Western Wind Research Articles

Effect of wind–wave conditions on the distribution of the phytoplankton community in the coastal area of the southern Crimea in spring (Black Sea)

Based on the measurement data obtained during the 121th cruise of the RV Professor Vodyanitsky, regularities were established between spatial distribution of quantitative characteristics and phytoplankton species composition, chlorophyll a concentration, and hydrometeorological parameters of the environment on the southern Crimean coast in the spring 2022. Chlorophyll a concentration was compared with satellite observation data of high spatial resolution. In selected areas with different shelf depths, the features of the distribution of phytoplankton indicators under conditions of changing hydrometeorological parameters were studied. The mechanisms of vertical water exchange were described. In coastal waters of the Crimea (Foros–Novy Svet), with intense western wind contributing to Ekman upwelling and low water temperature is a consequence of the upwelling, rather high values of phytoplankton biomass and abundance and chlorophyll a concentration were recorded, which were accompanied by the highest values of oxygen content. In the area of Sudak–Feodosiya, with intense northeastern wind and waves and with quite high water temperature, low dissolved oxygen, low values of phytoplankton biomass and abundance and chlorophyll a concentration were registered. Apparently, in Sevastopol area, Ekman upwelling arises under the effect of northern and northwestern winds. In three regions, dinoflagellate microalgae prevailed in spring 2022 in phytoplankton biomass. Those accounted for 52, 66, 81 % of the total number of species identified in the regions: Foros–Novy Svet, Sudak–Feodosiya, near Sevastopol, respectively. Thus, the main mechanisms were analyzed, which drive spatial distribution of quantitative characteristics and species composition of the phytoplankton community in the Crimean coastal water area with different shelf depths in spring.

Research on deep learning video game simulation algorithm based on western wind music

Deep learning technology and graphics computing technology have made important progress in recent years, making video game technology develop. Western orchestral music based on video game technology has been significantly improved in both human–computer experience and game fun. Therefore, an optimized reinforcement learning (Deep Q Networks, DQN) video game simulation algorithm is proposed. The first is to optimize the network activation function, integrate the ReLU and Softlus functions to design a new piecewise activation function, and use it as a fully connected function of the network. Secondly, the Gabor filter is improved and replaces the traditional filter of the network. Finally, the improved filter and the game image are used to obtain the directional features, and the dimensionality reduction of the features is realized by the kernel principal component analysis (PCA) method, the network training parameters are obtained, and the game simulation is completed. In order to verify the improved DQN game simulation model, two games were selected to participate in the experiment. In the game test of the orchestra simulator, the proposed ReLU-Softplus is the best in the orchestra experience, with the highest score of 126, while the average score of ReLU, Sigmaid, Tanh and ReLU-Softplus are 59.6, 57.2, 52.6 and 64.7. Compared with the other three functions, ReLU-Softplus has a 13.2% improvement. It can be seen that ReLU-Softplus has a better experience of wind games. We still take the pipe game as the test object, adopt the improved Gabor and ReLU-Softplus, and use KPCA to reduce the dimension of the game data features. When the curvature coefficient is 0.3, the DQN model has the highest score in the game test, with a score of 159.6, and the best average score is 93.5, which is better than 73.6 without the improved Gabor. It can be seen that the improved DQN game simulation algorithm can significantly optimize the game scoring effect. The research content has important reference value for improving the experience of western wind music video games and improving the game scoring mechanism.

Importance of Indoor Small Western Wind Bands in Colleges and Universities

Importance of Indoor Small Western Wind Bands in Colleges and Universities

A novel model-driven deterministic approach to wind power imputation

Wind data play a crucial role in the advanced planning, design, and maintenance of wind farms, scheduling, energy production, and accurate distribution. Most of the measured wind dataset comprises missing observations due to several reasons, including the failure of measuring devices, human mistakes, environmental impact, and natural calamities. Completing the missing observations in a wind dataset without losing significant information is still a challenging task currently. In the present research, a novel deterministic approach to wind power data imputation based on the wind speed-power model is proposed and validated using the 15 western wind datasets (capacity of 25–40 MW). The validation outcomes result in the minimum value of the root mean square error for the imputed value of the rated and score-lite wind power which exhibits the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Climate change in the western part of the Russian Arctic in 1980–2021. Part 1. Air temperature, precipitation, wind

The warming of the Arctic climate is confirmed by changes in the main hydrometeorological values of the atmosphere and ocean over a long period of time, and it is most pronounced in the recent decades. Based on monthly average data from the reanalysis of NASA MERRA-2 satellite measurements, we studied climate changes in air temperature, precipitation, and wind speed in the region of the western part of the Russian Arctic (60°–75° N, 30°–85° E) over 1980–2021. The transition between 2000 and 2001 was chosen as the time boundary between the periods, based on the application of the model of stepwise transitions from one quasi-stationary regime to another. Using this method, 2001 was found to be the smallest step year in the western Russian Arctic region. Significant changes in the parameters studied between the periods 1980–2000 and 2001–2021 are shown. Moreover, the strongest increase in temperature was observed for the months of November and April, which indicates a shift in the boundaries of the seasons — a later start and an early end of winter. It was found that in the period 2001–2021 the temperature increased most rapidly in the water areas of the Barents and Kara seas, and this growth occurred with acceleration. Negative temperature changes were found in the winter season in the areas where large rivers flow into the Barents and Kara Seas. It is hypothesized that this is due to the detected increase in the amount of precipitation in the catchment area of these rivers in 2001–2021 compared to 1980–2000. It is shown that the detected increase in the amount of precipitation is associated with a significant change in the atmospheric circulation in the region under study. In the summer season and September the western wind intensified in the region under study. During the winter season 2001–2021 in the Barents and Kara Seas the south wind increased compared to 1980–2000. Thus, significant changes in the climate of the western part of the Russian Arctic occurred during the time period considered. Westerly transport from the North Atlantic has intensified, precipitation has increased, and there has been an accelerated rise in temperature. All this contributed to the “atlantification” of the climate of the western part of the Russian Arctic.

The Proclivities of Witches

The Proclivities of Witches Leslie Stonebraker (bio) I find, as I age, that I better understand the proclivities of witches. Keep the children safe inside the tower. Provide the children with nourishment: spun sugar windows to lick and hard cake walls on which to nibble. Teach the children useful skills, like sweeping cinders and spinning flax. Protect the children from the prying eyes of princes who see only a pretty face, a lilting voice, an empty vessel to fill with seed and bear their children, so those children can be rescued by more princes to bear more children, and on and on until royal is just another word for average. Naturally we try to intervene—we, the shrews, the crones, shrouded bodies bent beneath the weight of our terrible magics. Only we have the tools to halt the endless cycle of hardly consensual happily-ever-afters. We are capable, independent women. We have the resources, time, and attention to properly grow the little creatures of this world. We understand that a child should know things, like how to ride the current of the wind, how to cultivate a rampion, how to avoid the kind of kisses that cause forgetfulness. Sure, we may have an odd craving or two. But who hasn’t thought a chubby infant thigh looked delicious? Who hasn’t seen distortion reflected in a magic mirror? I find, as I age, that I better understand the proclivities of witches. [End Page 1] No longer do I identify with those following the second star to the right—now my heart breaks for their parents, left behind to sit at a picture window waiting for children who may never fly home. I feel for the pirate endlessly tortured by a tyrannical little boy who can’t leave well enough alone. Why shouldn’t three bears live happily in their own home, undisturbed by entitled trespassers upsetting delicate family dynamics? Kings are right— teenage mermaids are much too young to fall in anything more than lustful fantasy after a dramatic moment on a beach. And sea witches, they’re right too, to demonstrate how fickle young men can be, how poor their recollection of a supposedly magical encounter. That little mermaid should have learned something about life and love, should have more closely examined her happy ending before trotting down the aisle on a shapely new pair of legs. Now, as I watch the Disney credits roll, I’m certain the prince will negotiate a timeshare for winter weekends at the undersea castle as part of the divorce. Now I find myself wondering: when did grown-ups become the villains of these stories? When did I become a grown-up? I find, as I age, that I better understand the proclivities of witches. My tawny summer children are ill-prepared to face the Big Bad Wolf huffing particles of disease, trying to blow our house down. Like a witch, I conceal them from the dangers of this world, shutter every window against the western wind and hang blue-eyed amulets to ward off evil watchers. I closely guard my son’s and daughter’s innocence, banishing the voices of the princes on the television with a wave of my magic wand. I ply my children with sweets when they become uneasy, so I can watch their bodies stretch into the humans they’ll become. I am responsible for this bit of magic, this spark of something that came from the emptiness inside of me. I will not let it be stolen. I am sure one day my children will rewrite me as the covetous hag, envious of their golden youth, unable to let them go. They will tell of their escape from my clutches, revise their childhood fairy tale as a coming-of-age story, a necessary fall from grace, a seductive bite from the fruit of the tree of knowledge so they could finally embrace the real world. But for now, I embrace the witches and cackle as I build an evergreen garden inside my castle, pull up the drawbridge, and shut the world away. [End Page 2] Leslie Stonebraker Leslie Stonebraker lives in New Hampshire with her husband...

Gendhing Sekaten. (2010) 2020Gendhing Pahargyan. (2012) 2020Gendhing Kurmat Dalem. 2020Gendhing Gati. (2015) 2020Gendhing Gati Volume 2. 2020Gendhing Soran Volume 1. 2021

Gendhing Sekaten. (2010) 2020Gendhing Pahargyan. (2012) 2020Gendhing Kurmat Dalem. 2020Gendhing Gati. (2015) 2020Gendhing Gati Volume 2. 2020Gendhing Soran Volume 1. 2021

Spatiotemporal propagating decadal signal of ocean heat content and thermocline depth identified in the tropical Pacific

Tropical Pacific decadal variability (TPDV) and its mechanisms are essential for understanding long-term variations in global climate. The spatiotemporal pattern of this decadal variation has yet to be clarified. Here, on the basis of observational data with the help of the adaptive data analysis method, we extracted and investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of the tropical Pacific decadal variability in upper ocean heat content (UOHC) and thermocline depth. The tropical decadal signal propagated eastward along the equator from the western Pacific to the eastern Pacific after the 1970s, with a speed of 4–5 cm s−1 yielding a decadal oscillation of approximately 11–13 years. This decadal variability of the thermocline fluctuations (UOHC) was proven to be closely correlated with western wind anomalies since the 1970s and may have been induced by the regime shift of the Pacific decadal oscillation. These peaks of decadal signals corresponded well with the strong El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, reflecting nonlinear rectification of ENSOs on TPDV. Moreover, the TPDV showed a modulating signal on moderate and weak ENSO events.

Interval deep learning architecture with rough pattern recognition and fuzzy inference for short-term wind speed forecasting

In recent decades, wind power is rapidly becoming a significant energy resource due to environmental considerations. The accuracy of wind energy forecasts is closely dependent on the prediction of wind speed time series. In this paper, a novel solution for ultra-short-term and short-term wind speed forecasting is introduced. The proposed method consists of a novel real-valued Deep Belief Network (DBN) with a new Rough feature extraction layer (RFEL) and a Fuzzy Type II Inference System (FT2IS) for robust supervised regression. To learn meaningful unsupervised features from the underlying wind speed data, real-valued input units are computed to better approximate the wind data distribution compared to the existing deep learning models. The proposed differentiable RFEL can be applied to any neural network to efficiently extract noise invariant features. A Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) system with interval Gaussian membership functions is employed for the supervised forecasting task. The high generalization capacity of the proposed unsupervised feature learning model incorporated into the robust RFEL and FT2IS leads to accurate predictions for highly varying wind speed time series. Numerical results on the Western Wind Dataset reveal significant performance improvements compared to recently proposed Deep Learning Architectures (DLAs), including the DBN, Stacked Autoencoder (SAE), and hybrid methodologies that leverage backtracking and metaheuristic optimization.

Frontal Dynamics in the Alboran Sea: 2. Processes for Vertical Velocities Development

AbstractSignificant lateral density gradients occur throughout the year in the Alboran Sea, giving rise to two main fronts: the Western Alboran Gyre Front (WAGF) and Eastern Alboran Gyre Front (EAGF), where large vertical velocities often develop. To improve the understanding of the processes that underlie the development of the vertical velocities in the fronts, the periods of development were analyzed in the perspective of the frontogenesis, instabilities, non‐linear Ekman, and filamentogenesis mechanisms, using multi‐platform in‐situ observations and a high‐resolution realistic simulation in spring 2018. The spatio‐temporal characteristics of the WAGF indicate a wider, deeper, and longer‐lasting front than the EAGF. Additionally, the WAGF shows stronger and deeper upwelling and downwelling regions. The WAGF vertical velocities (up to |55| m/day) are amplified by an across‐front ageostrophic secondary circulation generated by: (a) frontal intensification explained by frontogenesis, which shows a sharpening of buoyancy gradients associated with the Atlantic Jet, (b) nonlinear Ekman effects, that are enhanced by the persistent western wind blowing along the frontal direction, and (c) submesoscale instabilities (symmetric and ageostrophic baroclinic instabilities). The EAGF vertical velocities (up to |38| m/day) are amplified by two asymmetrical ageostrophic cells developed across the front with a narrow upwelling region in the middle. The cell's circulation is explained by frontal intensification produced by filamentogenesis through a cold filament advection to the Mediterranean Sea interior, that is characterized by pointy isopycnals at the center of the filament. This mechanism is observed in both the model and glider observations.

GATI LAMBANGSIH LARAS SLENDRO PATHET MANYURA SEBAGAI KARYA INOVASI KARAWITAN GAYA YOGYAKARTA: KAJIAN MUSIKALITAS DAN KARAKTER GENDING

Gati Lambangsih laras slendro pathet manyura is one of the Yogyakarta musical styles which was created during the reign of Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X. This new creation in the ladrang format complements Beksan Bedaya's aesthetic Lambangsari, which was held at the Uyon-Uyon Hadiluhung event on December 28, 2020, at Kagungan Dalem Ward Srimanganti. Unlike other gending Gati, Gati This symbol is presented with a slendro-barreled gamelan in collaboration with brass section western wind music. Of course, the new taste of Gending Gati cannot be separated from the motivation and concept of its creation. However, musically, working and blending Gamelan and brass sections require carefulness in achieving harmony in the musical presentation.

A Comparison of the emotion perception between the timbre of Korean traditional and Western wind instrument

본 연구는 전통 관악기와 서양 관악기 음색에 대한 정서 지각의 차이를 비교하는 것에 목적을 두었다. 본 연구에서는 20대 일반 성인을 대상으로 음악 감상 과제가 포함된 온라인 실험연구를 진행하였다. 연구에 참여한 총 64명의 대상자는 전통 관악기인 피리와 대금, 서양 관악기인 오보에와 플루트의 음원을 듣고 각 악기의 음색에 대한 정서 지각의 하위 요인인 이완도, 정서적 역동감, 무게감, 질감, 명료도, 친숙도 총 여섯 가지 항목을 평가하도록 하였으며, 연구 대상자의 응답 결과를 수집 및 분석하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과, 전통악기 및 서양악기와 리드 여부에 따른 네 가지 관악기 음색에 대한 정서 지각의 하위 요인 중 이완도와 질감에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나, 리드가 없는 관악기인 대금과 플루트, 서양악기인 오보에와 플루트의 음색이 더 부드럽고 이완도가 높은 것으로 지각하였으며, 네 가지 관악기 음색에 대한 이완도와 질감의 상호작용도 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 리드 여부에 따른 전통 관악기와 서양 관악기 음색 간의 정서 지각 차이를 비교하기 위해 분석한 결과, 리드가 있는 피리의 음색은 오보에의 음색보다 이완도가 낮고 정서적 역동감이 높게 느껴지며, 거친 음색으로 지각하였다. 리드가 없는 대금의 음색은 플루트의 음색보다 무거운 음색으로 지각하며 덜 부드러운 음색으로 지각하였다. 본 연구 결과는 네 가지 관악기 음색에서 지각된 정서의 차이를 전통악기 및 서양악기와 리드 여부로 구분하여 살펴봄으로써 직접적인 연관성을 밝힌데 의의가 있다. 이를 근거하여 전통 악기 및 서양 악기와 리드 여부에 따라 관악기 음색에서 지각되는 다양한 정서를 이해하는 기초 연구 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Numerical Simulations of Large Forest Fires in the East Coastal Region of Korea Considering the Yangganjipung Local Wind

The east coastal region in Gangwon-do, Korea, has a high risk of large forest fires in the spring owing to the local wind called Yangganjipung. The East Coast forest fire of April 2000, the Yangyang forest fire of April 2005, and the Goseong forest fire of April 2019 are examples of large-scale forest fires caused by Yangganjipung. In the spring, the low pressure in the south and the high pressure in the north in Korea result in a western wind. This western wind is called Yangganjipung, and it exhibits characteristics of high temperatures, dryness, and high wind speeds over the Taebaek Mountains. Given that the risk of large forest fires is high in the east coastal region, the local government has established a forest fire prevention center to respond efficiently to such events. However, limitations pertaining to controlling the natural environment and limited equipment and workforce exist. In this study, the characteristics of previous forest fires in the east coastal region were analyzed through case studies, and two-dimensional numerical simulations of the Goseong forest fire of April 2019 were performed. The spreads of the predicted and actual forest fires were similar. In addition, forest fire spreading can be predicted more accurately if the model is improved by clarifying the terrain and fuel details. An effective plan for providing evacuation routes and resource allocation to mitigate large forest fires can thus be achieved using numerical simulation results.

Study of the content of fluorides in atmospheric air in Bokhtar region and Tursunzade city of Tajikistan

Background: The emission and presence of air pollutants such as fluorides has over burdenized the public healthcare issues. The current study aimed to determine the content of fluorides in atmospheric air in Bokhtar region and Tursunzade city of Tajikistan. Methods: Based on the direction of wind, two zones were selected in the current study: experimental and control. In the first (experimental) zone, those areas were selected where the western, northern and northeastern directions of wind was significant. Dzhura Rakhmonov was assigned to the control zone with the shortest time for the eastward winds. In general, 72 samples of atmospheric air were taken in 12 settlements of the city of Tursunzade and 90 samples of atmospheric air in the Bokhtar region of the Khatlon province. To determine fluorine in air, a potentiometric method with an ion-selective electrode was used, which makes it possible to measure the potential concentrations of fluorides in atmospheric air. Results: Compounds of gaseous (hydrogen fluoride) and solid fluorine (salts of hydrofluoric acid), which are the main emission from various sources, were found in the atmospheric air of the populated areas of the city of Tursunzade, where the aluminum plant industry is located. The maximum amount of hydrogen fluoride in the experimental zone (Jamoat and Navobod) with a western wind direction was found in the autumn, which exceeded the MPC. However, the amount of solid fluorides in the western direction of the wind ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 mg / m3, which did not exceed the MPC value and was not significant. In control zone (Dzhura Rakhmonov) the said pollutants hydrogen fluoride and solid fluorine were not significant in autumn within accordance to MPC limit. The results of the study of atmospheric air in 15 administrative cities and districts of the Bokhtar region showed a complete absence of solid fluorides in all samples of atmospheric air. Conclusion: Compounds of gaseous fluorine and salts of hydrofluoric acid were found in the atmospheric air of populated areas of the city of Tursunzade, and no significant amounts in the Bokhtar region according to MPC and control. The maximum amount of fluorine compounds was found in the experimental zone (Jamoat Navobod) of the city of Tursunzade.

Effects of Solar Proton Events of January 2005 on the middle atmosphere dynamics in the Northern hemisphere

• The stratospheric polar vortex was strongly intensified in the course of Solar Proton Events in January 2005. • Intensification of the vortex seems to be associated with ionization increase. • The vortex state may be influenced by solar activity phenomena on a daily time scale. In January 2005, a series of strong Solar Proton Events (SPEs) associated with an enhancement of flare activity on the Sun occurred resulting in a considerable increase of ionization in the polar atmosphere. In this work an impact of these events on the middle atmosphere circulation in the Northern hemisphere is investigated on the base of daily values of western wind velocity at different stratospheric levels taken from NCEP-DOE reanalysis-2 archive. A noticeable increase of western wind velocity in the latitudinal belt 60–80°N at all the stratospheric levels was revealed in the course of SPEs under study. The detected effects provide evidence for intensification of the stratospheric polar vortex which plays an important part in the mechanism of solar-atmospheric links. It was shown that ionization changes associated with powerful SPEs and, possibly, auroral phenomena may influence the state of the stratospheric polar vortex on the day-to-day time scale. A possible reason for the polar vortex intensification seems to be temperature variations which may be associated with changes of chemical composition of the polar atmosphere caused by ionization increase, as well as with radiative forcing of cloud changes.

Old-Russian Stribog and his Ancient Greek Brother Astray

The essay analyses the name of a pagan God of the Ancient Rus Stribog, who was mentioned in “The Russian Primary Chronicle” and “The Tale of the Igor’s Campaign” and its connection with the ancient Greek mythology. The article suggests that an old-Russian god Stribog is similar to the ancient Greek god Astray, the father of the famous gods of winds, Boreas — the god of cold northern wind, Zephyr — the god of warm western wind, Anemoi — the god of hot southern wind and Eurus — the god of unstable eastern or south-eastern wind, who are often associated with the winds they symbolize in Russian poetry. The similarity of Stribog and Astray lays not only in their origins, but in the common root str-. The article concludes that because god Astray is not only the farther of the gods of the winds, but also the father of Venus and other stars, it is arguable that Stribog is both the grandfather of the winds and the Slavic god of the night sky.

Relations Between Durability of Spring Frosts and North Advection on Omega Blocking Over Iran

Blocking of atmospheric systems may lead to slowing down and even stopping the movement of western wind waves. This condition prolongs the warm days in catchment areas in front of the wave and induces continuation of cold and frost days in catchment areas behind the wave. The effect of cold and frost on the crops, especially in spring, is undeniable. Therefore, analyzing the blocking systems, named as omega, is important in Iran’s spring frost duration in southern middle latitudes. The daily minimum temperature data of 69 meteorological stations were collected from the Iranian Meteorological Organization from March 20, 1968, to June 21, 2014, in order to determine the effects of omega blocking systems on duration of the spring frost waves in Iran (equivalent to spring season in the Iranian calendar). By adjusting the tables of daily temperature distribution and plotting the frequency variation diagrams, 114 synoptic waves lasting 3–25 days were identified. Four durable waves (> 12 days) and ten low-durability waves (< 12 days) were identified by dividing the 114 waves into two groups (47 durable waves and 67 low-durability waves) and designing the atmospheric circulation pattern for the middle eastern region based on the air maps of 500 hPa. The results showed that blocking patterns usually occur in the areas of central Europe to the Black Sea basin and cause advective cold air from Scandinavian and central Russia basins to Iran, thereby resulting in durable frosts during spring.

Powerful Solar Proton Events of January 2005 and their impact on intensity of the stratospheric polar vortex

In January 2005, a series of powerful Solar Proton Events (SPEs) associated with an increase of flare activity on the Sun was observed. Increases of solar proton fluxes with energies 165-500 MeV allowing particles to reach stratospheric altitudes (∼30 km and below) were registered during the events starting on 15, 16 and 17 January. The strongest event, with particle energies exceeding 500 MeV, took place on 20 January and was accompanied by an increase of the neutron monitor counting rate (Ground Level Enhancement). The events under study resulted in a considerable increase of stratospheric ionization. In this work an impact of these events on intensity of the stratospheric polar vortex playing an important part in the mechanism of solar-atmospheric links is studied. A noticeable intensification of the vortex (increase of western wind velocity) was revealed at all the stratospheric levels in the course of the SPE series under study. It was shown that auroral activity (precipitations of auroral electrons generating bremsstrahlung X-rays) is also a possible factor of the vortex intensification. The obtained results provide evidence that ionization changes associated with powerful SPEs and auroral activity may influence the state of the stratospheric polar vortex on the day-to-day time scale. A possible cause of the vortex intensification seems to be temperature variations associated with changes of chemical composition of the polar stratosphere due to ionisation changes.

Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Storm Surge and Sea Level Rise Around Viti Levu, Fiji

Projecting the sea level rise (SLR), storm surges, and related inundation in the Pacific Islands due to climate change is important for assessing the impact of climate change on coastal regions as well as the adaptation of the coastal regions. The compounding effects of storm surges and SLR are one of the major causes of flooding and extreme events; however, a quantitative impact assessment that considers the topographical features of the island has not been properly conducted.Therefore, this study projects the impact of storm surge and SLR due to climate change on Viti Levu, which is the biggest and most populous island in Fiji. The impact of SLR on the inundation in coastal areas was simulated using a dynamic model based on the IPCC SROCC scenarios and the 1/100 years return period storm surge implemented based on the RCP8.5 equivalent scenario. The affected inundation area and population due to storm surges and SLRs are discussed based on the compound effects of SLR and storm surge.Although the contribution of SLR to the inundation area was quite significant, the 1/100 year storm surge increased by 10 to 50% of the inundation area. In addition, a narrow and shallow bay with a flat land area had the largest impact of storm surge inundation. Furthermore, the western wind direction had the most severe storm surge inundation and related population exposure due to the topographic and bathymetric characteristics of Viti Levu Island.

Wave Regime and Lithodynamics in the Region of the Western Crimea Accumulative Coasts

Purpose. The paper is aimed at obtaining the wave regime characteristics in the region of the Western Crimea accumulative coast, at constructing the scheme of the sediment along-coastal fluxes for various wind directions, at analyzing the previous notions on the lithodynamical processes in the region under study and their comparison with the obtained results. Methods and Results. The wave regime was analyzed using the results of the retrospective calculations of wind waves in the Black Sea derived due to the model SWAN and based on the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data for 1979–2018. The data of retrospective calculations performed by the method of annual maximums yielded the parameters of the waves of various repeatability. The sediment along-coastal flux was simulated and the schemes for six wind directions were constructed by the method including model values of the wave characteristics. Conclusions. Operative and extreme characteristics of the wind waves in the region under study are obtained. It is shown that in the above-mentioned area, the most intense sediment along-coastal fluxes occur being affected by the waves formed by the western, southwestern and southern winds. The northwestern and western winds give rise to the sediment main flux directed to the east. At the western wind, to the southeast from the Donuzlav sandbar and in the coast concavities, the sediments are transported in the opposite direction. When the winds are southwestern and southern, the sediment along-coastal flux move from the Cape Uret to Lake Donuzlav northern spit, where it meets the oppositely directed flux. To the southeast from Lake Donuzlav, the multidirectional fluxes arise; at that, in the coast concavities their convergence zones are formed. At the southeastern and eastern winds, the sediment along-coastal fluxes’ capacity decreases sharply; the fluxes are of multidirectional character and they form not a single flux on any of the long stretches of the coastline.