Western Ideology Research Articles

Counter-archives as heritage justice: photography, invisible labor and peopled ruins

This article critically engages with photographs, the institutions that archive and curate them, and the uses to which they are put in the work of heritage preservation, with particular attention paid to the ways in which these have been mobilized in Middle Eastern heritage debates. Photographs, often depicting uninhabited rather than populated heritage landscapes, in effect weaponize heritage preservation, ignoring the fact that individuals and communities have always had their own ways of preserving and engaging with the material past. The authors therefore seek to reconsider the disciplinary genealogies embedded in a photographic archive shaped by instruments of Western ideology and power – archaeological fieldwork, surveys and museum-building – to question the uncritical use of photography for the assessment of heritage significance, the construction of heritage value and management of heritage assemblages today. They argue that identifying and creating counter-archives is necessary to contribute to more inclusive narratives fostering heritage justice, including a deeper engagement with archaeology’s long-standing entanglements with exploitative labour.

Islamic Boarding School Based on Women’s Empowerment and Equality

Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia are often considered an important aspect of religious education. One aspect of the discussion that is rarely discussed in Islamic boarding schools is women's empowerment and gender equality because this is often considered an idea derived from western ideology and education. However, to solve the country's economic and development problems, ideas and discussions around gender equality and women's empowerment are now increasingly coming to the fore and becoming a public concern. One of the institutions that became the focus of this research was the involvement of Islamic boarding schools in teaching these ideas to their students. Thus, the main question in this study is how gender and women's empowerment are implemented in Islamic boarding schools. This study uses a qualitative approach with phenomenological studies to explore and identify existing field results by carrying out field observations and interviews with various speakers including educators and students as the primary method of data collection. Observations and interview questions are based on research formulations that focus on the practice and involvement of institutions and each Islamic boarding school actor in gender equality and women's empowerment. The results illustrate the role of an educational institution that optimizes education based on gender equality and women's empowerment in its curriculum. In addition, each individual also has an active role in efforts to empower women to change the negative stigma brought by conservative Islamic understanding of women. Education in Islamic boarding schools also actively tackles radicalism among its students. This study discusses how Islamic boarding schools in Tasikmalaya are reforming their curriculum and environment to assimilate with gender education and women's empowerment.

KONSEP KESADARAN GENDER DALAM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM: TELAAH BUKU THE TAO OF ISLAM KARYA SACHIKO MURATA

Gender awareness is a crucial ability taught in Islamic education to ensure that students accurately comprehend their responsibilities as Muslims. The current issue is that the concept of gender has been co-opted by Western ideology, resulting in Muslims having a negative opinion of their religion. This study looks at gender awareness education in Sachiko Murata's book The Tao of Islam. Utilizing a library research method, this study discovered that, according to cosmological theory, everything in God's cosmos was formed in pairs. Gender and gender are as inextricably linked as the sky, and the earth was created to affect the individual responsibilities, rights, and obligations of each according to Islamic teachings.

Ideology: Factors of Conflict and Failure in the Middle East

The following article discusses how Western ideology is a major factor in the occurrence of conflict and state failure in the Middle East. In this article, the author examines the perspective of ideological hegemony. The ideology destroys the political and economic system that is at the root of social inequalities, thus accelerating the outbreak of conflict in the Middle East. The author cites Syria and Libya as examples to prove the driving factors of the conflict. The author argues that the main cause of the conflict in the Middle East is the influence of Western ideology which has not been accepted by both those in power and society, which has led to divisions and even wars. Democracy is an accepted model in many countries that cannot be applied in the Middle East. The author also criticizes the failure of the implementation of democracy and the liberal economy in the Middle East.

Death Rattle, not Dashikis

“Death Rattle, not Dashikis: Nikki Giovanni’s Black Judgement Meets Hannah Arendt” presents a critical interdisciplinary perspective on racial formation and modern political thought. Deploying blackness as a principle that simultaneously animates and interrupts the logic of Western political and philosophical thought, the essay contends that the construction of blackness is central to the discursive violence imposed by Western political theory and metaphysics. It argues that the “death rattle” emerging from Giovanni’s Black revolutionary poiesis bears no distinction between creating, knowing, and doing—poiesis, theoria, and praxis. Rather, it calls for the destruction of the theoretical principles organizing the world of its (non)being. In other words, the aporia of Black revolutionary poiesis is its politics. Accordingly, this paper examines what is at stake politically, poetically, and philosophically when modern antiblackness becomes critically foregrounded as a suppressed and hitherto mostly invisible parameter of modern thought.

Perceptions of retirement savings: Through the lens of Black amaXhosa women in South Africa

Much research has been performed on the quantitative amount of formal savings held by various racial and gender groups and concluded that Black women are the least prepared for retirement. Therefore, a narrative of scarcity has been perpetuated without fully understanding the underlying reason. This research applies a gender lens to critical accounting and reconceptualises previous definitions and research using the narratives of Black amaXhosa women in South Africa. Various informal ways of saving and references to communal preparedness challenge the individualistic view of success as theorised in previous Anglo-Saxon research. The culture of providing financial support is learned behaviour and impacted by the theory of socialisation which plays an important role in how individuals interact with one another and create and maintain their social norms. Such feminine accounting reconceptualises the notion of retirement savings in a different cultural and social context, by focusing on the real life of ordinary people. It has removed some of the ambiguity on the negative impression of the savings culture of Black amaXhosa women in South Africa. The gendering of retirement savings, unconventional ways of planning for retirement and cultural dynamics influence retirement savings. This opens a dialogue on whether considering retirement preparedness purely via the quantitative amount of formalised savings and western ideologies is sufficient.

Conflict and Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine in Chinese Literature, 1906-1946

Western medicine was introduced into China since the first half of the 19th century. In the first thirty years of the 20th century, the confrontation between Western and Traditional Chinese medicines went to its peak, resulting in a social debate over not only the efficacy of medical practices but also the justification of new, Western ideology. Western medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and their clash were recurring motifs in literature from 1906 to 1946, and these literary works reveal the cultural and ideological impact of the introduction of Western medical science to China. This paper examines continuity and change in the representation of Western and traditional Chinese medicine in Chinese literature of 1906 to 1946, dividing this time period into three chronological stages and yielding an argument that the impact of Western medicine on Chinese society went through multiple stages, and was influenced by contemporary societal changes.

ON THE PECULIARITIES OF THE PERCEPTION OF SOMEPROBLEMS OF SOVIET HISTORY ENGLISH RESEARCHERS

The article attempts, on the basis of a number of debatable issues of Soviet history, to partially generalize the views of English-speaking historians on this chronological stage. The author comes to the conclusion that regarding all the problems considered in the article in English-language historiography, there are two main approaches – traditionalist, formed during the Cold War and meeting the needs of Western ideology regarding the USSR in those years, and revisionist, representatives who insist on revising those schemes, and as a rule, they try to be more objective in assessing a number of events.

Indigenous cultural understandings of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias – research and engagement (ICARE): relationships between cultural strengths, education and stigma

AbstractBackgroundEvidence indicates Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) and chronic diseases considered risk factors for developing ADRD disproportionately affect Indigenous people. However, little is known regarding lived experiences, needs and resiliencies across the ADRD disease trajectory in Indigenous communities. This work highlights preliminary data from the ICARE study (R56 AG 62307); a project that explored factors impacting ADRD across the disease trajectory. This research focuses on thematic trends and relationships between education, cultural strengths and stigma emerging from the analysis of Sequential Focus Groups (SFGs) data.MethodCommunity‐based participatory research and phenomenology guided qualitative study design, recruitment, data collection and analysis. We conducted SFGs in four tribal community sites in the US and Canada. All participants had professional health care experience working with Indigenous people with dementia (PWD). Each site held between 4‐5 sequential virtual focus groups with consistent participants lasting between 30‐90 minutes. Community‐based researchers led these sessions focused on understandings within the contexts of early, mid and late‐stage dementia.ResultParticipants (N = 17) were aged 18+, and worked with Indigenous PWD (M = 11.09 years; SD = 9.25). Additionally, 41% reported caring for a loved one with dementia. Preliminary analysis suggests thematic shifts within the contexts of early, mid, and late‐stage ADRD, including cultural understandings of ADRD. Participants described a need for education in early‐stage, service access in middle‐stage, and safety and retrospective recommendations for education in late‐stage. Notably, aspects of stigma appeared thematically through each stage, and appeared antithetical to other consistent subthemes of community needs (e.g., education) and cultural strengths (e.g., connectedness, storytelling).ConclusionSFGs revealed nuances of cultural and community level factors influencing the impact of ADRD across the disease trajectory in four diverse Indigenous communities. Preliminary data provide lines of inquiry for ICARE R01 NIH (R01AG062307), such as exploring culturally appropriate education and outreach as inroads to developing effective interventions and reducing stigma, isolation and the burden of ADRD on AI/FN communities. Notions of stigma require further investigation and may reflect Western ideology and disconnection from traditional teachings resulting from colonization.

An argument for globalized L2 writing methodological innovation

In this paper, I present an argument for L2 writing methodological innovation to embrace the idea of ‘globalized L2 writing’, which entails focusing on different (types of) research questions and using these to draw on research methods from other fields. I use the term ‘global’ to refer to the cross-disciplinary nature of this endeavor, and the important contribution of diverse global perspectives and global knowledge to researching linguistic phenomena, along the lines of ‘Global Englishes’ and the ‘Global South’. Globalized L2 writing requires re-conceptualizing L2 writing as a global phenomenon that is paradigmatically unbounded and dynamic. It is both socio-political and open to expansion, and it is unrestricted by Western ideologies such as those proscribing imitation. I highlight two L2 writing methodological problems that offer opportunities to re-conceptualize L2 writing and recommend alternative L2 writing methodologies with associated research questions.

Using the Taoist philosophy of Ziran-Wuwei to reconcile the nature-technology dichotomy in outdoor intercultural learning: a mini-ethnography of an ocean-crossing sail-training expedition

ABSTRACT This paper provides an alternative lens of viewing digital technologies and networked spaces in outdoor intercultural learning, by introducing the Taoist philosophy of Ziran (nature) and Wuwei (inaction). The application of digital technology to outdoor learning has become prevailing and triggered critical debates and discussions among scholars and practitioners. The majority of the perspectives are, however, oriented in Western ideologies, and very rarely has any research considered this issue in the context of outdoor intercultural learning. A mini-ethnographic study was conducted to reconcile the nature-technology dichotomy during an EU-exchange sail-training voyage. Methodological implications are provided for conducting fieldwork in outdoor learning research, in line with the Ziran-Wuwei principles. The findings suggest that educators and facilitators follow the dialectical, relational, and contextual orientations to manage the (non)use of digital devices to maximise learners’ outdoor experiential engagement and reflections.

Congruency Between Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory and the Principles of Maqasid Sharī‘ah

Maslow's initial five levelled theory of ‘hierarchy of needs is one of the most popular theories on motivation albeit its many criticisms particularly related to the lack of scientific rigour to narrow cultural perspectives. However, it’s propensity towards the self has called for a review of the theory with Maslow himself finally proposing a sixth level (self-transcendence) at the new apex of the pyramid above ‘self-actualization’ and the other four levels of needs. However, the original five level of needs is still preferred by most researchers globally. Human motivation and needs have long been discussed in ‘Islamic scholarship’ for centuries, but it is rarely represented in ‘Western academic’ discussions of ‘Islamic motivation’. Unfortunately, some studies tend to explore the integration of Islamic theories and Western ideologies by incorporating the Maqasid Sharī‘ah with ‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’. Such approach tends to ignore the distinct influence of Islam on behaviour and self-perception as Islam delivers a unique ‘spiritual perspective’ on the relationship between motivators and the self that most ‘Western models’ do not provide. The authors believe that the Maqasid Sharī‘ah is constantly revolving in a dynamic state that changes continuously and should not be portrayed as static in nature. Thus, a framework with the Maqasid Sharī‘ah as overarching contextual factor that constantly influences Maslow's five levels of needs is proposed accordingly.
 Keywords: contextual factors, integration, Islamic motivation, Maslow’s-hierarchy-of-needs-theory, Maqasid Sharī‘ah

The Acknowledgments in Student Theses: Eastern and Western Ideology

People's ideologies in various Western and Eastern countries influence language use, including acknowledgment writing. This qualitative study attempts to establish Eastern and Western ideologies in the acknowledgments of the student's final projects using a critical discourse approach. Eastern ideology was examined through 57 acknowledgments of student theses from eastern countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore) written in Indonesian and English. In comparison, Western ideology was examined through 53 acknowledgments of student theses from western countries (United States of America, England, and Germany) written in English. The linguistic features of Fairclough and Santoso were used to reveal the Eastern and Western ideology found in the acknowledgments of students’ final projects. The findings revealed that the language used to acknowledge eastern ideology was rigid. In Muslim-majority countries, gratitude to God comes first, and there are expressions of gratitude to parents. Gratitude expressions found in some eastern countries were based on the hierarchy of positions. The Western ideology in the acknowledgment, on the other hand, can be seen in the use of more expressive languages. Moreover, the acknowledgment format is not rigid and is arranged according to the hierarchy of works' contributions. The findings also indicate that identity has an impact on language.

메이지기 번역어의 탄생과 한국 수용 - [obligation]이 [의무(義務)]로 번역되기까지 -

This study is aimed to observe the process of translating ‘obligations’ into Japanese, which are the basic concept of the modern rule of law in western ideology. In the early 1860s (which were the early days of modern Japanese translation), there were various types of translations such as [務][職分][關係]. In the mid1860s, the narrative translation form was often used, such as [務むへき義] [務めさることの義] [義を務む]. Among these descriptive translation forms, [義務] was created and used, which abbreviates [義を務む] which is similar to the Japanese narrative form. After 1870, enlightenment scholars at Kaiseizo (開成所) and Meirokusya (明六社) used [義務] in more than narrative translation forms in their works, thereby spreading it to the general public. In Korean data, “義務” was first discovered by “Hanseong Jubo” (1886). In the 1890s, examples used in modern Western enlightenment books such as “Seoyu Gyeonmun” (1895), popular newspapers like the “Hwangseong Newspaper” (1898), and the “Independent Newspaper” (1899) were found. Through this, it is judged that [義務] in Joseon in the late 1890s was generalized to the extent that it would not be unreasonable to use it with the general public.

Negative attitude of youth towards african traditional values and socio-economic implications for nigeria

The negative attitude of youth towards African traditional values has to a great extent imprisoned the psyche of most Nigerian youth to the extent that a lag is created with concomitant socio-economic implications. We live in a world where the youth pursue fashions and values that are alien to Africa’s normative customs. Some of these youth condemn African traditional values as archaic, demonic, timid and of no relevance in the present dispensation. It is also obvious that many youth pursue values without knowing whether they are right or wrong and sometimes ignorant of their implications. In a bid to appear “civilized” or “modern”, some youth find themselves entrapped in a world of confusion. The paper employed qualitative research, involving published data and it was observed that factors such as western ideology and the dilemma of globalization as well as western educational system, social media and the family have influenced youth’s negative attitude towards African traditional values. Indeed, these factors have greatly influenced the youth to undermine the African traditional values. For example, a greater number of youth perceive African traditional values to be inferior compared to foreign values. It was further observed that the craze for western values also resulted to the adoption of strange criminal behaviors such as scam, hate speeches, kidnappings, terrorism, fraud, corruption, youth restiveness, drug abuse, cultism and conflicts among the youth. It is therefore recommended among others that government should introduce policy measures that will promote African traditional values, norms and culture among youth. This can also be done effectively through social work counseling, sensitizations, behavior change processes and advocacy by Non-Governmental Organizations, faith base organizations and social workers. Word count: 274

Birth of the girl-child in Nigeria society: Cultural implications

Culture is the way of life of a people. It includes everything people do and have as members of a society, such as knowledge, ideas, skills, beliefs, literature, philosophy, religions, language, among others. Culture represents the way of life of a group of people. Every child has the right to be born; right to survival and development; right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical, mental and spiritual health, irrespective of the sex of the child. Also, every child has the right to free, compulsory and universal education; and, every child who is in need of special attention and special protection measures has the right to such measures as is appropriate to his/her physical, social, economic, emotional and mental needs and under conditions which ensure his/her dignity, promote his/her self-reliance and active participation in the affairs of the community. This paper discussed some of the injustice infringed on the girl-child from birth through to her life as a woman. The paper discusses the denial of the girl-child’s right to be born; the girl-child discriminated after birth, the girl-child’s education and its cultural implications and, the girl and national development. It was concluded that the birth of a girl-child today is a blessing because no family, community or society can develop without women involved directly or indirectly. When a girl is born, a woman is born; and a nation is born. In the same vein, when a girl is trained, a woman is trained; and when a woman is trained, a nation is trained. Based on this conclusion, it was recommended among others that Nigerian society should appreciate the birth of girl-children; as well as welcome the western ideology in training or educating females.

Narratives of race and identity in English language teaching

ABSTRACT The continued spread of Western ideology, English as a lingua franca, and the myth of the native speaker all play a role in the racialisation of language teaching (Phillipson, R. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Ramjattan, V. A. 2019. Raciolinguistics and the aesthetic labourer. Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 5: 726-738. doi:10.1177/0022185618792990.). As a former English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher, numerous racialised encounters compelled me to reflect on my own professional identity as an educator and seek out the lived experiences of other teachers of colour. A framework that connects foundational elements of sociocultural identity theory to theoretical perspectives from critical race theory was utilised to co-construct narratives from four EFL teachers. Data collection relied on three interviews and four forum posts. Transcribed data were then coded using first and second cycle coding methods, and thematically analysed. Findings depict discriminatory practices in EFL hiring, self-efficacy issues surrounding authenticity, racialised interactions, the influence of race on professional identity, and an absence of diversity in curricular materials.

Reconsidering Dabashi's View in Anglophone Iraqi Poetry

In Brown Skin, White Masks, Hamid Dabashi critically examines the relationship between race and colonialism re-questioning Edward Said’s concept of the ‘intellectual exile’. Said stood in defense of Arab intellectuals who lived in the West and wrote anti-colonialist literature. On the other hand, decades later, Hamid Dabashi saw the situation of post-colonialism from a different angle and took his own stance from those Arab writers of post-colonialism. He reverses the positive image of some exilic intellectuals in order to shed light on the negative role which they can play. Dabashi calls them ‘native informers’ since they denigrate their cultures in a way that serves the Western ideology. This paper explores Dabashi’s concept of native informers in selected texts of Iraqi poetry. It argues that the Anglophone Iraqi poets, who paraded as ‘voices of dissent’, employ their poetry, unintentionally, to propagandize the American strategy which needs to assure the world that they are the superior nation. It concludes that the three poets under discussion, Sinan Antoon, Hashim Shafiq, and Dunya Mikhail have an apocalyptic point of view toward what is happening in Iraq; therefore, they cannot be accused of being disloyal or conspiracies against their homeland since they criticize in the hope of reforming the political system. The paper implements an analytical approach to apply Dabashi’s theory on the selected texts.

A framework for identifying perceived Quality of Life indicators for the elderly in the neighbourhood context: a case study of Kolkata, India

Review of existing research reveals sporadic explorations of the vast concept of perceived Quality of Life (QoL) of elderly. Assessment of QoL of elderly in South Asian countries have been so far based on measurement models developed on western ideologies. The distinctively dissimilar perspectives and philosophies of the elderly living in South Asian countries seeks for development of QoL models from their perspective. The importance of the neighbourhood environment in the lives of the elderly and the preference of the elderly to age-in-place, also necessitates research on improving the QoL of the elderly in the context of their residential environment. This paper, exploring the perspectives of a group of Indian elderly, describes the stages of identification of a set of factors (components) and a broad set of domains (latent constructs which these factors cater to), influencing perceived QoL of Indian elderly to promote ageing-in-place. The methodology combines qualitative and quantitative research techniques, which includes literature review, followed by focus group discussions and close-ended interviews with Indian elderly from varied socio-demographic backgrounds. The present study, using Principal Component Analysis, identifies seven broad domains and 37 QoL factors influencing perceived QoL of Indian and elderly, which can be further validated on a larger sample for the development of a QoL index. The structure of domains and factors, identified for the Indian elderly varies considerably from that identified from literature. The study concludes with an exploration of the prioritisation of the identified domains among different socio-demographic groups.

The Contribution of Sir Maulana Abdur Rahim to Islamic Thought (On Women's and Workers Rights)

Maulana Abdur Rahim was one of the leading Muslim scholars in the Indian subcontinent during mid-20 th century. He is well known for his Intellectual thoughts through various writings, especially the Islamization of human knowledge. Most of his works are to refute Western ideologies on the basis of Islamic literature. This study aims to explore two significant ideas from his writings. Firstly, the article explores how Maulana Abdur Rahim compared and analyzed women's rights according to Islamic and secular worldviews. Especially, secular scholars often criticized by stating that Muslim women had no right to participate in social activities. Abdur Rahim refuted this type of argument and wrote that Islam allows Muslim women to participate in social activities. Women just need to follow some principles of Islam and Islam is comprehensive religion to protect the rights of women in the best manner. Secondly, this paper will examine how he portrayed the rights of workers in Islam in comparison with capitalist and Marxist ideologies. Especially he said that the rights of workers in socialist and capitalist societies had been violated. Moreover, the only owner of the whole world is Allah, and we are all his slaves (Bandha ). That is why the prevailing social inequality between workers and employers has no place in Islam. The qualitative method is used to do content analysis from his writings to comprehend how he compared and came up with solutions for Muslim society which is affected by secular ideologies. This study has found that Maulana Abdur Rahim’s analysis in support of Islam can provide better and long-term effective solutions in comparison with the solutions that secular ideologies addressed for the rights for women and workers.