Western Fast Food Research Articles

Hypertension in Young Asymptomatic University Students: Impact of Parental History, Physical Inactivity, and Diet.

Introduction Non-communicable diseases such as hypertension have emerged as a major public concern over the past two decades due to lifestyle changes. Patients with prehypertension have agreater risk of developing coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Hypertension is a major modifiablerisk factor for premature death worldwide. Evidence about the prevalence of hypertension and related variables, however, is sparse among university students in areas with limited resources. This study was conducted with an aimto evaluate the impact of parental history, physical inactivity, and diet on the blood pressure readings of university students. Methodology For this study, 337 university students aged between 18 and 30 years(102 males and 235 females) were randomly selected. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire, which gathered information about thelifestyle habits of the participating students. Trained students measured the participant's blood pressure according to a standardizedprocedure. Results Of the total participants, 50.7% (n= 171) were normotensive, 36.8% (n= 124) were prehypertensive, and 12.5% (n= 42) were hypertensive. Males were more prone to developing prehypertension (54.9%) while females were more likely to develop hypertension (12.7%). The consumption of sugared beverages and Western fast food showed a statistically significant relationship with increased blood pressure. A significant relationship was also seen between the duration of exercise and hypertension (p-value =0.007) Conclusion Hypertension and prehypertension are common among university students. The risk factors for these conditions include a positive family history, being male, increased intake of fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages, and reduced duration of regular exercise. These findings emphasize the significance of implementing targeted health education programs aimed at fostering healthy lifestyle practices among young adults.

Association of Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviour on Sleep Quality among Students of Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and Surveying in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor

Introduction: Inadequate sleep among undergraduate students might have an impact on their bodies and everyday activities. This study aims to investigate the association of physical activity and dietary behaviour on sleep quality among students of Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and Surveying in UiTM Selangor. Method: This research was conducted using a cross-sectional research and convenience sampling. The data were collected through the use of self-administered questionnaires from May to June 2022. Data analysis was done using Statistical Analysis Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: A total of 321 students responded the questionnaire. The prevalence of poor sleep quality among undergraduate students of Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying was 93.5%. It was found that physical activity was not associated (p>0.05) with sleep quality using Pearson’s Chi-square test. Pearson’s Chi-square test revealed that sleep quality was associated (p<0.05) with dietary behaviour which is Western fast food, sweets, water and breakfast skipping, gender, years of study and residential. Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of poor sleep quality among students of Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying. This information may be helpful in creating programs to treat and promote good sleep hygiene practices that may improve students’ physical and mental health.

The Effect of Economic Development Level on the Spatial Diffusion Characteristics of Western Food Brands

This study uses KFC as a representative brand of Western fast food to reflect the consumption ability of food, and Starbucks as a representative brand of the beverage industry to reflect the consumption ability of beverage, defines an S/K formula, compares the data with the level of regional economic development in order to present a certain correlation, and explores the spatial distribution characteristics of KFC and Starbucks, the influence of cultural institutions and economic influences on spatial selection. The study found that the ratio of the number of Starbucks stores to the number of KFC stores showed a positive relationship with the level of economic development (i.e., GDP and GDP per capita). The study not only empirically complements the current research on the spatial expansion of multinational retail firms but also provides validation for the theory of the spatial expansion of firms. At the same time, the study can provide some reference for site selection for other brands in similar fields entering the market.

Research on the Adaptability of Organizational Management in McDonald's "Sinicization" Operation

Chinese fast food businesses have grown quickly in recent years, but they still have a far smaller market share and profit margin than Western fast food businesses like McDonald's and KFC. McDonald's outperforms Chinese fast food firms by 160 times when it comes to average shop turnover. More than one-third of the fast-food market in China is now made up of businesses with a Westernized aesthetic. We cannot disregard the challenges in service marketing related to service quality, method, pricing, physical proof, and others, for a variety of reasons. Additionally, the daily schedules in North and South China vary, as do the service delivery methods. I selected a region's McDonald's shops as the subject of the analysis to make the proposal more focused. This essay will examine the factors that contributed to McDonald's success in China and provide recommendations.

The Cultural Communication Strategies of Western Fast-Food Brand McDonald in China

Innovation in the products of fast-food companies is of paramount importance. With fierce competition under the epidemic, the American multinational fast-food company McDonald's must attract the attention and satisfaction of a wide range of customers through consumer stimulation. Since high substitution products make the industry highly competitive, high frequency differentiation strategy is needed to meet the freshness of consumers. McDonald's, one of the world's most well-known fast-food brands, has also made enormous changes in the process of entering China. Because local culture and in-depth communication are the embodiment of brand value and the integration of localization, this paper analyzes McDonald's cultural strategies in four areas: product, marketing, people management and production, and provides some suggestions for sustainable development. Cultural exchange is used and respected in all these important aspects, which is a big reason for shaping the uniqueness of different regional brands. Overall, McDonald's has done a successful job in product development and localization in China, which is an exemplary case among fast food brands and can bring many suggestions and implications to other familiar brands.

The Influence of Taste and Price on Consumer Satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of taste and price on consumer satisfaction at a western fast food restaurant. The research design used in this study used quantitative associative methods. Based on the results of data analysis that has been carried out on the first hypothesis (H1) which states that taste has a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction, the t-count value is 22,984 which is greater than the t-table value of 1.661, testing the second hypothesis (H2) which states that price has a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction, the t-count value is 23,908, which is greater than the t-table value of 1.661, which means that taste and price have a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction, while the R-square value obtained is 0.865 which states that the taste and price variables affect consumer satisfaction by 86.50% and the remaining 13.50% is influenced by other variables.

The Effect of Price and Perceived Quality Dimensions on Customer Satisfaction

The goal of this research is to analyze the effect of service quality dimensions and price toward customer satisfaction on western fast-food restaurant in Jabodetabek. Total of 134 questionnaire responses from three most well-known brand western fast food restaurants in Jabodetabek were collected and used as the main data for this research. The method used in this research was Likert seven-point rating scales. The findings of this research indicate reliability, assurance, empathy from SERVQUAL factors have significant positive effect on customer satisfaction. However, tangibles, responsiveness, and price does not affect customer satisfaction in western fast-food restaurant in Indonesia. It seems assurance and empathy play the most important role on western fast-food restaurants in Jabodetabek region in Indonesia. The result suggests to prioritize some elements of SERVQUAL and price strategy that possibly western fast-food restaurants utilize later in future especially on urban and agglomeration area in Indonesia such as Jabodetabek.

Effects of Physical Exercise on Physical Fitness and Mental Health of Obese Students.

With the rapid development of my country's economy, the rapid improvement of national living standards, the introduction of western fast food culture, and the modern lifestyle, the detection rate of obese patients in my country has increased year by year. Obesity has gradually become an important issue of social concern, especially among students, obesity is very common, seriously affecting the physical and mental health of students, and laying a hidden danger for the development of society. As an effective method, physical exercise has an important impact on the physical and mental health of obese students and has become an important way to solve the obesity problem. On the basis of a large number of literature research, this paper adopts a variety of research methods such as questionnaire survey, expert consultation, mathematical statistics and comparative analysis, and logical analysis. The current situation of extracurricular physical exercise has been investigated in detail, and after data analysis, it is found that obesity has a great negative impact on all aspects of college freshmen. The results of the study showed that the obese college students in Suzhou had a low level of physical health. The average scores of the “National Student Physical Health Standards” for boys and girls were 58.50 and 60.49, respectively, and the failure rates were 48.24% and 43.55%, respectively. Compared with the average level of college students in the whole country, the height, weight, and vital capacity of obese students in Suzhou are higher than the national level, while the vital capacity index is far lower than the national level, and there are significant differences in physical fitness items (obese girls 800 meters), standing long jump, sit-ups are higher than the national level, and there are significant differences; obese boys 1000 meters, sitting forward flexion are lower than the national level, there is a significant difference, while the standing long jump performance is slightly higher than the national level). In terms of mental health, the detection rate of various mild mental health problems among obese college students in Suzhou is as high as 44.56%, and the detection rate of various moderate mental health problems also reaches 9.69%. Compared with the national youth norm, obese college students are prone to psychological problems such as somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, terror, psychosis, hostility, and paranoia.

Associations between Fast-Food Restaurants Surrounding Kindergartens and Childhood Obesity: Evidence from China.

The prevalence of obesity among preschool children has risen dramatically due to the influx of Western fast food in China. In this study, we aimed to provide clear evidence on the associations between fast-food restaurants and childhood obesity. We collected and combined three unique cross-sectional datasets: physical fitness data, geographic information, and the financial data of each kindergarten. The two-stage least squares were used for empirical analyses. The final data including 75,730 children were from 785 kindergartens in 82 cities and 23 provinces in China in 2018. The mean age of participants was 4.94 ± 0.87; 34,249 (45.2%) females and 41,481 (54.8%) males. The number of fast-food restaurants within 1, 2, and 3 km radii had a significant and positive correlation with obesity, and this correlation decreased as the radius increased. Furthermore, the distance to the nearest fast-food restaurant had a significant and negative correlation with obesity. Western fast-food restaurants contributed more to obesity than the broader definition of fast-food restaurants. There was marked heterogeneity between urban and rural areas. Our findings documented that fast-food restaurants had a significant and positive association with childhood obesity, thus the restriction of fast-food restaurants surrounding kindergartens might be considered.

The curse of modernization? Western fast food and Chinese children's weight.

The income-adjusted price of fast food in China is five times more than in the United States, yet we show that the introduction of Western fast-food restaurants to China still leads to significant weight gain in children. Using the community-year-level presence of Western fast-food outlets, difference-in-differences estimations find a 4.8-percentage-point increase in the prevalence of overweight/obese children after controlling for child and year fixed effects. The effect decreases at a distance of 3-4 km from a fast-food restaurant, and we find no further weight gain 2 years after the restaurant's introduction. The underweight rate is not affected by fast-food introduction. The increase in fat share of energy intake serves as the channel for weight gain. Children in high-income families, younger than 11 years, and girls are more affected than other Chinese children.

Complementary Foods and Milk-Based Formulas Provide Excess Protein but Suboptimal Key Micronutrients and Essential Fatty Acids in the Intakes of Infants and Toddlers from Urban Settings in Malaysia.

This study determined the intakes of complementary foods (CFs) and milk-based formulas (MFs) by a total of 119 subjects aged 6–23.9 months from urban day care centers. Dietary intakes were assessed using two-day weighed food records. Intake adequacy of energy and nutrients was compared to the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) for Malaysia. The most commonly consumed CFs were cereals (rice, noodles, bread). The subjects derived approximately half of their energy requirements (kcals) from CFs (57 ± 35%) and MFs (56 ± 31%). Protein intake was in excess of their RNI requirements, from both CFs (145 ± 72%) and MFs (133 ± 88%). Main sources of protein included meat, dairy products, and western fast food. Intake of CFs provided less than the RNI requirements for vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and zinc. Neither CF nor MF intake met the Adequate Intake (AI) requirements for essential fatty acids. These findings indicate imbalances in the dietary intake of the subjects that may have adverse health implications, including increased risk of rapid weight gain from excess protein intake, and linear growth faltering and intellectual impairment from multiple micronutrient deficiencies. Interventions are needed to improve child feeding knowledge and practices among parents and child care providers.

Dietary patterns and their associations with overweight/obesity among preschool children in Dongcheng District of Beijing: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundFew studies investigated the associations between dietary patterns and overweight/obesity among Chinese preschool children. Thus, the study aims to explore dietary patterns and their associations with overweight/obesity among preschool children in the Dongcheng District of Beijing.MethodsWith a stratified proportionate cluster sampling, the study included 3373 pairs of preschool children and their guardians. Children’s weight and height were measured by school nurses, and their food and beverage consumption frequencies were reported by guardians via a food frequency questionnaire. Children’s age, gender, physical activity time, and sedentary time, as well as their parents’ highest level of educational attainment, occupation, weight, and height were also collected. Dietary patterns were identified through exploratory factor analysis. Among these identified dietary patterns, the one with the largest factor score was defined as the predominant dietary pattern for each child. The associations between predominant dietary patterns and overweight/obesity were tested by two-level random-intercept logistic models with cluster-robust standard errors.ResultsFour dietary patterns, i.e., a “Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and snack” pattern, a “Chinese traditional” pattern, a “Health conscious” pattern, and a “Snack” pattern, were identified. Among the children, 21.02% (95% CI: 19.68 to 22.43%) were predominated by the “SSB and snack” pattern, 27.78% (95% CI: 26.29 to 29.32%) by the “Chinese traditional” pattern, 24.90% (95% CI: 23.47 to 26.39%) by the “Health conscious” pattern, and 26.30% (95% CI: 24.84 to 27.81%) by the “Snack” pattern. After controlling for potential confounders, the “SSB and snack” pattern characterized by fresh fruit/vegetable juice, flavored milk drinks, carbonated drinks, flavored fruit/vegetable drinks, tea drinks, plant-protein drinks, puffed foods, fried foods, and Western fast foods was associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity (OR: 1.61, 95% CI:1.09 to 2.38), compared with the “Chinese traditional” pattern.ConclusionsThe preference for dietary patterns with high energy density but low nutritional value was prevalent among preschool children in the Dongcheng District of Beijing. Comprehensive measures to simultaneously reduce consumption of SSBs and unhealthy snacks among preschool children should be taken urgently to address the childhood obesity problem in China, particularly in metropolises.

Interaction effects between the dietary behaviors and the type of caregivers on their overweight or obesity among left-behind children

Objective To explore the association between interaction effects of dietary behaviors and caregivers’s type on overweight or obesity among left-behind children, and to provide a reference for overweight or obesity prevention among the left-behind children. Methods From October to December 2018, 877 left-behind children aged 7-18 years were randomly selected from a stratified cluster in county, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province.Type of caregives, dietary behavior, health status were collected from questionnaires, height, weight were examined. Results The detection rate of overweight and obesity in left-behind children was 21.7% (190/877), and the rate of overweight and obese left-behind children with other foster parents was 29.8% (158/530), higher than the rate of 16.2%(32/198). The detection rate of overweight and obesity of left-behind children who consumed high level of western fast food was 59.0%(59/100). There were significant differences in rate of overweight and obesity by type of caregiver and western food consumption. Regression analysis showed that the detection rate of overweight and obesity of left-behind children who often ate western fast food was 5.70 times (95% CI = 3.62-8.99) high than that of those who seldom ate western fast food. Interaction analysis showed that the interaction (synergistic effect) of the type of adopter × whether the adopter often ate western fast food (father or mother × yes) presents a positive multiplying interaction (synergistic effect) . Left-behind children under paternal or maternal care together with high western fast food consumption greatly increased the risk of overweight and obesity ( OR = 6.94, 95%CI = 2.7617.44). Conclusion Frequent consumption of western fast food together with one parent stay at home is associated with overweight and obesity of left-behind children. These two factors have a synergistic effect, which greatly increases the risk of overweight and obesity of left-behind children. In other words, their interaction is a major risk factor. 【摘要】 目的 研究留守儿童带养人类型与饮食行为交互作用与留守儿童超重肥胖的关联，为减少留守儿童超重肥胖的 发生提供干预依据和参考。 方法 于2018年10—12月，分层整群随机抽取江西省上饶市玉山县区7~ 18岁877名留守儿 童，对其带养人类型、饮食行为、健康状况进行问卷调査和身髙、体重等项目测试。 结果 留守儿童超重肥胖的检出率为 21.7% (190/877)，带养人类型为其他人的留守儿童超重肥胖率为29.8% (158/530)，髙于带养人为父/母亲者（16.2%，32/ 198);经常吃西式快餐的留守儿童超重肥胖检出率为59.0%(59/100)，髙于不经常吃西式快餐者（20.9%，131/628);带养 人类型、是否经常吃西式快餐留守儿童超重肥胖检出率差异均有统计学意义认 2 值分别为15.39,65.06，P值均<0.05)。Lottie 回归分析结果显示，留守儿童经常吃西式快餐超重肥胖检出率是不经常吃西式快餐者的5.70倍（95% CI =3.62~ 8.99)。交互作用分析显示，带养人类型X是否经常吃西式快餐中（父/母X是）呈现正向相乘的交互作用（协同作用），带养 人为父/母且经常吃西式快餐留守儿童增加了超重肥胖发生的风险（ OR = 6.94,95% CI = 2.76~ 17.44)。其交互对比度 ( ICR )为1.26,归因比(4P)为1.81，交互作用指数（ SI )为1.27。 结论 父/母带养留守儿童经常吃西式快餐与留守儿童超 重肥胖关联，二者具有协同作用，极大增加了留守儿童超重肥胖发生的风险。

Factors affecting the choice of fast food among teenagers of Sabour block in Bhagalpur district of India

In recent days, there is rapid shift in consumer’s life-style due to change in standard of living, work culture, hectic work schedule, and free-thinking and global perspective, as a consequence, fast foods impact our dietary pattern and routine food consumption. As fast food is generally considered rich in calorie, fat, sugar, salt and poor in other nutrients, it has contributed to rise of many non- communicable diseases, metabolic diseases such as obesity and over-weight, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases among more common. The present study was conducted to find the factors affecting the choice of fast food (Indian Fast Food, IFF; Western Fast Food, WFF) among teenagers using questionnaire-cum-structured interview schedule. In response to the influence of nutritional information about fast foods on the teenager’s choice of fast food, in case of IFF, the response was rarely (girls, 30%, boys, 19.6%), sometimes (girls, 40.4%, boys, 45.6%), most of time (girls, 20%, boys, 20.8%), and always (girls, 9.6%, boys, 6.4%), while in case of WFF, the response was rarely (girls, 20%, boys, 19.2%), sometimes (girls, 45.2%, boys, 42.4%), most of time (girls, 17.2%, boys, 20.8%), and always (girls, 15.2%, boys, 6.4%). In response to query on awareness for chemicals and preservatives present in fast food, respondents considered fast food as a healthy food in case of IFF response was yes (girls, 61.2%, boys, 53.6%), and no (girls, 37.2%, boys, 49.2%); while in case of WFF Always (girls, 57.6%, boys, 46.4%) and no (girls, 37.2%, boys, 49.2%). Regarding having prior knowledge of nutritive value of fast foods, in case of IFF, the response was as follows, “Yes, it has high nutritive value” (girls, 40.4%, boys, 44.4%), and “Yes, it has low nutritive value” (girls, 22%, boys, 19.6%), “no I don’t know” (girls, 35.2%, boys, 26.8%); while in case of WFF, “Yes it is high in calorie” (girls, 17.6%, boys, 17.2%), “Yes it has low calorie” (girls, 35.6%, boys, 31.2%), and “ no I don’t know” (girls, 43.2%, boys, 45.6%). This valuable information would be useful for preparing strategies related to fast food consumption among teenagers and their social, health and economical issues.

Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Gerai Makanan Cepat Saji Ditinjau dari Kualitas Produk, Persepsi Harga dan Iklan

Western fast food restaurant recently becoming a solution in providing meal service for those who are busy, especially for workers, students. Fastfood considered favored for the decent taste and price. This study aims to investigate the customers’ decision on purchasing the product that is much affected by the product quality, perception on price and also advertisments. The data analysis is done for 170 closed questionaire form the McDonalds booth in Jakarta Barat using convience sampling method. The result of descriptive analysis showed that most of the customer visiting the booth is female, students and college students and in between the age of 15-21 years old. The data analysis method and the hypotheses test are utilized by Smart-PLS (Partial Least Square) to find out predictive linear relationship among the variables studied. The testing method is utilizing the Measurement Model (Outer Model) and structural model (inner model). Latent variable relationship test result indicates that prime decision on purchasing is significantly affected by perception on price. In addition, the product quality followed by advertising is significantly affected consumer purchasing decisions.

Eating behaviour of Indonesian adolescents: a systematic review of the literature.

Global evidence has shown that behaviour acquired during adolescence often lasts into adulthood. Diet quality of and malnutrition in Indonesian adolescents is a neglected area of research. The current study reviews all studies related to eating behaviour in Indonesian adolescents to support evidence-based policy to improve diets. We searched electronic databases (six international and one local), from January 2000 to April 2018. The search terms used were (1) prevalence (prevalence OR number* OR case*, incidence OR survey), (2) adolescents (adolescen* OR school-age OR young adult), (3) Indonesia (Indonesia*) and (4) eating pattern (eat* OR fruit OR vegetable OR food recall OR food OR frequenc* OR consumption OR dietary intake). Articles were assessed against a critical appraisal tool. Indonesia. 10-19 years. We discovered 15 studies related to eating behaviour, 5 of which were secondary analyses of nationally representative surveys and one was a nationwide survey. Of the nine studies, one study was conducted in multiple cities, and the rest were conducted in a single city or smaller area. There were seven main topics from the included studies: nutrient adequacy, fruit and vegetable consumption, water and beverage intake, Na intake, breakfast habit, snacking frequency and western fast food consumption. Adolescents consume inadequate amounts of protein, fruits and vegetables, and excessive amounts of Na and western fast food. Measures are needed to improve and motivate adolescents to adopt healthier eating patterns. Furthermore, there is a need to have one standard definition and measurement of eating behaviour in Indonesia.

Associations Between Leisure-Time Sedentary Behaviors with Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Among Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objectives Evidence that sedentary behaviors were correlated with unhealthy diet and physical activity were mostly among children and adolescents, but still limited for adults. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between screen-based leisure-time sedentary behaviors (LTSB) including television time and computer time with unhealthy dietary behaviors, and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among Chinese adults. Methods Participants (n = 10,108, aged 18–59 years) from a recent cross-sectional study of CHNS (China Health and Nutrition Survey) conducted in 2015 were analyzed. Time spent in LTSB and LTPA were collected from questionnaire. Unhealthy dietary behaviors were collected from three consecutive 24-hour food recalls and the food frequency method. Multivariable logistic regression models were produced to study the odds ratios for unhealthy dietary behaviors and LTPA as the function of the quintile of LTSB. Results Versus the lowest quartile, the OR(95%CI) of the highest quintile of computer time for insufficient vegetable intake (&amp;lt; 300 g/d) was 1.4(1.0,2.0) for male and 1.5(1.1,2.2) for female; the OR(95%CI) for excessive snack intake (≥1 time/day) was 1.6(1.0,2.3) for male and 1.7(1.3,2.4) for female; the OR(95%CI) for excessive western fast food intake (≥1 time/week) was 2.4(1.2,4.4) for male and 2.7(1.4,4.9) for female. The OR(95%CI) of the highest quintile of television time for no LTPA group (0 Mets.h/w) was 1.8(1.3,2.6) for male and 1.5(1.1,2.0) for female; the OR(95%CI) for sufficient LTPA group (≥8 Mets.h/w) was 0.5(0.4,0.8) for male and 0.7(0.5,0.9) for female. The OR(95%CI) of the highest quintile of computer time for no LTPA group (0 Mets.h/w) was 0.4(0.3,0.6) for male and 0.5(0.4,0.7) for female; the OR(95%CI) for sufficient LTPA (≥8 Mets.h/w) group was 2.4(1.7,3.3) for male and was 2.1(1.5,2.9) for female. Conclusions LTSB were associated with unhealthy dietary behaviors and mixed LTPA among Chinese adults. The patterns of “Television time-less LTPA” and “Computer time-unhealthy diet-more LTPA” for Chinese adults were principal associations. Our findings suggest the need for different behavior preventive intervention on different types of screen-based LTSB among Chinese adults. Funding Sources The survey received funding from NIH and from Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China.

Quality aspects of fast foods and their consumption pattern among teenagers of rural-urban region of Sabour block in Bhagalpur district of India

A comparative study of Indian Fast Food (IFF) and Western Fast Food (WFF) consumption among teenagers (girls and boys) was formulated to understand the quality aspects and trends of consumption of fast food among teenagers. For this 250 boys and 250 girls (12-18 years) were randomly selected and interviewed. It was found that girls (87.6%) and boys (86.8%) liked fast foods nearly equally i.e. and largely consumed both IFF and WFF (girls, 62.4% and boys, 60.4%). Among the IFF, girls (45.2%) and boys (54.4%) liked chat, pokora, samosa, patties, panipuri and while out of WFF, pizza was liked mostly (girls, 30% and boys, 45.2%). IFF was consumed for its taste (girls, 27.6% and boys, 53.6%) while WFF, it was largely as alternative food for girls (31.6%) and taste for boys (43.2%). IFF was taken occasionally by girls and boys, 29.6% and 33.2%, respectively, while WFF was taken occasionally, girls, 24.8% and boys, 52%. The satisfaction with IFF among girls and boys was 50.8% and 60%, respectively, and WFF (girls, 9.2% and boys, 5.2%). Reason for satisfaction with IFF was its deliciousness (girls, 64.4% and boys, 59.6%) followed by taste of food is indianized (girls, 20.4% and boys, 22%) in case of WFF, it was deliciousness (girls, 54% and boys, 59.6%), comparatively cheaper (girls, 7.6%; boys, 10.8%), and as a status symbol (girls, 2.4%; boys, 3.6%). This study would be helpful in formulating the strategies related to fast food consumption by teenagers.

Are only children in China more likely to be obese/overweight than their counterparts with siblings?

Family planning policy in China has resulted in a large number of one-child families. According to Becker’s “quantity-quality trade-off” theory there is an inverse relationship between the number of children in a family, and spending per child. We test whether this has led to significant differences in the height, weight and BMI of only-children compared with children with siblings in China using 4414 observations derived from four recent waves (2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We use propensity score matching and instrumental variables to control for the possible endogeneity of the number of siblings. Results show that only-children are significantly heavier (1.88 %–3.86 %), and have higher BMI (2.59 %–3.50 %). Moreover, they are more likely to be obese than children with siblings (2.33 %–3.00 %). Further analysis shows that these differences in health outcomes might be attributable to higher consumption of animal-source food (23.90–27.13 g), a higher frequency of eating western fast food (0.48-0.70 times/3-month) and drinking sweetened soft drinks (0.29-0.36 times/month), a higher share of meals eaten away from home (4.67 %–5.31 %), and more sedentary activity (20.04–34.35 minutes/week) by only children. Our study indicates that the growing share of only children due to China’s family planning policies also contributes to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in China. This policy has been eased in recent years, which might slow the increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and thus reduce the corresponding health burden for Chinese society as a whole.

Analysis of Influence of Family Status on Dietary Behavior of Preschool Children through Data Samples: A Case Study of Eating Frequency of Western Fast Food

Children’s eating habits are closely related to not only their own growth and development, but also their psychological development. In order to explore the influence of family status on the frequency of Western fast food eating for preschool children, this study selected five aspects of preschool education, including the cognitive level of adopters and family income, as the research dimension, and used SPSS software to analyze nearly 2000 groups of data. The study found that the low cognitive level of adopters in Western fast food behavior caused children to eat Western fast food more frequently. Children with high family income, decent parents, high educational level of parents and family living conditions had higher frequency of eating Western fast food. Finally, it is proposed to improve children’s dietary behavior by improving their dietary education, education ability and their own dietary behavior, developing diversified and interesting dietary health, health education activities, and strengthening the publicity of dietary education in kindergartens.