Western Man Research Articles

Natural Women? Anti-Feminism and Michel Houellebecq's Plateforme

Michel Houellebecq's novel Plateforme (2001) satirically proposes Third World sex tourism as a remedy for sexual dissatisfaction in the West brought on by feminism's destruction of ‘natural’ gender roles. As in Houellebecq's previous work, feminism is lampooned both as a sex-negative censorial force and as a kind of mercenary libertarianism. Plateforme more fully elaborates this position suggesting that feminism is simply an affective projection of neo-liberalism, responsible for an injurious and ‘unnatural’ sexual behaviour that has destroyed kinship relations and contributed to the socio-economic emasculation of Western men. As part of the novel's Swiftian ‘modest proposal’, the narrative sets up a Manichean opposition in which an essentialised ‘natural’ femininity, represented by Thai sex workers, is set against the ruined sexuality of Western women. This article examines the ways in which the novel's ostensibly anti-capitalist critique invokes a quasi-primitivist discourse on sexuality that returns women to a pre-Foucauldian essentialism of the ‘natural’ which offers a site of sanctuary and solace for a masculinity besieged by the neurosis of post-'68 sexualities.

Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations

Esophageal cancer is a common cancer worldwide and has a poor prognosis. The incidence of esophageal squamous cell cancer has been decreasing, whereas the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been increasing rapidly, particularly in Western men. Squamous cell cancer continues to be the major type of esophageal cancer in Asia, and the main risk factors include tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, hot beverage drinking, and poor nutrition. In contrast, esophageal adenocarcinoma predominately affects the whites, and the risk factors include smoking, obesity, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. In addition, Asians and Caucasians may have different susceptibilities to esophageal cancer due to different heritage backgrounds. However, comparison studies between these two populations are limited and need to be addressed in the near future. Ethnic differences should be taken into account in preventive and clinical practices.

Superheroes in Shanghai: constructing transnational Western men's identities

This article examines the ‘superhero’ phenomenon, in which Western masculinity is constructed differently in East Asia than in Western countries. This produces an imagined, Occidentalist ‘authenticity’ that frames expectations about the performances and identities of Western men in the context. As a result, sojourning Western men in Asia may feel, and be treated, like ‘superheroes’, because their gendered national identities are attributed (super)powers that are often unfamiliar from prior experiences in their home countries. These object (attributed) identities may be different from individuals' subject (appropriated) identities, with resulting identity tensions for the men themselves. This article reports on empirical, qualitative research from China, and examines the lived realities and identity/masculinity constructions of seven young, heterosexual men, from the UK, the US and Canada, working in Shanghai as English language teachers. The study participants experienced perceptions of increased personal and sexual confidence but also identity tensions, concerns that relationships may be transactional and ethical struggles over peer-sanctioned and locally expected behaviours. The study is framed by literature from tourism studies on the commoditization of identities through the staging of out-group notions of ‘authenticity’. A critical approach is taken to the neo-imperialistic power differentials underpinning relationships in the context.

Erika Trejo, artista mejicana entre la denuncia y la enunciación

In this article, part of the history of the Mexican artist Erika Trejo as an example of an artist, woman, immigrant and mother. It looks at eight of his works and some feminist theories that have influenced their creations. Through interview conducted with her I could understand clearly links his work with his own biography. While not speaking of an autobiographical work, the fact of living in a woman’s body has addressed the meaning of his speech. She takes as its starting point the experience of women which is related to the integration process after migration made her own motherhood. Body movement is its creative energy, a body that is the one of the two cultural power bipolarities governed by the Western man.

An Artificial PAP Gene Breaks Self-tolerance and Promotes Tumor Regression in the TRAMP Model for Prostate Carcinoma

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in men in western industrialized countries. As a public health burden, the need for the invention of new cost-saving PCa immunotherapies is apparent. In this study, we present a DNA vaccine encoding for the prostate-specific antigen prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) linked to the J-domain and the SV40 enhancer sequence. The PAP DNA vaccine induced a strong PAP-specific cellular immune response after electroporation (EP)-based delivery in C57BL/6 mice. Splenocytes from mice immunized with PAP recognized the naturally processed PAP epitopes, indicating that vaccination with the PAP-J gene broke its self-tolerance against PAP. Remarkably, DNA vaccination with PAP-J inhibited tumor growth in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mouse model that closely resembled human PCa. Therefore, this study highlights a novel cancer immunotherapy approach with the potential to control PCa in clinical settings.

Diaries, dicks, and desire: how the leaky traveler troubles dominant discourse in the eroticized Caribbean

This article employs ‘unconventional linguistic self-designation’ in an attempt to move beyond the abstract signifying logics commonly used to theorize First-World/Third-World sex tourism in a language of knowledge, power, and resistance. I look specifically at the sexual liaisons between Western tourists, including myself, and men from the Dominican Republic. In my efforts to move away from representational logics, I mobilize an apparatus utilizing feminist and queer affect theory, notions of embodiment, and a phenomenological language of ‘orientation’. I analyze the journal accounts of my own erotic encounters with Dominican men to stimulate a certain type of layered thinking capable of accessing affective dispositions and challenging the notion of an oriented, stable, composed subject. Neither tourist nor local Dominican men fit this unitary description. Instead, I rely on metaphors of disorientation, rupture, and leakage to arrive at indeterminate, fleeting, fugitive experiences, defying common touristic tropes. I conclude that although Western white men (and women) are bound by authoritative modes of knowing – individually exempt, perhaps, but structurally bound – possibility exists to ‘write back’ or successfully transgress boundaries in the (non)representation of self and the other in a process of mutual recognition.

Frequent Heterogeneous Missense Mutations of GGAP2 in Prostate Cancer: Implications for Tumor Biology, Clonality and Mutation Analysis

Prostate cancer is the most common visceral malignancy in Western men and a major cause of cancer deaths. Increased activation of the AKT and NFkB pathways have been identified as critical steps in prostate cancer initiation and progression. GGAP2 (GTP-binding and GTPase activating protein 2) is a multidomain protein that contains an N-terminal Ras homology domain (GTPase), followed by a PH domain, a C-terminal GAP domain and an ankyrin repeat domain. GGAP2 can directly activate signaling via both the AKT and NFkB pathways and acts as a node of crosstalk between these pathways. Increased GGAP2 expression is present in three quarters of prostate cancers. Mutations of GGAP2 have been reported in cell lines from other malignancies. We therefore analyzed 84 prostate cancer tissues and 43 benign prostate tissues for somatic mutations in GGAP2 by direct sequencing of individual clones derived from the GAP and GTPase domains of normal and tumor tissue. Overall, half of cancers contained mutant GAP domain clones and in 20% of cancers, 30% or more of clones were mutant in the GAP domain. Surprisingly, the mutations were heterogeneous and nonclonal, with multiple different mutations being present in many tumors. Similar findings were observed in the analysis of the GTPase domain. Mutant GGAP2 proteins had significantly higher transcriptional activity using AP-1 responsive reporter constructs when compared to wild-type protein. Furthermore, the presence of these mutations was associated with aggressive clinical behavior. The presence of high frequency nonclonal mutations of a single gene is novel and represents a new mode of genetic alteration that can promote tumor progression. Analysis of mutations in cancer has been used to predict outcome and guide therapeutic target identification but such analysis has focused on clonal mutations. Our studies indicate that in some cases high frequency nonclonal mutations may need to be assessed as well.

Advances in the management of high‐risk localised and metastatic prostate cancer

At the third annual Interactive Genitourinary Cancer Conference, held in Budapest from 30 April to 1 May 2011, the latest developments in the management of patients with high-risk localised and metastatic prostate cancer were discussed. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Western men and, for advanced disease, no curative agents are available. For men with high-risk localised disease there is debate about the best treatment approaches, with both radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy shown to improve outcomes. These approaches have started to be augmented as new techniques and therapies are developed. For instance, radiation therapy combined with androgen deprivation therapy has been shown to be more efficacious than radiation therapy alone, and there may also be a role for adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ultimately a multidisciplinary approach will most probably result in the best outcomes for patients. The use of androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer needs to be monitored carefully, given that it results in adverse alterations in several metabolic parameters and an increased risk of further coronary events in men with cardiovascular disease in some studies. Until recently there were limited options for the management of men with advanced prostate cancer, but new agents for use in the post-docetaxel setting have recently been approved. These are cabazitaxel and abiraterone acetate, which have both shown a significant survival benefit in patients who have progressed on docetaxel. Additional agents, for these patients and for patients at other stages of disease, are in the later stages of development. The development of new agents has been aided by a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance to current therapies and the recognition of new pathophysiological pathways. As the number of available therapeutic options increases, it will become increasingly important to tailor treatments to the individual patient. This may require the development of novel biomarkers or the use of existing or new predictive tools based on prognostic factors. To ensure optimal patient care, early and continuous involvement of the multidisciplinary team will be required.

Recent Changes in the Clinicopathologic Features of Korean Men with Prostate Cancer: A Comparison with Western Populations

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the recent changes in the clinicopathologic features of prostate cancer in Korea and to compare these features with those of Western populations.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the data of 1582 men undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1995 and 2007 at 10 institutions in Korea for comparison with Western studies. The patients were divided into two groups in order to evaluate the recent clinicopathological changes in prostate cancer: Group 1 had surgery between 1995 and 2003 (n=280) and Group 2 had surgery between 2004 and 2007 (n=1302). The mean follow-up period was 24 months.ResultsGroup 1 had a higher prostate-specific antigen level than Group 2 (10.0 ng/mL vs. 7.5 ng/mL, respectively; p<0.001) and a lower proportion of biopsy Gleason scores ≤6 (35.0% vs. 48.1%, respectively; p<0.001). The proportion of patients with clinical T1 stage was higher in Group 2 than in Group 1. Group 1 had a lower proportion of organ-confined disease (59.6% vs. 68.6%; p<0.001) and a lower proportion of Gleason scores ≤6 (21.3% vs. 33.0%; p<0.001), compared to Group 2. However, the relatively higher proportion of pathologic Gleason scores ≤6 in Group 2 was still lower than those of Western men, even though the proportion of organ-confined disease reached to that of Western series.ConclusionKorean men with prostate cancer currently present better clinicopathologic parameters. However, in comparison, Korean men still show relatively worse pathologic Gleason scores than Western men.

‘Living in the Lives of Men’: Martha Foster Crawford

This article seeks to contribute to the historiography on cross-cultural, interpersonal relationships between Western women and non-Western men by describing some of the interpersonal relationships between a missionary teacher, a pioneer of Woman’s Work for Woman in North China who later criticized single-sex programs that divided men and women, and her male Chinese teachers and students in Shandong (Shantung). The article discusses the development of new social and emotional experiences within the context of guanxi (“kuan-hsi”).These interpersonal connections developed within the broader nexus of traditional and changing relationships with Chinese women and Western men, who were also adapting cultural ideas of sex and gender. Considering such individual variables as marital status, personality, and context, the article presents the meaning that the female missionary gave to her relationships with Chinese males, particularly a favored student to whom she attached herself so closely that she jeopardized her marriage. The article concludes that as Crawford contributed to some of the expansion of opportunities for Chinese males, the opportunities for her transplanted and cross-culturally nourished ideal of sexual equality and social interactivity expanded as well, thanks to such men as Wu Zuan Zhao (Wu Tswun Chao) and Guo You Yong (Kwo Yu Yoong).

Reflexiones y experiencias desde las entrañas del yihadismo militante: análisis de la autobiografía de Eric Breininger

The objective of this paper is to analyze the process of the jihadist radicalization of a converted youth that was born and raised in the West. The story is about Eric Breininger, a German who was killed in April 2010 during a violent standoff with Pakistani soldiers in the Waziristan region. The story is based on the young German’s memoirs that were released on the internet just days after his announced death. These memoirs are of utmost importance as it allows us to see from close up the radicalization process of a young western man. Furthermore, they offer an inside perspective of the everyday lives of those who are on the front lines and, in some cases, sacrifice their lives for their particular vision of Islam.

A qualitative study of body image and appearance among men of Chinese ancestry in Australia

Little is known about the body image of non-White men living in Western countries, even though it has been suggested that they may be more at risk of body image concerns, especially if they internalize Western ideals. This study focused on identifying the main body image and appearance themes among 15 men of Chinese ancestry in Australia using semi-structured interviews and grounded theory. Moderate muscularity was the preferred ideal and height dissatisfaction was shown to be the primary concern. The majority was not invested in achieving muscularity and had a “holistic” approach to their body image that included concerns about hairstyling and clothing. In addition, the men were influenced by both Asian and Western ideals, and this included comparison targets with both Asian and Western men. Further studies are needed to assess the extent of men's body image and appearance concerns, and the role played by Asian and Western influences.

Aberrant DNA Methylation and Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cancer, a significant contributor to morbidity and a leading cause of cancer-related death in men in Western industrialized countries. In contrast to genetic changes that vary among individual cases, somatic epigenetic alterations are early and highly consistent events. Epigenetics encompasses several different phenomena, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA interference, and genomic imprinting. Epigenetic processes regulate gene expression and can change malignancy-associated phenotypes such as growth, migration, invasion, or angiogenesis. Methylations of certain genes are associated with PCa progression. Compared to normal prostate tissues, several hypermethylated genes have also been identified in benign prostate hyperplasia, which suggests a role for aberrant methylation in this growth dysfunction. Global and gene-specific DNA methylation could be affected by environmental and dietary factors. Among other epigenetic changes, aberrant DNA methylation might have a great potential as diagnostic or prognostic marker for PCa and could be tested in tumor tissues and various body fluids (e.g., serum, urine). The DNA methylation markers are simple in nature, have high sensitivity, and could be detected either quantitatively or qualitatively. Availability of genome-wide screening methodologies also allows the identification of epigenetic signatures in high throughput population studies. Unlike irreversible genetic changes, epigenetic alterations are reversible and could be used for PCa targeted therapies.

Inhibition of the Androgen Receptor Activity by Coprinus comatus Substances

Prostatic adenocarcinoma is the second leading cause of death from cancer in Western men. The common prostate cancer treatments are effective in the early stages; however, advanced prostate cancer is resilient to most of these treatments. Altered androgen receptor (AR) activity caused by point mutations or signaling mechanisms that regulate AR function has been proposed as a key mechanism in the transition to the androgen-independent stage. Our previous results demonstrated that hexane extract prepared from Coprinus comatus (C. comatus) strain 734 was able to interfere with AR activity. The current study was made to further evaluate the antiandrogenic activity of the C. comatus mushroom strain 734. Activity-guided chromatography was conducted and 2 active fractions, F-32-and F-33, were found to contain substances that were able to inhibit AR-mediated reporter activity and reduce the levels of AR and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) transcripts in LNCaP cells. Fraction F-32 also inhibited the proliferation and clonigenicity of LNCaP cells. Furthermore, F-32 was able to inhibit the binding of AR to the PSA enhancer region and to inhibit Akt-mediated AR phosphorylation at Ser 213. This study illustrated the potential of substances from the C. comatus mushroom to serve as natural antiandrogenic modulators for the treatment of prostatic disorders.

Male Body Image Appearing on the Western Men's Costume in the Baroque Era

This research seeks to analyze western men's costume in the Baroque era in relation to men's physical beauty from its most detailed and interesting perspective to fomulate a plausible reasoning related to the aesthetic sense of body as expressed in men's costume. This research used national and international books, theses and internet data upon which to base a literature review for a correct understanding of Baroque style and at the same time empirical research to analyze the body image expressed in men's costume. The Baroque style expressed in the 17th century costume offered a dynamic feeling through wavy curves, and its brilliant and colorful decorations created a passionate and charming mood resembling a flame. Accordingly, this research studied the body image as it appeared in the form of 17th century western men's costume by dividing it into the contact beauty of the human body and the manner of hiding the architectural beauty of the human body. First, the exposed silhouette by clothing coming into contact with the human body could be found mainly in upper-class men's costume in the first half of the 17th century. The shorter and tighter doublets and knee breeches could be analyzed in terms of erotic imagery that emphasized masculinity, aristocratic imagery that stressed a distinctive status, and geometric imagery that expressed a triangular pattern. Second, the constructive expression by hiding the human body could be found in upper-class men's costume starting in the mid-17 century. The wearing of the justaucorps could be studied in terms of how it came into contact with the beauty of the human body but also how this clothing style the hid the architectural beauty of human body.

La pragmática masculina del control: del gobierno de sí mismo hacia la violencia contra las mujeres

Apparently, in modern Western societies, the hegemonic masculinity has resulted in the myth of the self-sufficient man which competes in market economy for success and prestige. However, the mystic of masculinity endures latent in the imaginary of our societies. The representation of masculinity remains as natural violence and as superiority towards women. The social scourge of gender violence shows that Western men are still socialized into hegemonic masculinity. Thus, men are educated in a group of practices of self-control by which the use of violence is internalized as a form of domination of women. This group of masculine practices is the “pragmatics of control”.

Sexual medicine disparities between Asia and North America: commentary on male sexual dysfunction in Asia

Sexual medicine disparities between Asia and North America: commentary on male sexual dysfunction in Asia

Testosterone replacement therapy for late-onset hypogonadism: current trends in Korea.

Testosterone levels in men older than 40 years can decrease at a rate of 1%-2% per year, and reports show that more than 50% of 80-year-old men have testosterone levels consistent with hypogonadism. Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is a clinical and biochemical syndrome associated with advancing age and characterized by typical symptoms of serum testosterone deficiency. In recent decades, the concept of LOH in ageing men has become familiar in European countries and the United States. It is also a topic of interest and debate throughout Korea. However, most of the data regarding advantages or disadvantages of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) as treatment for LOH have been primarily obtained from studies on Western populations; therefore, studies of the effects of TRT in Asian men, who may have different serum testosterone compared to Western men, are needed. TRT is commonly prescribed in Korea, despite the paucity of studies on the effects of TRT in Asian populations. Data from various TRT studies based on Korean have shown its efficacy in increasing serum testosterone levels and improving subjective symptoms as assessed by questionnaires. Currently, patches and short-acting intramuscular injections are displaced by gels and long-acting formulations. However, to prevent overdiagnosis and overtreatment, indication for TRT should include both low testosterone levels and symptoms and signs of hypogonadism.

Abstract 3048: Enhanced androgen signalling pathway increases the risk of prostate cancer through induction of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion

Abstract Clinical incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer vary dramatically among different countries. In a recent study, we associated the difference in clinical incidence with certain somatic genomic alterations, including PTEN deletion and TMPRSS2:ERG fusion, which are found more commonly in Western but rarely in Chinese cancer samples (Mao et al, Cancer Res, 2010; 70:5207-12). TMPRSS2:ERG fusion, which is transcriptionally controlled by androgen receptor (AR), has been reported in more than 50% of prostate cancers. We investigated whether androgen level and AR activity, which varies between Chinese and Western men, could induce this fusion gene and consequently prostate cancer development. Since AR activity is inversely associated with its exon1 CAG repeats length, we determined the differences in repeat length between TMPRSS2:ERG fusion positive and negative UK samples and also between UK and China prostate cancer patients. We found significantly shorter CAG repeat lengths in the UK compared to Chinese cases (P&amp;lt;0.05). We also observed short CAG repeat lengths in the fusion positive (average n=20.3) compared to negative (average n=21.3) cases, although it is not statistically significant (p=0.14) and potentially due to the limited number of samples. We then investigated whether AR stimulation by androgen can induce TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and spatial genome reorganization. We induced the fusion not only in prostate cancer cells, but also in non-malignant prostate epithelial cells following long-term exposure to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The induced fusion is associated with androgen-stimulated TMPRSS2 and ERG gene proximity. During our study, androgen-induced TMPRSS2 and ERG proximity and fusion were reported, but only in cancer cells (Mani et al, Science, 2009; 326:1230; Lin et al, Cell, 2009; 139:1069-83; and Haffner et al, Nat Genet, 2010; 42:668-75). We also observed that androgen-stimulated gene proximity is associated with AR transcriptional activity, which can be blocked by either RNA polymerase or AR inhibitors. Finally, we investigated the role of double strand breaks in the induction of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. We associated high frequency of fusion induction with low expression of PIWIL1, which acts as a double strand breaks protector. Overexpression of PIWIL1 prevents DHT induced TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. Interestingly, long term DHT exposure tends to reduce expression of PIWIL1. This study demonstrates that enhanced AR activity can induce genetic alterations such as TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and consequently result in prostate carcinogenesis. The difference in physiological androgen level and AR activity may account for the variation in prostate cancer risk between Western and Chinese men and suggests that control of androgen level or AR activity can potentially prevent prostate carcinogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3048. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3048

Abstract 3878: The different genetic alterations between Western and Chinese samples indicate alternate pathways of prostate cancer development

Abstract Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in Western countries, but much less frequent in Asian countries. We systematically investigated genomic changes in prostate cancers from UK and China to determine genetic similarity and difference and potential alternative mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis in these high and low cancer incidence populations. Using Affymetrix array 6.0 microarrays, we analyzed genome-wide genomic alterations in 32 UK and 39 Chinese prostate cancer samples. Distinct difference in genomic alterations between Western and Chinese prostate cancers were found, including loss of 21q22 and PTEN deletion, which are the most common genomic changes in Western prostate cancer but rarely detected in the Chinese samples. To further evaluate the difference between Western and Chinese samples, FISH analysis for PTEN deletion and ERG rearrangements and immunohistochemistry analysis for PTEN and ERG expressions were applied to UK (n=160) and Chinese (n=143) prostate cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs). PTEN deletion and ERG rearrangements were found at a significantly higher frequency in samples from UK (42.3% and 37.4%) than China (14.3% and 7.5% respectively) (P&amp;lt;0.001 for both). Both PTEN (76.1% vs 36.3%, p&amp;lt;0.01) and ERG protein were also differentially expressed. Interestingly, the nuclear locations of ERG are also significantly different from UK and China samples. Cytoplasmic expression was significantly higher in UK (46.4%) than Chinese ones (25.0%) (p=0.001) and nuclear expression was significantly lower in UK (15.0%) than Chinese ones (34.4%) (p&amp;lt;0.001). The ERG cytoplasmic expression is much tighter correlated to ERG rearrangements than nuclear expression in UK cancer. We further detected that PTEN deletion and ERG rearrangements were at a higher frequency in High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) lesions from UK (21.4% and 21.1% respectively) than China (both 0%). Cytoplasmic expression in UK HGPINs (50.0%) was also significantly higher than that in Chinese ones (10.0%) (p=0.002), while the nuclear expression of ERG in UK (27.8%) and Chinese (23.3%) HGPINs were similar (p=0.738). Subsequently, we found that AR CAG repeat lengths, which is associated with AR activity, is significantly shorter in the UK than Chinese patients (P&amp;lt;0.05). In conclusion, we compared genetic alterations in prostate cancer samples from UK and China and found there are significant differences between the two groups, commencing at pre-invasive, HGPIN, stage. Our findings suggest that tumours arise in Western and Chinese populations by alternative pathogenetic mechanisms. These alterations, differentially presented in these two populations may be key genetic changes underlying the regional/ethnic difference in clinical incidence and may be induced by specific environmental and/or genetic risk factors that Western men are exposed to. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3878. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3878