Western Part Of India Research Articles

Evaluation of success and risk factors for highway project performance through integrated analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy interpretive structural modelling

Public Private Partnership (PPP) models for highway projects in India face huge uncertainties throughout all phases of the project. This paper aims to identify and evaluate the different success and risk factors that play an important role in determining the success and failure of PPP projects in the western part of India. In this paper, the authors evaluate 73 success and risk factors, using two multi-criteria decision making methods. Based on literature and authors personal experience, these 73 factors have been identified from five different phases of the project under study. Analytical Hierarchy Process has been used for evaluation of the identified factors, and ranking has been done accordingly. After that, Fuzzy Interpretive Structural Modelling has been applied to 16 factors which have been identified through authors personal experience to quantify the level of risk involved in all those factors. Problem pertaining to land acquisition (F10) is evaluated as the most critical factor due to its very high risk level. Similarly, the other two factors are resettlement and rehabilitation problems (F11) and delay in approval of detailed project report (F4). These issues should be considered by the authorities for formulation of model concession agreements of future PPP road projects.

Blood Component Transfusion in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

ObjectivesTo study the rational use of the blood components in pediatric and neonatal wards.MethodsIt was a retrospective study conducted by department of pediatrics of a tertiary care centre in western part of India. The patients were included from the pediatric ward, pediatric surgery ward, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) over a period of three months. All the patients below 12 y of age receiving blood components, admitted in general pediatric wards, pediatric intensive care unit, neonatal intensive care unit and pediatric surgery ward were included in the study. Each transfusion episode was assessed as per predetermined guidelines.ResultsOf the total 336 episodes of blood component transfusions, 244 episodes were appropriate and 92 episodes were inappropriate. Among these, platelets had highest inappropriate (36.84%) episodes followed by fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (28.95%) and packed red blood cell transfusions (PRBC) (21.21%). Majority inappropriate transfusions were seen in intensive care settings.ConclusionsAlmost one-third of blood component transfusions (FFP, platelets and PRBC) were given without any definitive indication. Judicious use of various blood products by following recommended guidelines may help in decreasing the inappropriate use of blood components.

New evidence for a thin crust and magmatic underplating beneath the Cambay rift basin, Western India through modelling of EIGEN-6C4 gravity data

The Cambay rift basin (CRB) is an intracratonic rift in the western part of India. The basin assumes great importance in petroleum exploration owing to the presence of thick hydrocarbon bearing sedimentary rocks. Previous investigations using deep seismic soundings (DSS), gravity and heat flow data reveal that the CRB is characterised by a thin crust, high heat flow and high density lower crust. In this study, a detailed crustal structure of the basin is presented by performing a 2.5D density modelling of the EIGEN-6C4 gravity data. Present study attempt to find a plausible explanation for the variation in the Bouguer anomaly (BA) values from +20 to −50 mGal within the basin. It refined the crustal model that is constrained using results from radial average power spectrum (RAPS) analysis of gravity data along with previous seismological and geophysical studies, which reveals that the values of average sedimentary and Deccan Traps thickness are in the order of 4–5 and 1.5–3 km, respectively, along the rift. It also presents possible evidences for a high density underplated layer of thickness 7–15 km along the central part of the CRB. To study the deep-seated features, upward continuation of the BA is carried out at heights of 30, 40 and 50 km. The extension of underplating layer is noticed in the present crustal model and in the upward continued BA in the western part, while it merges with the Moho in eastern part of the CRB. The Moho depths, varying from 31 to 37 km, are found to be shallower inside the CRB than the surroundings. It is inferred that the high BA values in the basin are due to the combined effect of the high density underplated layer in the lower crust and a shallow Moho.

Association between socioeconomic status and influenza-like illness: A study from Western part of India.

Objectives:Health status is associated with socioeconomic status (SES) of the individuals. The aim of this study was to identify any link between the SES and influenza-like illness (ILI).Materials and Methods:This observational case-control study was done on 18–70 years old patients presented with ILI (cases) at tertiary care hospital of western India. Controls were selected from demographically matched elective surgery patients except the SES. SES was evaluated as per the Modified B G Prasad 2017 scale and participants were further classified in lower SES (per capita income <2000 INR) and non-lower SES groups.Results:810 cases and 830 controls were compared. Many cases were from lower SES, had poor hand hygiene, and were using soil, mud, ash (SMA) for hand cleaning as compared to the control. Among the cases significant numbers were from lower SES (543/810[67%], P < 0.02), many were alcoholics, smokers, had poor hand hygiene, were using SMA for hand cleaning, and had preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while few were having diabetes in the lower SES group as compared to the non-lower SES group. ILI was more common among lower SES class in unadjusted analysis (odds ratio [OR] 1.58, 95% CI 0.89–2.76) and the results were significant even after the adjustment of covariates (OR 1.62, 95% CI, 0.94–2.85).Conclusion:Lower SES people were 2.8 times more prone to ILI as compared to the age- and sex-matched control in western part of India.

Examining Pedestrian Critical Gap Analysis at Un-Signalized Midblock Crosswalk Sections in India

One way of studying pedestrian-crossing behavior is to estimate critical gap, using accepted/rejected gaps by the pedestrians, which may be indicative of safety levels at pedestrian facilities. This study aims to determine critical gaps using different methods like Raff’s method, Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM), Root Mean Square (RMS) Method, Probability Equilibrium Method (PEM), and Logit method. These methods are then compared to single out the most appropriate one. Five locations in the western part of India are studied, for data collection and selected based on the type of land-use, number of lanes, and carriage-way width. Video cameras were used to capture the mixed traffic flow as well as pedestrian crossing movement at selected sections simultaneously. The study results also conclude that logit method is the most appropriate one for estimating critical gap, as it considers the effect of pedestrian-behavior as well as vehicular characteristics concurrently. There would be a significant difference in estimated critical gap values with and without considering pedestrian behavioral characteristics. The results will help in taking a relook at design parameters for better pedestrian-crossing facilities, thereby improving the existing facilities and enhancing pedestrian safety.

Characterization of Freight Trip from Textile Powerloom Units – A Case Study of Surat, India

Surat, a city located in western part of India is known for its textile industries. The city produces 40% of the total man-made fabric production in the country. There are close to 700,000 weaving machines producing approximately 30 million meters of raw fabric every day. Almost 650,000 of these weaving machines are powerlooms or shuttled looms. Powerlooms are widely used because they are cheaper, needs lesser space and offers variety of weaving options. A large variety of raw fabric is produced based on its utility which is sent for its further processing works to the processing units. A textile market area located on the ring road is a hub for trading of various textile goods. A large number of goods movement trips occur from various powerloom units to the market and other processing units in the city. With 25000 weaving units located in different parts of the urban area, 320 processing units and 140 wholesale trading market complexes, the internal or intra-city textile goods movement becomes very complex. In this study freight trip generation characteristics of powerloom industry is studied here and a model is developed to forecast the number of freight trips from various powerloom units clusters so as to estimate the overall flow of freight vehicles at the network level

Are migraine and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo associated diseases? An experience of medical college attached hospital from the western part of India

Are migraine and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo associated diseases? An experience of medical college attached hospital from the western part of India - IJN- Print ISSN No: - 2581-8236 Online ISSN No:- 2581-916X Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijn.2019.036, IP Indian Journal of Neurosciences-IP Indian J Neurosci

The mediating effect of satisfaction on trust-commitment and relational outcomes in manufacturer–supplier relationship

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effect of commitment and trust on satisfaction and sequential effect of satisfaction on relational outcomes (i.e. performance and governance cost) in a manufacturer–supplier relationship. Authors of this paper explore the relationship quality parameters such as trust, commitment and satisfaction and its effect on improving the performance and reducing the governance cost between the partners, as well as the effect of relationship duration on the antecedents and relational outcomes.Design/methodology/approachBased on the conceptual framework developed by authors, hypotheses were formulated, to test the effect of trust and commitment to performance and governance cost through the mediating effect of satisfaction in the manufacturer–supplier relationship. Data were collected from 196 manufacturers from the western part of India, through a structured questionnaire, and collected quantitative data were analyzed through structural equation modeling.FindingsThe analysis of the sample of 196 manufacturers suggests a positive relationship between satisfaction and commitment and between satisfaction and trust. The study suggests that increased satisfaction lowers governance cost as well as suggests a positive relationship between satisfaction and performance in a manufacturer–supplier relationship. As a relationship grows in an early stage, relationship performance improves, and as the relationship matures, the relationship performance diminishes.Practical implicationsFindings suggest that managers in business and industrial markets shall focus on commitment in the relationship rather than just trust that leads to satisfaction. It also suggests that a higher level of satisfaction enhances the performance and reduces the governance cost in a manufacturer–supplier relationship.Originality/valueThis research makes four contributions: first, it enquires the direct impact of trust and commitment to a manufacturer’s satisfaction; second, it investigates the indirect impact of trust on a manufacturer’s satisfaction through commitment in the relationship; third, it investigates the mediating satisfaction between trust-commitment and relationship outcomes (relationship performance and governance cost); fourth, the research shows the impact of relationship duration regarding the relational outcomes and the dimensions of relationship quality into a short-term and long-term relationship. It also uniquely suggests that the presence of commitment has a catalytic effect on satisfaction. Research offers managerial implication to increase the performance and to reduce the governance cost in the relationship.

Velocity anisotropy analysis for shale lithology of the complex geological section in Jaisalmer sub-basin, India

Measurement of velocity anisotropy is an essential parameter for capturing the heterogeneity of sub-surface geology to characterise the hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir. The incorporation of velocity anisotropy parameters during the preparation of the 3D velocity model represents a robust result in a challenging geological set-up during interpretation. Generally, we can observe that the shale formation is more sensitive to velocity anisotropy response in comparison with other formations such as sandstone, siltstone for clastic reservoir or limestone and dolomite for carbonate reservoir. This study was performed mostly in the high amount shale section mixed with limestone and claystone of the Jaisalmer sub-basin area which lies in the western part of India. The preparation of the velocity model for frequent changes of lithology in the clastic and carbonate reservoir is challenging due to several changes of velocity which show a limitation in the result of the gridded velocity model. The objective of this study is to capture the changes of compressional and shear wave velocity in mixed lithology of the significant shale formation. The idea was due to the inclusion of the anisotropy incorporated changed velocity during the preparation of the gridded velocity model for correctly identified lithology. The shale formation which is the zone of investigation of the current study is situated over a carbonate sequence, and an estimated velocity anisotropy factor of this shale formation will contribute significantly during the cumulative study of velocity modelling of all formation. The current study shows that shale formation shows the character of orthorhombic anisotropy; however, this study was performed based on significant changes of well log data and related effects of vertically transverse isotropic parameters of the shale formation. The fundamental Thomsen anisotropy parameters were estimated by capturing the deviation of five independent stiffness coefficients. Significant changes in evaluated shale velocity were observed after the incorporation of the estimated Thomsen parameter in velocity values.

Design and Modeling of Solar Photovoltaic System Using Seven-Level Packed U-Cell (PUC) Multilevel Inverter and Zeta Converter for Off-Grid Application in India

DOI : 10.26650/electrica.2019.18053 In the present study, standalone operation of the solar photovoltaic system with storage is evaluated with the recently introduced seven-level packed U-cell (PUC) multilevel inverter. Zeta converter is used to regulate the output voltage of the photovoltaic (PV) array with the help of the MPPT algorithm. Level-shifted modulation scheme is applied for the PUC inverter. The standalone operation is taken into consideration keeping in view the application/penetration of the solar PV system in remote areas. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India has set up the plan to establish the standalone solar PV system for off-grid application in the regions to meet the power requirement of those communities and regions that are difficult to connect with the grid. The climatic condition in the central and western parts of India is conductive for solar PV generation. In contrast to the other well-known inverter topologies, such as neutral point clamped, flying level capacitors, and cascaded H-bridge, among others, PUC inverter requires the least number of switches and capacitors for the same output levels. The system is modeled in the MATLAB®/Simulink using the Waaree Energies WSM-315 modules to supply a load of 2 kW. To optimize the solar PV-based system, incremental conductance optimization technique is used. Cite this article as : Azeem A, Ansari MK, Tariq M, Sarwar A, Ashraf I. Design and Modeling of Solar Photovoltaic System Using Seven-Level Packed U-Cell (PUC) Multilevel Inverter and Zeta Converter for Off-Grid Application in India. Electrica, 2019; 19(2): 101-112.

Kaolinite Occurrence of Kachchh, Gujarat: A Product from Rhyolitic Tuff by Hydrothermal Alteration

ABSTRACT Kaolinite associated with Mesozoic sediments of Kachchh and alkaline igneous rocks are not well studied in view of its genesis. The petrography, EPMA and DTA studies support that the studied kaolinite samples formed by mature transformation from rhyolitic tuff by hydrothermal alteration in epithermal condition. Such postulation indicates that there was intermittent acid volcanic episode along with alkaline basic igneous magmatism in the Cretaceous of Kachchh basin, western part of India.

Analysis of a severe air pollution episode in India during Diwali festival – a nationwide approach

Air pollution events have been a subject of major concern worldwide in recent years, since their frequency and intensity is increasing with time. An alarmingly high air pollution episode was observed in some parts of India during late October to the end of November in the year 2016. The Air Quality Index was observed to vary from poor to severe in northern and western parts of India, while it was satisfactory to moderate in the east and south of the country. The causes of this observed high pollution episode are examined in this paper. Apart from the Diwali effect on air pollution the study findings indicated the importance of biomass burning over India.

Knowledge and practices about hemodialysis among dialysis technicians in western part of India

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden with a high economic cost to health systems. Objectives: To determine the knowledge and practices regarding end-stage renal disease and hemodialysis (HD) among dialysis technicians. Patients and Methods: Total of 157 technicians participated in a study carried out at Ahmedabad city of Gujrat state. A validated written questionnaire was distributed among dialysis technicians who gave their consent to participate in the study and responded questionnaires were analyzed. Data entry was made in Excel software in codes and analysis was conducted by SPSS software version 17.0 Results: Out of 157, 113 participants were routinely using online clearance monitoring. Around, 19.1% carried out disinfection of water loop once per week, while 23.6% and 28% were doing it once in 15 days and 30 days respectively. Reverse osmosis (RO) plant parameters like pH, hardness of water, chlorine content were checked once daily by 46.5% of technicians while 17.8% and 24.2% technicians were doing it once a week and once a month respectively. About 87.3% of technicians said that dialyzer was reused at their center. Accordingly, 33.8% and 51.6% of technicians were using formalin and per-acetic based disinfectants for dialyzer reprocessing. Additionally 7.6% of technicians were using hypochlorite as disinfectant at their center. Around 63.7% of technicians said they were not reprocessing dialyzers of HCV positive patients. They preferred to use single dialyzers in these subsets of patients at their center. Around, 79.6% of technicians said that endotoxin filter was installed in their dialysis unit. Likewise, 45.9% knew correctly the permissible level of endotoxin in RO water used for HD. Only 15.3% of technicians had correct knowledge of permissible level of bacteria in treated RO water as per association for the advancement of medical instrumentation (AAMI) standards. Conclusion: Better knowledge and awareness about dialysis standards among dialysis technicians will help in better patient’s care. Effective dialysis education campaign needs to be driven at regular intervals with relevant information among dialysis technicians to address the knowledge gap.

Ophthalmomyiasis externa: A case report

Purpose: To report an unusual case of ophthalmomyiasis in a healthy individual from western part of India. Materials and Methods: A 23 years old patient with complaints of redness, severe burning sensation, foreign body sensation and excessive lacrimation in his right eye was examined and diagnosed with ophthalmomyiasis caused by larvae of Oestrus ovis. The patient was successfully treated with combination of Antibiotic and Steroid through topical route. Results: A 23 years patient with presence of larvae was immediately examined and larvae’s were removed and sent for identification. The organisms were found to be Oestrus ovis, the patient was treated with topical Tobramycin 0.3% combined with fluorometholone 0.1%. The complaints resolved completely with no ocular or systemic associations on further investigations. Conclusion: This is one of the uncommon condition in urban areas. The most common organism causing ophthalmomyisis is Oestrus ovis. Oestrus ovis is found in sheep and goat, humans are the accidental hosts and treatment should be aimed to immobilize and removal with secondary treatment of symptoms. Keywords: Larvae, Oestrus ovis, Ophthalmomyiasis externa.

Seasonal Trend Analysis in Rainfall and Temperature for Udaipur District of Rajasthan

The present study is mainly focused on to detection of changing trend in rainfall and temperature for Udaipur district situated in the Rajasthan state of India. The district situated in the western part of India which obtained less rainfall as compared with the average rainfall of India. In the present article, the approach has been tried to analysis to detect rainfall trend, maximum temperature trend and minimum temperature trend for the area. For this daily rainfall data of 39 years (1975 to 2013) add seasonally and the temperature has been calculated by averaging of daily temperature for a period of 39 years. For determining the trend the year has been shared out into four seasons like the winter season, pre-monsoon season, monsoon season and post-monsoon season. To obtained magnitude of trend San’s slope estimator test has been used and for significance in trend Mann-Kendall statistics test has been applied. The results obtained for the study show significantly decreasing rainfall trend for the season winter and season post-monsoon whereas pre-monsoon and monsoon show increasing rainfall trend. The maximum temperature of pre-monsoon and monsoon months shows a significantly increasing trend whereas, in minimum temperature, winter season and pre-monsoon season shows an increasing trend which is significant at 10% level of significance and post-monsoon shows a decreasing trend which is also significant at 10% level of significance.

Evaluating the colonization and distribution of fungal and bacterial bio-aerosol in Rajkot, western India using multi-proxy approach

Bio-aerosol is an emerging pollutant of the technological age. Air pollution related episodes that are a region-specific phenomenon in our atmosphere, with bio-aerosols being the main area of the problem. The present research was focused on assessing the particulate, and culturable concentration of bacteria at five different spatially located sites in the Rajkot city and surroundings, in the western part of India. The highest (108.33 × 109 CFU m−3) and lowest (318 × 103 CFU m−3) bacterial concentrations were found in dump site and residential area, respectively. With reference to particulate concentration, higher (101.79 ± 8.09) concentrations were reported in the industrial area than other sampling locations. All sampling sites under the present study displayed greater variability of bacteria than that of particle concentration. The growth potential of various bacterial isolates from perspective bioaerosol was measured spectroscopically by measuring OD at 600 nm in rich medium. The isolate 1A displayed significantly higher growth compared to all other isolates after 24 h. Outcomes of the current work suggested that bacterial concentration was observed in the respirable fraction (< 2.5 μm) and so had the potential to penetrate the deeper part of the lungs. In addition, meteorological parameters (i.e., wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity) were measured to understand whether they had any effect on biotic matter. The temperature and relative humidity are the most important meteorological parameters responsible for the enhanced viability of bacteria. Land use and land cover feature were also studied to understand the spatial characteristics of bio-aerosol in the study area. This viewpoint summarizes available information on bio-aerosols and its impact on human health, devising strategies to understand characteristics of bio-aerosols and emphasizing the vital gaps in available knowledge such as to develop a relationship between biological agents and solid/liquid or a mixture of both to the assessment of dispersion behavior and toxicological nature during exposure.

Online grocery retailing – exploring local grocers beliefs

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the beliefs of local grocery retailers about online grocery retailing. Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the study explores the outcome, normative and control beliefs held by the local grocers about online grocery retailing which would eventually translate into behavior. Factors influencing local grocers intention to participate or refusing to participate in the online grocery retailing was investigated.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 20 in-depth interviews with local grocery retailers were conducted ranging from small to large sized retail stores from a city in the western part of India. The sample included two groups of local grocers – first, grocers who partnered with online retailers as suppliers. This group included those retailers who had partnered but discontinued later and second, grocers who had not partnered with online retailers. In-depth interviews with the local grocery retailers were conducted using TPB as a basis to uncover local grocers’ beliefs toward online grocery retailing and predict their behavior.FindingsThe outcome beliefs were classified into five broad heads – business expansion; gaining visibility and reputation; customer expectations; inventory management; and margins, costs and technical issues. The normative belief was that the actions and response to online grocery retailing would be governed by their referent group – the consumers. The main control belief was that partnering with online grocery retailing would result in loss of control regarding their business operations.Research limitations/implicationsThe results indicated that in a country like India especially in small to medium size towns, online grocery retailers would have to think of creative ways to involve the local grocery retailers to grow their business. The local grocers due to their size were able to adapt to the requirements of their referent consumers without any additional cost. They were unlikely to give up control regarding how they run their business. The main limitation of this study was the exploratory nature of this study which makes it difficult to prioritize the importance given to each belief. The study sample was restricted to one city in India, and future studies could include other cities.Practical implicationsThe findings have practical implications for online grocery retailers who wish to expand into emerging markets like India. It provides understanding about the local grocery retailers who were the major competitors of online grocery retailers. It provides direction to integrate and partner with the local grocers and utilize them for mutual benefits.Originality/valueGiven the absence of academic literature in the public domain, this study provides a platform for future studies in this area. This paper is a systematic attempt to uncover the underlying beliefs of local grocery retailers who were the key players in the grocery retailing business.

Smart cities-A case study of Porto and Ahmedabad

Porto is the second-largest city of Portugal followed by Lisbon. In March 2015 Porto became one of the ‘beacon cities’ under Grow Smarter innovative by the European Commission to promote smart cities in the European Union[1]. From there it has transformed itself into one of the major smart city in Portugal which has also bolstered its tourism industry. Ahmedabad is the largest city in the state of Gujarat and the first Indian city to be conferred with the title of UNESCO World Heritage city in 2017. With this title, Ahmedabad hopes to become a major tourist destination in the western part of India. Both Porto and Ahmedabad are on their way to become smart cities in the future and by doing so they can increase tourism and their standard of living in the coming future.

A new elm yellows phytoplasma strain associated with leaf yellowing disease of Tamarindus indica in India

Tamarind is an economically important tree species; its fruit pulp is widely used in kitchen in India. A symptomatic tamarind tree with yellow leaf symptoms found in the western part of India was assayed for phytoplasma presence. The 16S rDNA sequence of the detected phytoplasma (TM01) was found clustering with sequences in the elm yellows (16SrV) phytoplasma group. The virtual RFLP analysis of obtained 16S rDNA sequence TM01 revealed that it could be tentatively classified into a novel phytoplasma subgroup, 16SrV-L since its AluI, HaeIII and MseI restriction profiles of R16F2n/R16R2 sequenced amplicons generated were unique as compared to the earlier reported profiles of this phytoplasma subgroup. This is the first phytoplasma report in Tamarindus indica.

Coexistence of Autoimmune Disorders and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: An Observation from Western Part of India.

Introduction:Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with various autoimmune disorders like celiac disease, thyroid disorder, adrenal failure, etc. However, how common is this association in Indian children is not clearly known.Objective:To assess the prevalence of other coexisting autoimmune disorders in children with T1DM.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, patients requiring insulin and ketosis-prone diabetic and with history of diabetic ketoacidosis/undetectable fasting C-peptide levels were included. Beside demographic and clinical data, detailed biochemistry evaluations were performed. Celiac disease was diagnosed as per the ESPGHAN diagnostic criteria. ACTH stimulation test was done to confirm the adrenal insufficiency in patients with basal serum cortisol <5 μg/dL. Thyroid function test (TSH) and anti-TPO antibody were assessed in all patients. Screening for other autoimmune disorders was done only when clinically indicated or symptoms or family history was suggestive of presence of such disorder.Results:Among 150 patients enrolled, 64.66% were males and mean age was 13.48 ± 3.29 years (range 3–18 years). Mean age at diagnosis of T1DM was 10.0 ± 3.63 years and duration of diabetes was 3.46 ± 3.18 years. The prevalence of antibodies positive against autoimmune diseases was anti-tTG IgA (20.7%), anti-TPO (33.7%), anti-CCP ab (1.3%), and ANA (0.7%). Significantly higher proportion of females had raised anti-TPO antibodies than males (47.2% vs. 25.8%, P = 0.006). Celiac disease was most common association (24.8%) followed by hypothyroidism (14.1%) and Grave's disease (3.3%). Significantly higher proportion of females had hypothyroidism than males (25.0% vs. 8.2%, respectively, P = 0.005). Prevalence of raised anti-tTG and anti-TPO did not differ significantly by the age (P = 0.841 and P = 0.067) or duration of T1DM (P = 0.493 and P = 0.399).Conclusion:In this part of country, celiac disease, hypothyroidism, and Graves's disease are common associations in children with T1DM.