupole mass spectrometry (Q-mass) and Fourier infrared spectrometer (FTIR), respectively. The separation factor and mass balance were calculated.Results and discussionWhen no electricity was generated, FTIR results showed that D was enriched in water vapor. This is explained by a gas-phase chemical exchange reaction occurring on a platinum catalyst. When the PEFC was operated, the electrochemical reaction promoted the D separation. A large amount of D (about 45%) was transferred to water vapor during power generation. The separation factor was approximately 1.7, while it was approximately 1.3 for no generation. The present results suggested that gas-phase chemical exchange and the cell reaction had a synergistic effect on D separation.

Determination of the pressure and composition of wet gas fluid inclusions: An in situ Raman spectroscopic approach

Carbonaceous fluid within mineral-hosted inclusions provides important information for carbon cycle in deep Earth. In addition to CH4 and CO2, heavy hydrocarbons (e.g., C2H6 and C3H8) are frequently observed in carbonaceous fluid inclusions (i.e, wet gas inclusions with C1/∑Ci < 0.95). However, determination of the composition of such complex volatiles is difficult based on traditional microthermometric measurements. Here we carried out experimental calibrations on Raman spectroscopic measurements of the pressure (P) and composition of the CH4 ± C2H6 ± C3H8 ± H2S system at room temperature and 0.1–130 MPa. We confirmed that the C–H symmetric stretching vibration band of CH4 [ν1(CH4), ∼2917 cm−1] shifted to lower wavenumber with rising pressure, thus the P-ν1(CH4) relationship could be applied to calculate the pressure of wet gas. It should be noted that the presence of C2+ and/or H2S will shift the [ν1(CH4)] to lower wavenumber at constant pressure (with the order of C3H8 ≥ H2S > C2H6). Obviously, the P-ν1(CH4) relationship derived from pure CH4 system could not be simply applied to wet gas inclusion, otherwise the pressure would be overestimated. To avoid the overlap of the C–H vibrations of CH4, C2H6 and C3H8, the peak areas and peak heights of the overtone vibration of CH4 [2ν4(CH4), ∼2580 cm−1], C–C symmetric stretching vibrations of C2H6 [ν3(C2H6), ∼995 cm−1] and C3H8 [ν8(C3H8), ∼868 cm−1], and S–H symmetric stretching vibration of H2S [ν1(H2S), ∼2612 cm−1] were fitted using Gaussian + Lorentz functions. The obtained peak areas and peak heights were then used to calculate the Raman quantification factors (F factor and G factor, respectively) of C2H6, C3H8 and H2S relative to CH4, respectively. Both the F factor and G factor increased with rising pressure, whereas the FC2H6, FC3H8 and GH2S kept nearly constant at ∼5.69, 6.39 and 153.8, respectively in high pressure gas mixtures (e.g., >30 MPa). Therefore, for inclusions with higher internal pressure, the molar ratio of CH4, C2H6, C3H8 and H2S could be determined by the aforementioned F and G factors. This method was applied to the calcite-hosted single-phase gas inclusions in the Upper Permian Changxing Formation carbonate reservoir from the eastern Sichuan Basin (South China). Our results indicated that the trapping pressure would be obviously overestimated if the presence of heavy hydrocarbons was not taken into account.

Uncertainty and disturbance estimator-based model predictive control for wet flue gas desulphurization system

Uncertainty and disturbance estimator-based model predictive control for wet flue gas desulphurization system

Assessing the impact of wet and dry flue gas recycling on heat transfer in oxygen-fired circulating fluidized bed furnaces

Oxygen-driven circulating fluidized bed combustion (oxy-CFB) has been suggested as a potential technique for facilitating carbon capture in large-scale power generation. Precise modeling of radiative heat transfer is vital for forecasting the thermal performance of such processes. This research examines the impact of wet and dry flue gas recycling on the thermal behavior of a large-scale oxy-CFB furnace, utilizing a combined modeling strategy that merges a three-dimensional furnace process model with a thermal radiation solver. The semi-empirical furnace model operates in steady-state conditions, accounting for fluid dynamics, reactions, and heat transfer phenomena. The radiation solver, based on the zone method, employs novel correlations for radiative heat exchange between optically thick zones. The radiation solver employs a weighted sum of the gray gases model, developed specifically for oxy-combustion, and geometric optics to determine the radiative characteristics of combustion gases and particles, respectively.This research covers various process conditions and boiler loads to evaluate the influence of wet versus dry flue gas recycling on heat transfer and temperature profiles. Model results were successfully compared against small-scale oxygen-fired CFB tests and large-scale measurements in a supercritical air-fired CFB. Utilizing an external radiation solver allows for a more precise representation of radiative heat transfer and the influence of varying process conditions. The insights from this research can aid in the design of large-scale oxy-CFB facilities, and the demonstrated modeling approach can be employed for additional model development, such as integrating the external radiation solver with other modeling tools.

Organic petrology and geochemistry of the Devonian-Mississippian bakken formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota

The Devonian–Mississippian (D–M) black shales of the Bakken Formation are of interest as a hydrocarbon source due to their high total organic carbon (TOC; 2.2–17.4%) content. The Upper and Lower Members of the Bakken Fm. are shallow marine (100–150 m) sequences. Thirty samples were selected for maceral identification, kerogen typing, and solid bitumen reflectance (SBRo) based on TOC content and down-core spacing. The shales contain alginite, bituminite, abundant solid bitumen (SB), and minor amounts of inertinite. Solid bitumen increases in quantity with increasing thermal maturity. Pyrolysis (85 samples) provided S1 (avg. 8.0 mg HC/g rock), S2 (avg. 24.3 mg HC/g rock), hydrogen index (HI; avg. 201 mg HC/g TOC), oxygen index (OI; avg. 7 mg CO2/g TOC), and Ro (0.60–1.03%) calculated from Tmax. Plots of HI vs. OI and HI vs. Tmax (°C) were used to assess kerogen type but are not consistently in agreement with the petrographic assessment. Some samples from more thermally mature cores plot as Type III (vitrinite) kerogen instead of Type II (alginite and bituminite) kerogen, the latter confirmed through petrographic observations of lower maturation samples. This is largely due to increased SB in more thermally mature samples (Ro = 0.83–1.03%), as SB is known to have a lower HI content than Type II kerogen. Petrographic data show more alginite and bituminite (19–55%) in the thermally less mature samples (Ro = 0.60–0.83%) compared to more dispersed SB (67–86%) and less alginite and bituminite (<1%) in the more thermally mature samples (Ro = 0.89–1.01%).Early research on the Bakken Fm. reported lower than expected vitrinite reflectance values and attributed them to vitrinite “suppression”. The scarcity of vitrinite and abundance of SB suggest that early work likely reported reflectance on SB. Recent attempts to assess the thermal maturity of the Bakken black shales have converted SBRo to vitrinite reflectance equivalence (VRE). However, there are multiple SB populations present in these shales and it is not always clear which SB populations were included, possibly contributing to error. In the current study, only smooth, homogenous SB was measured (0.68–1.14% SBRo) and VRE values calculated (0.54–1.49%) to assess thermal maturity from the basin margin to the depocenter; inclusion of measurements on granular, heterogeneous SB (14–21 vol%), which are ~53% lower than those for smooth, homogenous SB (3–12 vol%), results in lower mean reflectances, especially in more mature samples. Vitrinite reflectance equivalent data calculated using the D–M New Albany Shale equation of Liu et al. (2019) agrees with liptinite fluorescence and Rock-Eval Ro, whereas VRE based on the D–M Woodford Shale equation of Cardott and Comer (2021) does not. This suggests the importance of applying VRE equations from similar formations both in terms of thermal history, as well as kerogen type and age. Results from SBRo, Rock-Eval Ro, VRE, and observations of alginite fluorescence indicate that samples from the current study range from the early oil window into the condensate, wet gas zone.

Modeling of arsenic migration and emission characteristics in coal-fired power plants

After coal combustion, the minerals present in fly ash can adsorb arsenic (As) during flue gas cooling and reduce As emissions. However, a quantitative description of this adsorption behavior is lacking. Herein, the As adsorption characteristics of minerals (Al/Ca/Fe/K/Mg/Na/Si) were investigated, and a model was developed to predict As content in fly ash. Lab-scale experiments and density functional theory calculations were performed to obtain mineral As adsorption potential. Then, the model was established using lab-scale experimental data for 11 individual coals. The model was validated using lab-scale data from ten blended coals and demonstrated acceptable performance, with prediction errors of 2.83–11.45 %. The model was applied to a 350 MW coal-fired power plant (CFPP) with five blended coals, and As concentration in the flue gas was predicted from a mass balance perspective. The experimental and predicted As contents in fly ash were 11.92–16.15 and 9.61–12.55 μg/g, respectively, with a prediction error of 17.39–22.29 %, and those in flue gas were 11.52–16.58 and 5.37–34.04 μg/Nm3. Finally, As distribution in the CFPP was explored: 0.74–1.51 % in bottom ash, 74.05–82.70 % in electrostatic precipitator ash, 0.53–1.19 % in wet flue gas desulfurization liquid, and 0.13–0.73 % in flue gas at the stack inlet.

Impact of H2O on CO2 adsorption and co-adsorption: Mechanism and high-performance adsorbents for efficient H2O-CO2 capture

Physical adsorbents used for CO2 capture from air directly and wet CO2 flue gas have limited effectiveness due to competitive adsorption of H2O and CO2. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the impact of H2O on CO2 adsorption and investigate the co-adsorption mechanism in order to enhance the screening, design, and optimization of carbon capture systems. Herein, heat treatments are performed on commercial NaX zeolites to modify the composition of the O-T-O (T = Al, Si) framework. Our systematic investigation based on thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR), and density-functional theory (DFT) calculation, the connection between the structure of NaX zeolite and H2O and CO2 adsorption/desorption is established. The heat-induced changes in the O-T-O (T = Al, Si) framework produce movements of the loaded Na+ ions. Hydrogen bonds formed by agglomerated adsorbed H2O constitute the primary source of desorption heat, which adversely affects CO2 mass transfer and adsorption. Our findings illustrate that modifying the distribution of Na+ ions in the O-T-O (T = Al, Si) framework can reduce the CO2 adsorption energy and prevent the formation of water agglomerates. Our findings provide insights into the design of efficient and high-capacity adsorbents for CO2 capture that can be operated in the presence of H2O.

The efficacy of carbon molecular sieve and solid amine for CO2 separation from a simulated wet flue gas by an internally heated/cooled temperature swing adsorption process

Considering that most sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are also waste heat sources, CO2 recovery using self–generated low–temperature waste heat is desirable. This study examines CO2 enrichment and recovery via a temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process. The low–temperature heating–driven TSA process requires an alternative regeneration method to conventional air heating to avoid dilution of the desorbed CO2, and to apply it to actual gas, using an adsorbent that does not lose its CO2 adsorption capacity because of coexisting water vapor is necessary. Zeolites tested in our previous study lose their CO2 adsorption ability under a humid feed gas and a low–temperature regeneration condition. For the former, efficacy of an internally heated and cooled adsorbent–packed fin–coil heat exchanger has been confirmed. This study thus attempts to overcome the latter issue by employing carbon molecular sieve (CMS) and solid–supported polyethyleneimine (PEI) as CO2 adsorbents. The effects of moisture in the inlet gas on the separation performance of adsorbents were investigated. The study reveals that PEI required moisture to extend for CO2 adsorption, and CO2 separation performance increased with higher humidity. PEI can produce the desorbed gas with a CO2 concentration of ∼ 45 % and a recovery ratio of ∼ 70 % from feed gas (CO2 concentration of ∼ 10 %) at a dew point temperature of 15 °C. Conversely, the CMS separation performance is almost independent of humidity. The desorbed gas of CMS indicates a CO2 concentration of only ∼ 30 % and a recovery of ∼ 30 %. The flow of the volumetric desorbed gases and the CO2 concentration rate indicates that CMS has the potential for reducing heat consumption by shortening the regeneration time because most of the CO2 desorbs during the early regeneration step. For increasing the concentration of recovered CO2, a severe control valve is required to eliminate the desorbed nitrogen (N2) accompanied by CO2. In contrast, CO2 desorption from PEI is slower than that in CMS, and PEI needs a relatively longer regeneration time.

Multi-functionalized MCNs effectively improve the interfacial compatibility of mixed matrix membranes and enhance CO2 separation performance

Traditional two-dimensional (2D) membrane fillers are prone to interfacial defects such as agglomeration and phase separation in the membrane, limiting the separation performance of membrane. In this paper, microporous carbon nanoplates (MCNs) with controllable microporous structures were functionalized with two different amine carriers of low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) to prepare multi-functionalized microporous carbon nanoplates (MfMCNs). It is worth noting that with the success of composite functionalization, the filling content of mixed matrix membranes is also high to a certain extent. To a certain extent, it has been demonstrated that interfacial compatibility between the polymer and the fillers has been improved. It was confirmed by characterization technology that the morphology of the fillers had not been changed, but the pore size of MfMCNs was declined to 0.53–0.55 nm because part of the amino carrier was immersed in the pore structure of MfMCNs. The gas permeability tests under dry gas and wet gas conditions show that the improvement of phase interface by MfMCNs is significant. Under the condition of a dry gas test, the CO2/N2 selectivity of MfMCNs/Pebax-1.0 wt% MMMs is 76.3, which is 27 % higher than that of MCNs/Pebax-1.0 wt% MMMs. Under the moisture condition, the permeability and selectivity of MfMCNs/Pebax-1.0 wt% MMMs CO2 are 287.72 Barrer and 79.1 separately. Compared with Pebax membrane, the permeability of CO2 (176.6 Barrer) was rose by 62.9 %, and the selectivity of CO2 (59.1) was rose by 33.84 %. Significantly, the best MMMs separation performance exceeds upper limit of Robeson. This provides a powerful strategy to strengthen the compatibility between inorganic materials and polymers and strengthen the performance of MMMs in CO2 gas capture.

Associated Petroleum Gas: Environmental, Utilization, and Economic Rationale

This study intends to shed light on associated gas from an economic standpoint, due to its various applications instead of oil, and from an environmental standpoint, due to the damage it does when burned during crude oil extraction. APG is a key raw material in the production of electricity and heating energy, as well as a variety of petrochemical products. Furthermore, APG has higher levels of water, which is known as wet gas, and hydrogen sulphide, which is known as sour gas. Helium, a marginally useful by-product, may be discovered in significant quantities. Different countries(Russia, Iraq, Iran, the US, Algeria, Venezuela, and Nigeria) have been the most prominent flare-ups over the past nine years. Also, these countries produced approximately 40% of the world’s oil per year, however they are also responsible for almost two-thirds (65%) of the world’s gas flaring. Flaring associated petroleum gas occurs for a variety of causes, which may be divided into difficult causes and soft causes. On another hand, When gas is flared, a considerable amount of pollutants are emitted. Flare stack smoke indicates an inefficient combustion process, which increases the volume of harmful pollutants generated into the surrounding environment, such as volatile organic compounds.

THE EFFECT OF MAN-MADE MICROFILLERS ON THE STRENGTH OF ADHESION TO THE BASE OF THE SOLUTION OF THE DRY CONSTRUCTION MIXTURE

Purpose. The study consists in increasing the adhesion of a cement-based dry mortar to a concrete base by modifying the composition with microfine waste from industrial production. When using microfine fillers of technogenic origin, the cost of production should decrease, the energy efficiency of production will increase, and the technogenic impact on the environment will decrease. Methodology. The study of dry mixtures for the installation of poured floors was carried out in accordance with DSTU B V. 2.7-126:2011 "Modified dry construction mixtures. General technical conditions". The basis was a cement-based dry building mix with the composition: cement, quartz sand, plasticizer, Bermocoll cellulose, redispersed copolymer powder. As modifiers: sludge from the wet gas cleaning of the ferrosilicon production of the Zaporizhia Ferroalloy Plant, water softening sludge from the Kharkiv Heat and Power Plant, expanded clay dust from the Kharkiv expanded clay plant. Findings. The dependence of the strength of adhesion with the base of the samples on the amount and type of microfillers of technogenic origin has been established. The effect of water softening sludge and expanded clay dust on the strength of adhesion to the base is analyzed. Originality. The impact of incorporating microdispersed fillers such as wet gas desulfurization sludge from ferrosilicon production, expanded clay dust, and water softening sludge into a cement-based dry construction mixture for self-leveling floors has been studied. Practical value. The use of industrial waste in warehouses of dry construction mixes for bulk floors helps to simultaneously reduce the harmful impact on the environment by industrial enterprises and increase the mechanical and economic indicators of cement mortars. When adding expanded clay dust and sludge from wet gas cleaning of ferrosilicon production, the contact zone between the solution and the concrete base increases. As a result, the adhesion strength of the solution to the base increases.

Removal of multiple pollutants in air pollution control devices of a coal-fired boiler installed with a flue gas condensation scrubber

This work was conducted through field tests on a coal-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler with a condensation scrubber (CS) for flue gas waste heat recovery installed behind the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) scrubber. Levels of multiple pollutants were investigated along various flue gas devices of the boiler, with the CS being the main focus. The CS demonstrated an excellent effect in removing filterable particulate matter (FPM), reducing it from 10.63–14.00 mg/Nm3 to less than 1 mg/Nm3, providing an alternative solution for ultra-low emission. The CS had the ability to remove SO2, reducing it from 211.8–272.0 mg/Nm3 to 11.1–13.0 mg/Nm3, which could be an aid to the WFGD scrubber. The CS showed an effect on SO3 removal, reducing it from 17.49–17.53 mg/Nm3 to 1.07–1.13 mg/Nm3, which might address the discharge of sulphate aerosols. The CS exhibited an effect in removing condensable particulate matter (CPM), reducing it from 29.68–38.48 mg/Nm3 to 12.18–22.80 mg/Nm3, providing a potential solution for CPM emission control. In addition, the escape of fine desulfurization slurry droplets from the WFGD scrubber could also be mitigated by the CS with the reduction efficiency of 88.30–90.51%. Overall, the synergistic removal of multiple pollutants including FPM, SO2, SO3, and CPM by the CS was verified in this case study. Considering its original function of waste heat recovery, the adoption of the CS is a promising measure for energy conservation and environmental protection.