West Liberty Research Articles

Whitebark Pine Extract Augments Immune Responses that Diminish Bacterial Infection

MACKENZIE JACOBS, ELLIOT COLLINS, ROGER SEEBER, AND JOSEPH HORZEMPA, Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, West Liberty, WV 26074. Whitebark Pine Extract Augments Immune Responses that Diminish Bacterial InfectionFrancisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium that causes tularemia. Currently, there are no legal treatments in the United States. Because of the highly infectious nature of F. tularensis, this organism can be used in bioterrorism. Therefore, to counteract this potential threat, development and discovery of novel treatments is highly desired. During human infection, F. tularensis replicates in phagocytic cells of the immune system such as monocytes and macrophages. Through a high throughput screen, we previously identified that Whitebark Pine extract (Pinus albicaulis) inhibited replication F. tularensis within monocytes. Bio-assay guided fractionation was used to isolate the compounds responsible for the aforementioned activity. Here, Galleria mellonella larvae were infected with F. tularensis LVS (an attenuated type B strain) and were treated with fractions of the Whitebark Pine extract. Infected larvae treated with one such fraction (referred to as Pa-9) exhibited significant survival compared to the mock-treated insects. Similar results were observed in chicken embryos infected with F. tularensis LVS that had been treated with Pa-9 suggesting that this fraction contained the active compound. To determine whether Whitebark Pine Extracts were directly antibacterial, an antibiotic disk-diffusion assay was used. None of the fractions tested inhibited the growth of bacteria outside the context of infection, indicating that this extract does not contain traditional antibiotic compounds. Further separation of Pa-9 produced four fractions, and testing of these fractions is ongoing.

Aaron Nard, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, 26074. The effects of Justicia americana removal on macroinvertebrate communities in two northern West Virginia Creeks.

Macroinvertebrate taxa have traditionally served as indicators of water quality because of their sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts. In order to measure the prevalence of these taxa, biomass calculations can be performed that elucidate the biotic life present in freshwater ecosystems.In the current study, the relationship between macroinvertebrate biomass and the presence or absence of the American water willow, Justicia americana, was investigated. This study was performed on three sites in both Wheeling and Buffalo Creek containing large beds of this aquatic angiosperm. Buffalo Creek’s watershed is largely rural and undeveloped while Wheeling Creek’s watershed consists of forest, agriculture and substantial urban development. Each site contained a treatment subplot where Justicia was removed by cutting the stems at the ground, while Justicia in the control plot was left uncut. Three sub-samples of macroinvertebrates were collected from treatment and control plots along with weekly water chemistry readings. Macroinvertebrate organisms greater than 1mm were identified and length-mass regression were used to calculate the biomass in each plot.Preliminary analysis indicates that total macroinvertebrate biomass between control and treatment sites of the same creek was not significantly different but there were notable differences in total Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) biomass between treatment and control. Additionally, Buffalo creek had higher total macroinvertebrate biomass compared with Wheeling Creek. Overall, this data indicates that macroinvertebrate response to the removal of Justicia can vary between macroinvertebrate taxa, and that response to Justicia removal may depend on land use within the watershed.

Re-defining burrowing crayfish in a new way using morphometrics.

All crayfish worldwide can be defined as one of the three types of burrower. However, burrowing types were created using behavior and habitat. Geometric morphometrics via landmarks can be used to determine similarities and differences between burrowing types. It is hypothesized that multiple genera that fall under one type of burrower will have a closer correlation to each other in terms of body shape. The findings could possibly be used as another parameter in the determination of a burrowing type but may also give some insight into the evolution of crayfishes.In this study, eight species were chosen from the West Liberty University Crayfish Conservation Lab collection. There were two tertiary burrowing species, and three secondary burrowing species, and one unknown burrowing species chosen. Of the tertiary, secondary, and unknown burrowing species, 30 specimens were chosen of each. Ten form-I males, ten form-II males, and ten females served as representatives of each species. Two primary burrowing species were also chosen. Representing these species were five form-I males, five form-II males, and five females. Every individual crayfish had a photograph taken of the cephalothorax and was catalogued. Images were then used to create a .tps file to be landmarked in the program TPSDig 232. Fifteen landmarks were chosen across the cephalothorax. The data was then analyzed using a principal component analysis and a canonical variate analysis.

Habitat requirements of two common aquatic snakes, Regina septemvittata and Nerodia sipedon sipedon

Regina septemvittata (Queen Snakes)and Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Common Watersnake) are semi-aquatic colubrid snakes that utilize streams for their primary source of prey. Both species are currently listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as stable. The goal of this study was to determine which specific habitat aspects affect the presence or absence of R. septemvittata and N. sipedon sipedon. Snakes were collected in the summer and fall of 2017 from August to October in North Fork of Short Creek, a 3rd order stream located just south of West Liberty, WV. Using the Ohio QHEI form to quantify stream quality and program PRESENCE to generate Logistic Regression Models, stream sub-habitat types were compared with occurrence data. Resulting models revealed which specific sub-habitat types were associated with positive occurrence. Univariate models selected for riparian zone determined by the width and predominant cover present with an AIC weight of 0.499. Multivariate models selected riparian zone with an AIC of 0.372 and riparian plus total stream health with AIC of 0.185. Our preliminary data indicates that snake presence is related to both riparian zone and water quality. This suggests that sufficient cover quality and stream health are required to maintain populations of Regina septemvittata and Nerodia sipedon sipedon.

The Habitat Preferences of the Data Deficient, Cambarus spicatus

The Broad River Spiny crayfish, Cambarus spicatus, is endemic to the Broad River and some of its tributaries. Few life history studies of C. spicatus have caused the IUCN to list it as data deficient. The goal of this study was to determine the impacts of land development on the distribution of C. spicatus. In the summer of the 2017, the West Liberty University Crayfish Conservation Research Lab surveyed the Catawba watershed in North Carolina and the Broad and Saluda watersheds in South Carolina in search of C. spicatus. A standard protocol of ten seine hauls per riffle was implemented in one hundred and twenty-three streams. Dip nets were used in addition to seines to survey the banks of the streams. ArcMap, an application of ArcGIS, was utilized by adding layers such as land cover and a buffer around each collection area which provided land type percentages for each survey site. Six individuals from four sites in North Carolina and one individual from South Carolina were collected out of a total of one-hundred and twenty-three sites. According to the models, C. spicatus was least likely to be found in areas developed for agriculture and urban development. This study provides strong evidence that land development is negatively impacting C. spicatus distribution. Additional studies are needed throughout the species range to make a final determination that land development has a negative impact on C. spicatus.

John P. Craig, MD, MPH. Physician-Scientist, Educator, and Mentor. 1923-2016.

John P. Craig (1923-2016) was an eminent physician-scientist, gifted educator, and greatly valued mentor. Born in West Liberty, Ohio on 29 November 1923, he attended Oberlin College, and received his medical degree from Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine. This was followed by an internship at Yale University Medical Center, and then service in the U.S. Army during the Korean War. He was a battalion surgeon, preventive medicine officer, and epidemiologist. While in Korea, he conducted important investigations of hemorrhagic fever among American troops. His observations led to the recognition of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, now called Korean hemorrhagic fever. He also identified a new Hanta virus. Craig received his Master of Public Health degree magna cum laude from the Harvard School of Public Health. He then worked with Nobel Laureate, Max Theiler, at the Rockefeller Foundation. Soon afterwards, he joined the faculty of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, where he established a new research laboratory. Over the years, his research focused on diphtheria infections and cholera. He became internationally respected for his work on cholera, and specifically on cholera toxin and its relationship to vascular permeability. He served for over 6years as the Chair of the Cholera Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program, and in this position set the direction for future research. The author of over 100 articles published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, he also gave numerous presentations at national and international scientific meetings on a wide range of microbial diseases. Craig was highly regarded by colleagues and students as a superb teacher. He was a leader in initiating patient-oriented problem-solving (POPS) exercises for medical students. He also led curricular reform in the medical school in the 1990s whose purpose was to reduce lecture hours and expand time for small-group interactive sessions. Craig was designated Distinguished Teaching Professor by the State University of New York, and inducted as an Honorary Alumnus of the College of Medicine. The John P. Craig Award for Excellence in Microbiology and Immunology was established in 1993, and is annually presented to a graduating medical student. Following retirement to Tucson, Arizona, Craig devoted time to planning and teaching a tropical medicine course in Costa Rica that was co-sponsored by the University of Costa Rica Medical School and Louisiana State University. He was a member of the Board of Managers of the Wright Nature Center in Trinidad, and an active volunteer in the Herpetology Department of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson, Arizona. He also had a great interest in ornithology. John P. Craig passed away in Tucson, Arizona on 27 September 2016 in his ninety-third year. He was an eminent success as a research scientist as well as an outstanding educator and mentor. As a result, he had a lasting influence on the lives and careers of both students and colleagues.

Screening of Natural Product Library for the Discovery of Novel Leukemia Therapeutics

KAYLA HANCHER, DEANNA SCHMITT, and JOSEPH HORZEMPA. Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV 26074. Screening of a Natural Product Library for the Discovery of Novel Leukemia Therapeutics Leukemia is the leading cause of death in children. The discovery of effective cancer therapies is imperative to combat this deadly disease. The National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR) has comprised a library of over 4,000 organic extracts derived from plants, fungi, marine, and algae species with potential anti-cancer properties. In partnership with NCNPR, we have developed a rapid and effective method for screening large quantities of these organic compounds for anti-cancer efficacy against THP-1 cells (a monocytic leukemia cell line). A microtiter-based AlamarBlue Assay was used to identify extracts that reduced the viability of the THP-1 cells. For this assay, THP-1 cells were treated with an extract from the NCNPR library and were incubated at 37˚C, 5% CO2 for 24 hours. Subsequently, resazurin was added and incubated for an additional 24 hours. Change to a red color was an indicator of viability. Cells treated with extracts that produced little to no color change were identified as leads. Lead extracts will be further evaluated for toxicity to non-cancer cells.

Disabled Laborers And The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s (EEOCs) Nightmare

In 2012, EEOC v. Henry’s Turkey Service was one of the largest disability settlements in American history. Henry’s Turkey Service was ordered to pay $240 million for paying mentally disabled workers with I.Q.s estimated in the 60-70 range, 41 cents per hour and housing them in unsafe housing and health conditions (Hsieh, 2013). Over forty years, Henry’s Turkey Service relocated hundreds of mentally disabled workers from Texas to Iowa where they were subjected to horrendous living conditions with unlawful, minimal pay—about $65.00 per month, while they worked at a local turkey processing factory in West Liberty, Iowa. The actual case shows a pattern of violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and Americans with Disability Act, 1990. After a raid of the bright blue, florescent colored, century old school house in Atalissa, Iowa, these employers were brought to justice. This case study is about one of the largest EEOC settlements in the history of the United States; yet due to federal damage caps was cut to $1.6 million for all of the men and their estates. The graphic account of the inhumane treatment and degradation of the labors presented in this study is not provided for gratuitous or salacious purposes; rather, it places into context what can occur when governmental regulations and laws go unheeded, unenforced and when authorities are apprised of wrongdoing possibilities stand idly by and in this case, do nothing for 35 years.

Life history of Cambarus bartonii carinirostris in northern West Virginia.

Crayfishes are essential constituents in maintaining freshwater ecosystems, yet little is known about them. The goal of this study was to better understand the ecology of a common Appalachian secondary burrowing crayfish, Cambarus bartonii carinirostris (Rock Crawfish), by achieving the first complete life history study of this species. Understanding C. b. carinirostris ecology will help aid in conservation and protection of closely related imperiled taxa by discovering unknown biological behaviors of secondary burrowing crayfish. Collections of C. b. carinirostris were conducted in Nettle Run, a first to second–order stream, of West Liberty University’s Campus Woods, Ohio County, West Virginia. Each site represented in the study for a given day and time consisted a 20 meter reach of the stream, where potential habitat within each reach was disrupted and individuals were captured by dip net or by hand. So far, this study has consisted of catching, measuring, sexing, and determining the relative age of each crayfish as well as noting their preferred habitat. Important life history variables such as growth rates, maturity, and other important reproductive patterns can be determined in conjunction with the morphometric measurements of all individuals captured.

Conservation of imperiled crayfish, Cambarus veteranus(Decapoda: Reptantia: Cambaridae)

1 West Liberty University, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, P.O. Box 295, West Liberty, WV 26074, USA 2 U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 322 Percival Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA 3 Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Section of Invertebrate Zoology, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-4080, USA 4 Midwest Biodiversity Institute, 4673 Northwest Parkway, Hilliard, OH 43026, USA

Hillside Fields: A History of Sports in West Virginia by Bob Barnett (review)

Reviewed by: Hillside Fields: A History of Sports in West Virginia by Bob Barnett Mark S. Myers Hillside Fields: A History of Sports in West Virginia. By Bob Barnett. (Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2013. Pp. xxv, 429.) In his work Hillside Fields: A History of Sports in West Virginia, sports historian Bob Barnett creates a record of the importance of sports in West Virginia. While preservation of the wins and losses is important, Barnett takes the work to a new level of analysis by arguing that sports were indicative of life in the state. He notes: “[N]ot only were sports influenced by the major events and ideas shaping the nation, but sports in West Virginia were also strongly influenced by the unique geographical, economic, demographic, and political conditions of the state” (xiv). Barnett stresses that many of the issues that were, and still are, important in West Virginia not only shaped the state itself, but also impacted the sports that were important to Mountaineers. Sports, an important aspect of culture and history, can provide important insights into the impact of specific events on the people and society of a region. Barnett does a fine job of establishing this connection in West Virginia. For example, Barnett discusses the importance of baseball in West Virginia. For many years baseball was the most popular and important sport in the state, primarily because it was the first sport to be organized throughout the country. Barnett’s focus is mainly on minor league baseball as well as the great success of the West Liberty State College baseball team in 1964. Culturally, baseball was important in the state’s coalfields because it created a true sense of community for the miners of the region as well as played a part in welfare capitalism. Although the causes for the popularity of baseball are not a significant focus of Barnett’s book, he does an adequate job in discussing the importance of amateur baseball in the state. Barnett’s discussion of the African American high school basketball tournament is another sports’ topic that parallels the general history of the state. [End Page 97] Like many other states, West Virginia had a segregated school system. Barnett’s section on the segregated basketball tournament pointedly demonstrates that, for decades, African American schools were the focal point of the black community. Barnett also does a fine job discussing the impact of the loss of these schools. Many African American coaches found themselves demoted to assistant coach positions or they lost their jobs. Black teachers and administrators fared similarly. For many, the loss of their schools was a blow that the community could never overcome. As Barnett noted: “[F]or both blacks and whites in West Virginia, the small-town high schools and the churches represented the focal points of community life. Segregation tended to tighten that focus for African Americans” (117). Barnett has provided scholars of West Virginia and the greater Appalachian region an invaluable resource for exploring the sports history of the area. A few issues detract from the work, including factual errors, such as, “Alderson-Broaddus College is located in the picturesque town of Philippi, West Virginia, in what was once the coal mining section of Fayette County,” when, in actuality, Philippi is in Barbour County, but such errors do not diminish the usefulness of the book (237). Students and scholars of Appalachian or sport history will benefit immensely from Barnett’s effort. Mark S. Myers The Indiana Academy–Ball State University Copyright © 2014 West Virginia University Press

Recent advances in crayfish biology, ecology, and conservation

Brian Helms, Zachary J. Loughman, Bryan L. Brown, AND James Stoeckel 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 USA 2 Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia 26074 USA 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 USA 4 School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 USA

Salivary carbonic anhydrase VI, zinc taste perception, and the frequency of illness: a pilot study

Zinc is an essential mineral which is known to play an important role in immune function and taste perception. Our study used the Bryce‐Smith Zinc Taste Test (ZTT) and a novel visual analog scale (VAS) to assess zinc taste perception. Additionally, a health history questionnaire was utilized to assess latent factors in zinc nutriture among the 18 research participants. Whole saliva was sampled and salivary carbonic anhydrase VI (CA6) concentrations were quantified via ELISA. The individual with the lowest taste perception score of “1” on the ZTT also had among the lowest VAS score (0 mm) and CA6 concentration (4.05 ug/mL). The two individuals with the highest taste perception scores of “4” on the ZTT also had among the highest VAS scores (64 mm and 96 mm, respectively) and CA6 concentrations (16.59 ug/mL and 18.70 ug/mL, respectively). No similar trend existed among those who were scored with a “2” or “3” on the ZTT (n=8). The individual with a ZTT score of “1” noted illness occurring four times per year. The individuals with a ZTT of “4” both noted illness occurring once per year. When the frequency of illness was assessed among the group (n=18; M=2 illnesses/year), a significant difference was found between the VAS scores of individuals noting illness 0–2 times per year (n=11) and >;2 times per year (n=7) (p=0.03). However, when analyzing the frequency of illness among the same groups with regard to ZTT scores, no significant difference existed (p=0.42). Although data is limited, the VAS appears to be a better alternative in assessing correlations between zinc taste perception and illness frequency than the ZTT. Our study warrants further investigation of zinc taste perception, CA6 concentrations, and the frequency of illness, particularly among those individuals with weak and strong zinc taste perception. Funding for the research was awarded by a West Liberty University Faculty Development Grant.

Oxidized L‐A‐phosphatidylcholine B‐arachidonoyl‐gamma‐palmitoyl (oxPAPC) induces Increased Synthesis of mRNA and protein expression for IL‐6 in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells

Oxidized L‐A‐phosphatidylcholine B‐arachidonoyl‐gamma‐palmitoyl (oxPAPC) induces Increased Synthesis of mRNA and protein expression for IL‐6 in Human Aortic Endothelial CellsLucas A. Dvoracek1, Jeffrey I. Kreisberg1, Jordan McKinney1, Gabrielle Schmid1, Amanda D. Francis1, Huey Miin Lee, Ph.D.2, Melinda S. Detrick1, and Robert Kreisberg11West Liberty State College, West Liberty, West Virginia 260742West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506‐6330L‐A‐phosphatidylcholine B‐arachidonoyl‐gamma‐palmitoyl (PAPC), a bio‐active component of low density lipoprotein, can become oxidized in the blood. OxPAPC may play a role in triggering an inflammatory reaction at the endothelial cell level. Atherosclerosis, the build‐up of plaque in the vascular wall, may be exacerbated by chronic inflammation initiated by the presence of oxPAPC. In this study, human aortic endothelial cells were treated for 6h with 50μg/mL of PAPC, oxPAPC, or neither. Cellular lysates were collected and treated for mRNA isolation. Transcripts were amplified by RT‐qPCR using primers specific for Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Interleukin‐6 has been identified as a potentially sensitive indicator of cardiovascular disease. Data from the RT‐qPCR technique suggests a 23‐fold up‐regulation of IL‐6 mRNA for cells treated with oxPAPC over both PAPC‐treated and No Treatment groups. This publication was made possible by NIH Grant Number 2P20 RR016477 from the IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence Program of the National Center for Research Resources, WVNASA, and WVEPSCoR SURE

Contemporary Geographies of John Lennon

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank the JCG Press and Blackwell Publishing for permissions to quote these articles in the present essay. Additional informationNotes on contributorsRobert J. Kruse IIRobert J. Kruse II is Assistant Professor of Geography at West Liberty State College

Assessing General Education Skills in an Undergraduate Business Degree Program

West Liberty State College (WLSC) is a baccalaureate-general state college situated on 290 acres in the village of West Liberty, West Virginia. In the fall 2002 semester, the College reported an enrollment of 2,571 students. The College contains four academic units: the School of Business Administration, the School of Education, the School of Liberal Arts, and the School of Sciences. WLSC confers four bachelor's degrees within 10 departments and 24 programs/specializations. Located in a rural area approximately twelve miles north of Wheeling, West Virginia and roughly fifty miles southwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, WLSC is the only four-year state institution of higher education in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia.

Crossing Bats: Baseball in the Villages of the Upper Miami Valley, 1865-1900

As portrayed by urban sports historians, middle-class Americans in the late nineteenth century saw baseball as a palliative, indeed nearly a sovereign, remedy for the apparent dislocation in the burgeoning urban-industrial cities of the nation: as host for a pastoral simplicity useful for urban dwellers reluctant to part with best elements of the said and known world of the small town yet seemingly relevant in an increasingly impersonalized society; as a means for ameliorating social problems affecting indigent children and promoting social integration of people from all walks of life; as a propaedeutic for teaching teamwork, hard work, and respect for authority; as a recreational activity for improving the mental and physical health of participants and spectators; and as a refuge from the stern regimen of industrial labor. (1) Obversely, the urban historians have offered few explanations for the popularity of baseball in thousands of American villages--even though the villages and their countryside accounted for 65 percent of the nation's population in 1890 and 61 percent in 1900. (2) Aside from referring frequently to the notion that urban dwellers, their mnemonic instincts at work, identified with baseball because it summed up values of a pastoral past, they have found little of intrinsic interest or importance in small communities unburdened by rapid growth and its attendant pathology. Among sports historians, only Harold Seymour, a pioneer of baseball history, has explored the game in any depth in villages and towns. He has argued that down-home teams gave small communities cohesion, fostered local pride, and helped slake the parched social landscape of rural America. (3) But limiting his subjects largely to uniforms, equipment, fields of play, and transportation of baseball teams in communities scattered throughout the nat ion, he has left ample room in what he calls House of Baseball for a more intensive study of the game in select villages in the several decades before 1900. Providing additional space have been historians looking at the rationale and evolution of baseball in an urban context. Especially, Warren Goldstein has offered a view, though unintentionally so, that may be instructive for observers of baseball in small communities. In Playing for Keeps, essentially a work on baseball in the urban East, he contends that in the 1860s and 1870s purged baseball of its noncompetitive elements, infused it with pecuniary considerations, stressed excellence in play at the expense of elemental play, and stripped it of its boyish aspects. (4) Only after the modernists had fashioned a dominant framework for baseball could traditionalists fabricate an image of an Edenic past when amateurism, play for recreation and pure sport, and unpracticed play characterized the game. But perhaps in villages, the image had reality. THE VILLAGERY OF BASEBALL One can see the villagery of baseball in the late nineteenth century in the upper Miami River Valley in western Ohio, in a stretch of sixty miles north from Miamisburg to Wapakoneta. Notably, in eleven villages--Miamisburg, Germantown, Yellow Springs, Spring Valley, Bellbrook, Eaton, West Liberty, St. Marys, New Bremen, Cedarville, and Wapakoneta--proprietors of weekly newspapers, at once editors and reporters, told readers of birthdays, deaths, and social events--and of nines crossing bats. The editors also ran reports on baseball in other villages scattered throughout the valley--DeGraff and Rushsylvania, for instance. The population in the villages, all defined as such by state statutes, ranged from 350 to 3,600, with the majority (six) home to 1,000 to 2,000 persons. (5) All were trading centers for the rural vicinity, and a few were sites of small manufactories turning out products for a residentiary and regional market. Nearly all at a remove from the principal railroads in the Miami Valley, they had little promise for growth. …

The Route of "Bonaparte's Retreat": From "Fiddler Bill" Stepp to Aaron Copland

John and Becky Arnett of West Liberty, Kentucky, made their way through Orlando International Airport and boarded the monorail that would ferry them to the departure lounges. Like a futuristic ride at nearby Disney World, the train glided past postcard views of manmade lakes and landscaped palm trees. It coasted to a stop, and a warning tone signaled the vehicle's computer-driven arrival. They began their trek down the long, carpeted corridor to the plane. Gate announcements, prefaced by the bleating of an electronic whistle, barked from the public address system. Between the clatter of messages and noises, a crescendo of forty concert violins and a xylophone streamed from the loudspeakers. For many of Orlando's air travelers, the melody recalled a well-known television commercial in which images of sizzling steaks and high-spirited fun flash across the screen. Throughout the spot, this musical arrangement plays beneath the gunmetal voice of Robert Mitchum telling a nation, Beef, it's what's for dinner.1 Becky listened to a few notes, pointed to the speakers overhead, and said, John, can't you hear it? That's Grandpa! That's Grandpa!2 In truth, Becky's grandfather, fiddler Bill Stepp, born in rural Kentucky twenty-five years before the close of the nineteenth century, is

Strip Mine

93Beulah Faye Lykins, op. cit. 94Rufus Reed, Lovely, KY (Interview, July 4, 1971) 95Lucy and Bert White, op. cit. 96Geneva Thompson, op. cit. 97MrS. Louise Kingsmore, Louisa, KY (Letter to the author, March 27, 1969) 98Marie Carey, op. cit. "Evelyn Jackson, Ashland, KY (Interview, May 9, 1977) 100M.M. Stevens, op. cit. 101Claud Gilliam, Lamero, KY (Letter to the author, January 22, 1980) 102Willard Rouse Jillson, The Big Sandy Valley, Louisville, 1923, p. 32. 103Nevyle Shackelford, Beattyville, KY (Interviews, October 2, 1971, July 8, 1978) 104LW. Wells, History of Cumberland County, Louisville, KY: Standard Printing , 1947, p. 188. 105HenryP. Scalf, Stanville,KY (Interview, May 16, 1971) 106Bernice Hackney, Fedscreek, KY (Letter to the author, October 20, 1980) 107MrS. Angie Partin, student at Union College, Barbourville, KY, for Leonard Roberts, cl957. 108Henry P. Scalf, Kentucky's Last Frontier , Prestonsburg, KY, 1966, p. 358. 109Arthur Pope. Williamsburg, KY (Interview , March 28, 1971) u0Alice Meade Miller, Hite, KY (Letter to the author, April 8, 1971) 1UB.W. Whitfield, Ages-Brookside, KY (Letter to the author, June 28, 1980) 112Beulah Faye Lykins, op. cit. 113BiIl Bergstrom, "Democrat, Kentucky Expected to Vote GOP." AP release, November 2, 1978. u4Jess Wilson, Possum Trot, KY (Interviews , July 9, 1977, March 24, 1979) 115Leonard Roberts, op. cit. 116Mary T. Greene, Bell County, KY, student at Union College, Barbourville, KY for Leonard Roberts 117Bertha Rowland, West Liberty, KY (Letter to the author, September 6, 1980) 118Bert and Lucy White, op. cit. ""Wallace J. Williamson G?, Ashland, KY (Interview, March 6, 1971) Strip Mine The mountain cleaned of survivors shaven and subdued slides under the knife. Nations avalanched from such diggings: The child-sized holes in the mines of Larium fed the Greeks their leisure. In Egypt centuries dragged by ropes piled to a peak and sealed for future touristsslaves choked as the dark solidified. And now these flatland diggers hating mountains think they will outlast Pericles or Ramses. All I hear is die rains come back asking for the trees and corrugated roofs. -Carol L. Edwards 62 ...

Book Reviews : BUDGETING FOR PROFIT AND MANAGING BY GOALS by Laurence Stevens (Merton House Publishing Company, 937 West Liberty Drive, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, 1982, 48pp., $5.50

Book Reviews : BUDGETING FOR PROFIT AND MANAGING BY GOALS by Laurence Stevens (Merton House Publishing Company, 937 West Liberty Drive, Wheaton, Illinois 60187, 1982, 48pp., $5.50