Allium Fistulosum Research Articles

INVESTİGATİON AND ANALYSİS OF NEW FİBER FROM ALLİUM FİSTULOSUM L. (SCALLİON) PLANT’S TASSEL AND İTS SUİTABİLİTY FOR FİBER-REİNFORCED COMPOSİTES

Eco-friendly materials receive more attention due to the necessity of addressing pollution and resource depletion in the face of exponential industrial expansion. Natural fibers provide a sustainable substitution, especially in green composites. This study investigated the feasibility of Allium fistulosum L. (Scallion) as a fiber resource for composite applications by using its tassel. Allium fistulosum L. is derived from a widely available plant and its waste tassels of the plant provide fiber properties and have the potential to be a reinforcing component in composites. The investigation involves characterizing Allium fistulosum L. (AfL) fibers through various analyses. The density of the AfL was determined approximately 1.35 – 1.45 g/ cm3. The percentages of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose were found to be 24.31%, 29.73%, and 38.36%, respectively. FTIR and XRD analysis affirm AfL's cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin presence. SEM images indicate a rough surface, necessitating modification for better matrix compatibility. TGA shows suitable thermal stability, majorly degrading beyond 267°C. Tensile testing demonstrates a tensile strength of 22.19 ±3.75 MPa and 0.87 ±0.16 GPa modulus, exceeding some natural fibers like aerial banyan tree roots and Cordia dichotoma. Results show promising features, indicating the viability of AfL fibers in composites with reduced environmental impact and economic benefits.

Enhancement of an entomopathogenic fungal virulence against the seedcorn maggot, Delia platura, by suppressing immune responses with a bacterial culture broth of Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata.

In Korea, there are two maggot species in the Delia genus that commonly infest the roots and stems of the Welsh onion, thus causing serious economic damage on the crop at the seedling stage. In this study, the seedcorn maggot (Delia platura) was detected in onion fields in two different localities in Korea. After overwintering, maggot infestations occurred throughout the entire growing seasons from transplantation to harvest, but their specific patterns of occurrence varied in the two localities examined. Entomopathogenic fungi induced significant virulence against the maggot larvae, in which a strain of Beauveria bassiana was effective, though it exhibited limited mortality in its insecticidal activity. To enhance this insecticidal activity, a culture broth from an entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata temperata (Ptt), was added to B. bassiana treatment. The addition of Ptt broth significantly increased the insecticidal activity of B. bassiana in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate this enhancement in insecticidal activity, the immunosuppressive activity of Ptt broth was assessed by identifying the immune responses of the seedcorn maggots. The seedcorn maggots possessed at least three different hemocytes with plasmatocytes, crystal cells, and lamellocytes. These hemocytes exhibited nodule formation in response to the fungal infection. In addition to the cellular immunity, the maggots exhibited inducible expressions of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as cecropin and defensin. The addition of Ptt broth suppressed the nodule formation and the AMP expressions in response to the fungal infection. Altogether, this study demonstrated the innate immune responses in a non-model insect, D. platura, along with the application of immunosuppression to develop a highly efficient biological control by enhancing the virulence of B. bassiana.

Metagenomic insight to apprehend the fungal communities associated with leaf blight of Welsh onion in Taiwan.

Plants are associated with a large diversity of microbes, and these complex plant-associated microbial communities are critical for plant health. Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is one of the key and oldest vegetable crops cultivated in Taiwan. The leaf of the Welsh onion is one of the famous spices in Taiwanese cuisine, thus, it is crucial to control foliar diseases. In recent years, Welsh onion cultivation in Taiwan has been severely threatened by the occurrence of leaf blight disease, greatly affecting their yield and quality. However, the overall picture of microbiota associated with the Welsh onion plant is still not clear as most of the recent etiological investigations were heavily based on the isolation of microorganisms from diseased plants. Therefore, studying the diversity of fungal communities associated with the leaf blight symptoms of Welsh onion may provide information regarding key taxa possibly involved in the disease. Therefore, this investigation was mainly designed to understand the major fungal communities associated with leaf blight to identify key taxa potentially involved in the disease and further evaluate any shifts in both phyllosphere and rhizosphere mycobiome assembly due to foliar pathogen infection by amplicon sequencing targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) 1 region of the rRNA. The alpha and beta-diversity analyses were used to compare the fungal communities and significant fungal groups were recognized based on linear discriminant analyses. Based on the results of relative abundance data and co-occurrence networks in symptomatic plants we revealed that the leaf blight of Welsh onion in Sanxing, is a disease complex mainly involving Stemphylium and Colletotrichum taxa. In addition, genera such as Aspergillus, Athelia and Colletotrichum were abundantly found associated with the symptomatic rhizosphere. Alpha-diversity in some fields indicated a significant increase in species richness in the symptomatic phyllosphere compared to the asymptomatic phyllosphere. These results will broaden our knowledge of pathogens of Welsh onion associated with leaf blight symptoms and will assist in developing effective disease management strategies to control the progress of the disease.

Flavor analysis and region prediction of Chinese dishes based on food pairing

There are thirty-four provincial administrative regions in China, and each region possesses its own distinct food culture. However, existing studies on flavor-based research often treat Chinese dishes from various regions as a single entity, resulting in biases when examining regional distinctions and the variety of recipes. To explore the potential correlation between food ingredients and regions, this paper performs flavor analysis and region prediction for Chinese typical dishes. A new dataset including 1534 recipes combined with a compound-ingredient list to construct a compound-ingredient-recipe network. The results indicate that in terms of food ingredient selection, Hainan shows the highest degree of flavor compound sharing, while Shanghai does the lowest. While all the regions studied tend to exhibit negative food pairing according to the food pairing hypothesis, a region with a high degree of flavor sharing is more able to become prominent representation of the corresponding flavor branch through the analysis of representative ingredients. Across the 14 regions studied, the frequency of ingredient usage within a region plays a crucial role in maintaining its distinct flavor profile. Concerning the individual contributions of ingredients to flavor compound sharing, the positive contributions are linked to rice and natural spices, including Welsh onion, ginger, and garlic, while the negative contributions are primarily associated with flour, pork, and traditional Chinese condiments such as soy sauce, cooking wine, and grain vinegar. Multiple deep learning experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of combining ingredient and flavor information to region prediction for recipes.

Memory Enhancing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Jacquemontia Caerulea and Allium Fistulosum Against Alcl3 Induced Dementia in Swiss Albino Mice

The leaves from both the plants i.e., Allium fistulosum and Jacquemontia caerulea were extracted using ethanol and water. The extract(AFJCLEE) was then used for evaluating nootropic activity using Y-Maze and Elevated plus maze models. It showed a significant a decrease in transfer latency in Elevated plus maze model which depicts an improvement in cognition while in Y- maze model, it was found to have increased the spontaneous alteration percentage as well as alteration of behaviour response was significant.

Advanced methods for insect nets: red-colored nets contribute to sustainable agriculture

Development of advanced pest control methods that do not rely on insecticides is an important issue for sustainable agriculture. Particularly with regards to micro pests that are not only highly resistant to various insecticides but also because we are running out of options for which insecticide to use against them, resulting in enormous economic damage worldwide. Here we report that the effectiveness of the conventional insect net can be greatly advanced by changing their color to red that helps significantly reduce pesticide use. We demonstrate the red effect using Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci a main vector of Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV) and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) that cause serious damage to various vegetables. New red nets succeeded in suppressing the invasion rates and damages (white spots on the leaves) in a Welsh onion greenhouse with minimum use of pesticides. We discuss how red nets are compatible with labor-saving, sustainable agriculture and the future potential of “optical pest control” based on insect color vision and its behavioral response.

Exploring Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation in Allium fistulosum L. Seeds Exposed to Different Storage Conditions

The purpose of this work was to investigate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Allium fistulosum seeds stored under different conditions. Optimized seed storage conditions are essential to maintain seed viability, otherwise accumulation of ROS-induced oxidative damage can lead to seed aging. The A. fistulosum seed lots used in this study have been selected based on their breeding background and reproduction site. Seed samples were stored up to 22 months under six different conditions of temperature (25, 10, and 7.5 °C) and relative humidity (RH) (25% and 45% RH). A germination test and ROS quantification assay were performed on the samples collected after 12 and 22 months of storage, respectively. Within a time-window of 10 months, the tested seed lots evidenced a decrease in the germination rate associated with increased ROS levels. Correlation analysis also showed that ROS production was influenced by genotype. The reported data showed that ROS accumulation was dependent on the storage condition and genotype. Some of the tested seed lots appeared to be prone to ROS accumulation, independent of storage conditions. On the other hand, specific condition storages (25 °C, 25% RH; 25 °C, 45% RH; 10 °C, 25% RH; 7.5 °C, 25% RH) resulted in a lower impact on seed aging.

Development of Leading Commodities for Vegetable and Fruit Crops in Brebes Regency, Central Java

Determining leading commodities is very important to increase regional competitiveness in economic development. This research aims to identify leading commodities for vegetable and fruit crops in the Brebes Regency, analyze the continuity of leading commodities, and determine the pattern and structure of leading commodities. The research uses a quantitative approach with secondary data for 2018-2022. Data were analyzed using the Location Quotient (LQ), Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ), and Klassen Typology analysis methods. The analysis results show that Brebes Regency's leading commodities for vegetable and fruit crops are shallot, rose apple, mango, banana, sapodilla, breadfruit, apple, melinjo, and twisted cluster bean. Potential commodities that have the opportunity to become leading commodities in the future are welch onion, yard long bean, chilli, cayenne pepper, tomato, eggplant, green bean, chayote, duku, guava, tangerine, mangosteen, pineapple, papaya, rambutan, salacca, grape, and jengkol. The pattern and structure of vegetable and fruit crops in Brebes Regency, which is considered advanced and fast-growing, is shallots. Plants with fast-growing patterns and structures are garlic, Welsh onion, cabbage, yard long bean, chili, cayenne pepper, tomato, eggplant, green bean, cucumber, chayote, water spinach, melon, watermelon, star fruit, duku, durian, rose apple, tangerine, mangosteen, pineapple, papaya, banana, grape, and jengkol.

Comparative study of volatile flavor compounds in green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) processed with different cooking methods

The characteristic aroma of green onions was effective in masking the fishy smell in dishes and enhancing the overall flavor. The study aimed to isolate and identify the volatile compounds present in raw, boiled, fried, and roasted green onions using gas chromatography-ion migration spectrometry (GC-IMS). The relative odor activity value (ROAV) was determined, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the elements. A total of 64 volatile compounds were finally identified from the green onions and classified as sulfur compounds (19 species), aldehydes (14 species), alcohols (12 species), ketones (13 species), esters (5 species), and furans (1 species). The results of fingerprint analysis indicated that the unique flavor of raw green onions could be attributed to sulfur compounds such as allyl methyl trisulfide and diethyl trisulfide. The unique flavor of boiled green onions can be attributed to the presence of aldehydes such as E-2-octenal and E-2-heptenal. The characteristic flavor components of fried green onions were 3-methyl-butanol and 2-methyl-butanol. Roasted green onions contained ketones, including 2-Butanone and 3-Pentanone, which contributed to their unique flavor. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the flavor of boiled and fried green onion was similar, while a significant difference was observed between raw and roasted green onions.

Codon usage characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome in Hemerocallis citrina

BackgroundHemerocallis citrina Baroni is a traditional vegetable crop widely cultivated in eastern Asia for its high edible, medicinal, and ornamental value. The phenomenon of codon usage bias (CUB) is prevalent in various genomes and provides excellent clues for gaining insight into organism evolution and phylogeny. Comprehensive analysis of the CUB of mitochondrial (mt) genes can provide rich genetic information for improving the expression efficiency of exogenous genes and optimizing molecular-assisted breeding programmes in H. citrina.ResultsHere, the CUB patterns in the mt genome of H. citrina were systematically analyzed, and the possible factors shaping CUB were further evaluated. Composition analysis of codons revealed that the overall GC (GCall) and GC at the third codon position (GC3) contents of mt genes were lower than 50%, presenting a preference for A/T-rich nucleotides and A/T-ending codons in H. citrina. The high values of the effective number of codons (ENC) are indicative of fairly weak CUB. Significant correlations of ENC with the GC3 and codon counts were observed, suggesting that not only compositional constraints but also gene length contributed greatly to CUB. Combined ENC-plot, neutrality plot, and Parity rule 2 (PR2)-plot analyses augmented the inference that the CUB patterns of the H. citrina mitogenome can be attributed to multiple factors. Natural selection, mutation pressure, and other factors might play a major role in shaping the CUB of mt genes, although natural selection is the decisive factor. Moreover, we identified a total of 29 high-frequency codons and 22 optimal codons, which exhibited a consistent preference for ending in A/T. Subsequent relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU)-based cluster and mt protein coding gene (PCG)-based phylogenetic analyses suggested that H. citrina is close to Asparagus officinalis, Chlorophytum comosum, Allium cepa, and Allium fistulosum in evolutionary terms, reflecting a certain correlation between CUB and evolutionary relationships.ConclusionsThere is weak CUB in the H. citrina mitogenome that is subject to the combined effects of multiple factors, especially natural selection. H. citrina was found to be closely related to Asparagus officinalis, Chlorophytum comosum, Allium cepa, and Allium fistulosum in terms of their evolutionary relationships as well as the CUB patterns of their mitogenomes. Our findings provide a fundamental reference for further studies on genetic modification and phylogenetic evolution in H. citrina.

Effects of vermicompost on the growth and yield of spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

Spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is a popular salad vegetable produced widely over the world, including in Vietnam. Thanks to its flavor and aroma, it is an indispensable ingredient used to flavor soups and other dishes. Vermicompost is a natural and environmentally friendly fertilizer used widely to increase crop production and maintain the sustainability of agrosystems. Consequently, this study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of vermicompost at different application rates in promoting the growth and yield parameters of spring onion. The results show that adding vermicompost to spring onion production had significant positive effects on plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, individual plant weight, and plot yield. Particularly, the application of vermicompost at 40 t ha-1 showed the highest performance in the observed parameters, increasing the number of leaves, number of tillers, individual plant weight, and plot yields to 64.78, 21.18, 302.96 g plant-1, and 4.86 kg m-2, respectively. The plot yields in the treatments of the highest and lowest vermicompost application increased by 49.1% and 3.9%, respectively, in comparison to the control. Consequently, there was a strongly positive relationship between the application rate of vermicompost and the plot yield.

Suppression of White Rot of Welsh Onion by a Preplant Transplant Drench Using Pyraziflumid

White rot, caused by Sclerotium cepivorum, poses a significant threat to the production of Welsh onions. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the effectiveness and persistence of pyraziflumid when applied via a preplant transplant drench. Six trials were conducted across five fields from 2020 to 2021. A day before planting, each paper pot tray was drenched with 500 ml of 2.2 g/liter of pyraziflumid. In the untreated Welsh onions, the disease was first observed in November in all trials. Subsequently, the disease incidence increased rapidly, and by January, nearly all plants were affected. Conversely, in the pyraziflumid-drenched trials, the disease was barely observed until January. The generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed that the estimated coefficient for the pyraziflumid drench was −5.37 compared with no drench, significantly reducing disease incidence. The odds ratio was 0.005, indicating that the pyraziflumid drench significantly reduced the disease incidence compared with no treatment. The linear mixed model analysis showed that the pyraziflumid drench significantly increased the yield of Welsh onion by 3.6 kg/10 A in plots infested with the disease. This, despite requiring only one drench before planting, demonstrated excellent disease-suppressive effects and proved to be extremely labor-saving and economical.

DROUGHT STRESS ALLEVIATION: THE CONTRIBUTION OF A SOIL BACTERIUM AND AN ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS IN SCALLION

Recent climate change and global warming have caused extreme heat and low rainfall which negatively affected soil nutrient, fertility status, decreased water content, and changed physiochemical properties of agricultural soils in many parts of the globe. As a result of drought, crop production is seriously reduced. The beneficial effects of soil microorganisms including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizospheric bacteria on crop production and soil health are vital for the sustainable management of stressed agricultural practices. The present study evaluated the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, and a rhizospheric bacterium, Pseudomonas flourescens, alone and in dual inoculation on the survival, growth, mycorrhizal colonization, nutrient uptake, glomalin production, and soil aggregation of Allium fistulosum plants. In water-stressed soil, seedling survival, growth, total biomass, nutrient uptake, glomalin production, and soil aggregation were significantly increased when inoculated with R. irregularis and P. flourescens. Dual inoculation with R. irregularis and P. flourescens produced vigorous seedlings which contained higher amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium contents, glomalin production, and soil aggregation compared to single inoculation. The present results indicate that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and beneficial rhizospheric bacteria offer potential for biofertilizers and mitigating drought in A. fistulosum plants.

HS-SPME GC/MS Volatile profile of the Onion Allium fistulosum L. variety Pereirana, cultivated in Colombia

The study presents a characterization of the volatile organic compounds found in both raw and the essential oil of the “Pereirana Onion,” an endemic Colombian Welsh onion variety for which the composition has not been previously reported. The analysis was conducted using four distinct fibers through the HS-SPME/GC-MS method. The results revealed that chopped Pereirana onions release as many as 29 different compounds, with concentrations up to 20 times higher than those observed in other evaluated onion species (Biónica, Veleña, and Veleña Sonsón). Most of these compounds are sulfur-based, including dipropyl disulfide, (E)-1-(Prop-1-en-1-yl)-2-propyldisulfane, disulfide, methyl 1-(methylthio) propyl, dipropyl trisulphide, and (E)-1-(Prop-1-en-1-yl)-3-propyltrisulfane. Furthermore, steam extraction of essential oils from Pereirana onions led to the identification of up to 70 different compounds. Simple correspondence analysis (SCA) revealed that Veleña and Veleña Sonsón onion species share common compounds but significantly differ from Biónica and Pereirana varieties cultivated in Risaralda, Colombia. These findings suggest potential applications in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries, paving the way for future research and industrial utilization.

Development of an analytic method for organosulfur compounds in Welsh onion and its use for nutritional quality analysis of five typical varieties in China

A reliable, simple, and sensitive method capable of quantifying six organosulfur compounds (OSCs) was established. The samples were extracted by water containing 3 % formic acid with a simple vortex, ultrasound, and centrifugation step, and the solutions were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography separation system coupled with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC − MS/MS). Then the method was applied for the analysis of six OSCs in five varieties of two types Welsh onions in China, and the moisture content, reducing sugar, total polyphenols, and 21 free amino acids were also analyzed to study the characters of these Welsh onions intensively. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate the differences in OSCs and free amino acids profiles among the samples. This study showed that enzymatic inhibition method combined with UHPLC − MS/MS is an effective technique to analyze OSCs in Welsh onion, and could be valuable for the routine quantitation of OSCs in other foods.

Green Onion (Allium fistulosum): An Aromatic Vegetable Crop Esteemed for Food, Nutritional and Therapeutic Significance.

In recent years, there has been a shift towards a greater demand for more nutritious and healthier foods, emphasizing the role of diets in human well-being. Edible Alliums, including common onions, garlic, chives and green onions, are staples in diverse cuisines worldwide and are valued specifically for their culinary versatility, distinct flavors and nutritional and medicinal properties. Green onions are widely cultivated and traded as a spicy vegetable. The mild, onion-like flavor makes the crop a pleasant addition to various dishes, serving as a staple ingredient in many world cuisines, particularly in Eastern Asian countries such as China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. The green pseudostems, leaves and non-developed bulbs of green onions are utilized in salads, stir-fries, garnishes and a myriad of culinary preparations. Additionally, green onions have a rich historical background in traditional medicine and diets, capturing the attention of chefs and the general public. The status of the crop as an important food, its culinary diversity and its nutraceutical and therapeutic value make it a subject of great interest in research. Therefore, the present review has examined the distribution, culinary, nutritional and therapeutic significance of green onions, highlighting the health benefits derived from the consumption of diets with this aromatic vegetable crop as a constituent.

Interbiotype hybridization between biotypes A and B of Liriomyza chinensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae).

Liriomyza chinensis (Kato) is a formidable pest of Allium species, especially the Japanese bunching onion Allium fistulosum L. Recently, a novel biotype of L. chinensis (biotype B) has emerged, which causes more severe damage than the native biotype A. It has been reported that biotype B has frequently displaced biotype A in the Japanese bunching onion fields in Japan. As interbiotype hybridization is a possible factor that influences such displacement, interbiotype hybridization was conducted between L. chinensis biotypes A and B. Eggs were not laid under one-by-one crossing conditions; however, adult hybrid progeny of both sexes emerged from no-choice mating combinations-when multiple males and females were present. The fertility of F1 hybrid adults was also investigated, and backcrossed adults emerged from F1 females in both mating combinations. F1 males might have exhibited reproductive abnormalities because only a small number of backcross progeny emerged from the mating combinations using F1 males. Additionally, 3 representative endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Cardinium) were investigated, and both biotypes were found to be infected by the same strain of Wolbachia. In addition, the courtship signals (tapping) of male adults differed between biotypes A and B as well as between F1 hybrids; the F1 males exhibited tapping behavior that was intermediate between biotypes A and B. Therefore, mating sounds serve as a form of premating reproductive isolation between biotypes A and B.

Effect of intercropping on potato bacterial wilt disease and tuber yield in Kenya

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a major tuber crop in Kenya, whose productivity is heavily impaired by bacterial wilt disease, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith). Existing management strategies have not been effective, owing to the diversity and robustness of the pathogen and variation in the host range. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intercropping on the incidence of bacterial wilt and yield of potato in Kenya. A field experiment was conducted in four potato-growing counties, namely; Nyandarua, Nakuru, Bomet and Bungoma in Kenya. Treatments included intercroping with spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.); garden pea (Pisum sativum L.); and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Treatments also included a pure stand of potato as the control. Generally, intercropping had a significant suppressive effect (P<0.05) on the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt disease. Intercropping potato with spring onion, in particular, had the highest disease suppressive effect, followed by intercropping potato with cabbage; and lastly by potato with garden pea. Accordingly, potato-onion intercrop recorded the highest potato tuber yield (12.9 t ha-1), while the potato pure stand recorded the lowest tuber yield (7.9 t ha-1). Bacterial wilt disease incidence positively correlated with disease severity (r = 0.931; P<0.05). In contrast, the disease incidence and severity negatively correlated with tuber yield. In terms of Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), the highest value (1.64) was with potato-onion intercrop; and the lowest (1.35) with the potato-garden pea intercrop.

Characteristic aroma-active components of fried green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) through flavoromics analysis.

Green onion (Allium fistulosumL.) is a perennial herb with a characteristic allium aroma. Meanwhile, fried green onion oil has a rich flavor that is popular in traditional Chinese cuisine. In this work, the key aroma components of fried green onion oil were focused via flavoromics analysis. The oil samples had a low score of a green aroma but a high score of salty, greasy aromas. Whereafter, a total of 36 aroma-active substances with flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 1 to 6561 were identified in fried green onion oil, while 42 were detected in fried green onion residue with FD factors ranging from 1 to 19683. Additionally, the recombination and omission tests revealed that furaneol, dimethyl trisulfide, allyl methyl trisulfide, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, etc., were the key aroma compounds in fried green onion oil. Furthermore, the observation of the reaction of thioethers at high temperatures revealed that dimethyl disulfide undergoes polymerization to form dimethyl trisulfide. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the standardization and industrial production of Chinese cuisine.

Effect of Phosphorus Fertigation on Concentration of Soil Available Phosphate and Growth of Green Onions (Allium fistulosum L.) in Open Field

Effect of Phosphorus Fertigation on Concentration of Soil Available Phosphate and Growth of Green Onions (Allium fistulosum L.) in Open Field