Western Desert Of Iraq Research Articles

Integrated nutrition for wheat in Gypsiferous soils under center pivot sprinkler irrigation system

Field experiment was conducted in gypsiferous desert soil in western desert of Iraq/ to the west of Baghdad 260km. at the season 2003-2004 to study the response of wheat (Ebba-99 ) to integrated nutrition and the method of nutrient application under center pivot sprinkler irrigation system. Experiment consisted of seven treatments which were : Control, chemical fertilization treatment according to the recommendation of ministry of agriculture 160 kg./hec.DAP +300Kg./hec.( 33.6kg P/hec., 160 kg N/hec.)Urea.Ferrous and Zinc sulfate were used at rate 4 kg./hec. With water plus to the fertilizer recommendation Also DAP was used with water or soil besides fertilizer recommendation at the same levels. Treatments were distributed according to completely randomized design with three replicates for experimental units with area300 m2 .Measurements were carried out after 50,100 days and at harvesting which consisted of morphological properties like number branches, plant height, leaf area, dry weight , number of spikes , number of grains in spike , weight of 1000 grain , biological yield, grain yield and harvesting index. Same physiological and qualitative properties were estimated that are chlorophyll a,b and total , carbohydrate, protein, total nitrogen ,available phosphorus in soil and plant. Also water use efficiency was calculated. Results showed that Fe+ Z n+ DAP with water achieved significant increasing in yield which was 3250 kg./hec with increasing percentage 15.6% as compared with recommended fertilization.The followed treatment was (Fe+Zn+DAP with soil) with significant increasing percentage 12.45%.The highest percentage of carbohydrate and protein in grains were corresponded by treatment (Fe+Zn+DAP with water and soil) and ranged between 112.5-106.6 gm./ plant for carbohydrate and between 17.5-19.3% for protein . All treatments conserved good level cover the requirement of plant from nitrogen in soil to age 100 days without control treatment. But for phosphorous the decreasing appeared under minimum limits which cover plant requirement after 50 days. That is mentioned the importance of phosphorous application with water at stages after 50 days. It will be concluded the importance of fertilization with more than recommended rates by ministry of agriculture under gypsiferous soils conditions and adding the elements with water after age 50 days.

Facies Analysis and Depositional Environments of the Euphrates Formation Between Fuhaimi and Al-Qaim Valleys, in Western Desert-Iraq

The study involves the Euphrates Formation in the area between Fuhaimi and Al-Qaim valleys in the western desert of Iraq. The Formation was divided into six informal units depending on various lithological properties. Facies analysis reveals the presence of the following microfacies, from bottom to top respectively; pelletal lime packstone, pellitoidal lime grainstone, oolitic lime grainstone, benthonic lime packstone and dolomitized lime mudstone microfacies. These microfacies, in addition to some geochemical properties were used to interpret the depositional environments, which are ranging from shelf, low water energy restricted and lagoonal environment to relatively high water energy open marine.

RESPONSE OF TOW WHEAT CULTIVARS FOR HIGH RATES OF FERTILIZATION IN GYPSIFEROUS SOILS UNDER CENTER PIVOT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Field experiment was conducted in gypsiferous desert soil in western desert of Iraq/ to the west of Baghdad 260km. at the season 2003-2004 to study the response of wheat (Ebba-99 and Rabeha-2) to high rates of fertilization and the method of nutrient application under center pivot sprinkler irrigation system. Treatments were distributed according to the factorial experiments by using completely randomized design with three replicates in experimental units with area 300 m2. Four treatments of fertilization were used: Control, fertilization according to the recommendation of ministry of agriculture (160 kg./hec.DAP +300Kg./hec.Urea), and 40 kg. /ha. DAP was used with water or brad casting to the soil besides to recommendation fertilization. Measurements were carried out after 50,100 days and at harvesting which consisted of morphological properties like number of branches, plant height, leaf area, dry weight, number of spikes, number of grains in spike, weight of 1000 grain, biological yield, grain yield and harvesting index. Some physiological and qualitative properties were estimated that are chlorophyll a, b and total, carbohydrate, protein, total nitrogen, available phosphorus in soil and plant. Also water use efficiency was calculated. Results showed that class of Ebba-99 cultivar achieved significant increasing in yield as compared with Rabea-2. The yield was 3086 kg. /hec. For the treatment of DAP with water by significant increasing percentage about 9.82% as compared with recommended fertilization treatment ,and increased 12.6%as compared with Rabea-2 cultivar. The followed treatment was DAP added to the soil with significant increasing percentage 6.04%.The highest percentage of protein in grains were corresponded by DAP with water and reached to 17.8%. Treatments of DAP added with water or to the soil conserved good level of Nitrogen whorl cover the requirement of plant to age 100 days. But for phosphorous there was decreasing under minimum limits which cover plant requirement after 50 days. That is mentioned the importance of phosphorous application with water at later stages (after 50 days). It will be concluded the importance of fertilization with rates more than recommended quantities in gypsiferous soils conditions and adding the elements with water after age 50 days.

RESPONSE OF TOW WHEAT CULTIVARS FOR HIGH RATES OF FERTILIZATION IN GYPSIFEROUS SOILS UNDER CENTER PIVOT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Field experiment was conducted in gypsiferous desert soil in western desert of Iraq/ to the west of Baghdad 260km. at the season 2003-2004 to study the response of wheat (Ebba-99 and Rabeha-2) to high rates of fertilization and the method of nutrient application under center pivot sprinkler irrigation system. Treatments were distributed according to the factorial experiments by using completely randomized design with three replicates in experimental units with area 300 m2. Four treatments of fertilization were used: Control, fertilization according to the recommendation of ministry of agriculture (160 kg./hec.DAP +300Kg./hec.Urea), and 40 kg. /ha. DAP was used with water or brad casting to the soil besides to recommendation fertilization. Measurements were carried out after 50,100 days and at harvesting which consisted of morphological properties like number of branches, plant height, leaf area, dry weight, number of spikes, number of grains in spike, weight of 1000 grain, biological yield, grain yield and harvesting index. Some physiological and qualitative properties were estimated that are chlorophyll a, b and total, carbohydrate, protein, total nitrogen, available phosphorus in soil and plant. Also water use efficiency was calculated. Results showed that class of Ebba-99 cultivar achieved significant increasing in yield as compared with Rabea-2. The yield was 3086 kg. /hec. For the treatment of DAP with water by significant increasing percentage about 9.82% as compared with recommended fertilization treatment ,and increased 12.6%as compared with Rabea-2 cultivar. The followed treatment was DAP added to the soil with significant increasing percentage 6.04%.The highest percentage of protein in grains were corresponded by DAP with water and reached to 17.8%. Treatments of DAP added with water or to the soil conserved good level of Nitrogen whorl cover the requirement of plant to age 100 days. But for phosphorous there was decreasing under minimum limits which cover plant requirement after 50 days. That is mentioned the importance of phosphorous application with water at later stages (after 50 days). It will be concluded the importance of fertilization with rates more than recommended quantities in gypsiferous soils conditions and adding the elements with water after age 50 days.

DESIGN BIOTREATMENT UNIT FOR WATER SULFUR FOR AGRICULTURE PURPOSE

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the uses of sulfur-rich water found in the Western desert of Iraq an assessment was made to select more suitable procedure for using this type of water without negative health and environmental effects, so a field survey of the wells in area was under taken, measuring its discharge sulfur content. Multi-stage treatment system was made using different material such as fermented wheat straw with A. niger, spent mushroom compost, and calcinated rock phosphate ,limestone inoculated with sulfur oxidizing and reducing bacteria, also using continuous treatment system for different time interval of 12, 24, and 36 hours. The results showed existence of sulfur-rich water in Km70 area was superior in its sulfur content 2000 mg l-1. treatments W1 and W2 removed SO4 and hydrogen sulfide by 66.01 and 64.7, 90.97, and 91.6% respectively. Time interval treatment 24 hours. The values of potential salinity in the case of continuous treatments W1 and W2 for 24 hours approached the rates of 12.15 and 11.66, respectively. The efficiency of continuous treatment unit W1 and W2 for hundred days period approached 72 and 96%, respectively.

Note on Qasr Serij

Qasr Serij lies near an old route running along the southern foot of the Jabal al-Qusayr between Mosul and Nisibis (cf. Wilkinson, 1990: 50–51, Route B; Wilkinson, 1993: 552). As the name suggests, the site comprises the partly standing remains of a church originally dedicated to St Sergius, a popular eastern saint (Fiey, 1961). It has been identified as the stone church said to have been founded between 559–75 by one Mar Ahudemmeh at a spot known as Ain Qenoye or Ain Qena (‘Spring of Reeds’) in the vicinity of Balad (Eski Mosul) (Fiey, 1958). Preliminary descriptions, accompanied by the first known photographs of the ruins, were made by Gerald Reitlinger (1938: 148–49) and Aurel Stein (finally published in 1985: i, 105–107, Pl. 31c) following their respective surveys of medieval and Roman sites in the Jazira during the wet spring of 1938 (see also Lloyd, 1938: 136, No. 15; Ibrahim, 1986: 74, Site 211). In his subsequent study of the still-unexcavated ruins, David Oates (1962; 1968: 106–17, Pl. XIII) drew architectural parallels with fifth century and later churches in North Syria. Recently, in a series of important articles on early church architecture, Okada (1990; 1991; 1992) has drawn attention to the contrast in plan and fittings of these basilica-type churches with Sasanian and Early Islamic churches in southern Mesopotamia, the Iraqi Western Desert and the Gulf.

Multi-element determination in silicate rocks by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis technique was applied for the determination of 20 elements in 54 silicate rock samples which belong to three sedimentary geological formations located in the western desert of Iraq. The samples along with USGS standards were irradiated in an IRT-5000 reactor at a neutron flux of 3.7·1013 n·cm−2·s−1 The following minor and trace element constituents have been determined: Na, K, Ca, Fe, Sc, Cr, Co, Zr, Ce, La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Th and U.

Campanian-Maastrichtian phosphorites of Iraq

Bedded marine sedimentary phosphate rocks of Campanian-Maastrichtian age are exposed in the Western Desert of Iraq, forming part of the Tethyan phosphate province. The studied phosphorites are found in three horizons within carbonate rocks; they are mostly pelletal in texture, associated with bone fragments and detrital quartz grains, and cemented by calcite or chert. The mineralogy of the phosphate is dominated by carbonate-fluorapatite. The phosphate and the associated carbonate rocks are relatively enriched with Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, V, and organic matter. The apatite is enriched with isotopically light carbon and heavy sulfur. The mode of phosphorite formation seems to have included syngenetic deposition of phosphate under reducing, slightly alkaline conditions in shallow marine environment. Decomposition of organic phosphatic remnants appear to have been the local source of phosphorus enrichment. However, the major tectonic and paleogeographic development of the Tethys Sea during Upper Cretaceous have probably played an important role in providing suitable setting for large scale formation of phosphorite.

Groundwater investigation in the Iraqi western desert (Al-Mat area) using nuclear technique

Four bore holes were drilled in this area and many isotope injections experiments were carried out for the determination of the effective porosity, permeability, transmissibility, storage coefficient and velocity of the underground water flow, using iodine-131 as a radioactive tracer. The result indicated that the aquifer in this area is of good parameters (effective porosity, permeability, transmissibility and storage coefficient) and normal water, which means enough water suitable for economic utilization. The radioactive technique used in drawdown for permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficient measurement is specific and gave good results while the classical method might be subjected to technical operation error.

Groundwater Investigation in the Iraqi Western Desert (Al-Mat Area) Using Nuclear Technique

Four boreholes were drilled in the Iraqi Western Desert area, and many isotope injection experiments were carried out to determine the effective porosity, permeability, transmissibility, storage coefficient, and velocity of the underground water flow using 131I as a radioactive tracer.The results indicate that the critical hydrological parameters (effective porosity, permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficient) of the aquifer and the quantity of the water are adequate to provide sufficient high-quality water suitable for economic utilization.The radioactive technique used in drawdown for permeability, transmissibility, and storage coefficient measurements is specific and gave good results, whereas the classical method might be subject to technical operation errors.