Welfare To Work Research Articles

Wage Code and Rules – Will They Improve the Effectiveness of Minimum Wage Policy in India?

Minimum wage policy is regarded as an essential policy tool for improving the welfare of low-paid workers, reducing working poverty and inequality within the labour market. The Government of India recently undertook reform in the country’s wage policy and enacted the Code on Wages in August 2019. The reform measures include the establishment of a statutory floor wage and the extension of the legal coverage of minimum wage to include all wage earners, apart from the simplification of minimum wage structure in the country. To give effect to the wage code, the Government has now outlined the implementation mechanism by notifying the draft Code on Wages (Central) Rules in July 2020. This paper examines how some of the key reform measures undertaken in the wage code could potentially revive minimum wage policy as a redistributive tool targeting low-paid workers. Workers’ welfare is contingent upon an effective minimum wage policy that addresses the extent of legal coverage as well as the level at which the floor and minimum wages are set and the degree of compliance. Therefore, the paper examines the proposed implementation mechanism related to these three aspects in the draft wage rules, identifies shortcomings therein and provides suggestions for improvement.

Trends Over Time in Employment for Mothers Who Received Welfare Benefits in 1996

Welfare reform brought on by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 has been the object of considerable debate and scholarship. This article shows impact over time in employment for a nationally representative sample of welfare mothers who received welfare benefits in 1996, using the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), linked to 10 years of their IRS wage records. In 1996, nearly half of them worked for wages. The vast majority had attained a high school diploma or less. Almost a fifth reported a severe disability and either fair or poor health. In 1997, the PRWORA was implemented for the entire U.S. That year, nearly three‐fifths had paid employment. Nearly three‐quarters received wages by 2000. After the recession of 2001, receipt of wages decreased. By 2007, receipt of wages was back to the 1997 level. Health, age, education, and work history of these mothers impacted receipt of wages as expected, but not car ownership and number of children. Our longitudinal data demonstrate the impact of business cycles as well as health, age, education, and work history to determine paid employment outcomes. Analyses of future SIPP panels will determine whether these trends continue.

Efektifitas Lembaga Bipartit Dalam Menyelesaikan Sengketa Hubungan Industrial Pada Perusahaan Pt. New Kuta Golf And Ocean View

The increasingly important demands of industrialization for the progress a country have consequences for employers to use effective systems wherever possible. However, industrial disputes between workers and employers are often a problem. Therefore we need a set of laws that can be a separate forum for dealing with dispute matters within a company, is Bipartite Cooperative. The problem raised in this paper is how the effectiveness of the Bipartite Institute and what are the things that hamper in resolving employment issues at PT New Kuta Golf and Ocean View. The research method used is an empirical legal research method through the sociology of law approach. The results obtained, that is about disputes that have occurred in the company namely working conditions, requirements of work, increased work productivity and welfare of workers who impact on the company. The form of settlement is done through Bipartite and termination of employment. The inhibiting factors found were weak mindset, limited information, lack of competent human resources towards understanding Bipartite.

PERAN PEKERJA SOSIAL DALAM PELAKSANAAN PENGANGKATANANAK WARGA NEGARA INDONESIA OLEH WARGA NEGARA ASING DI YAYASAN SAYAP IBU CABANG JAKARTAANAK WARGA NEGARA INDONESIA OLEH WARGA NEGARA

This paper discusses the role of social worker in implementing the removal of neglected children of Indonesia citizens by foreign citizens (intercountry adoption) in Yayasan Sayap Ibu Branch of Jakarta. This paper also uses qualitative approach and descriptive methods. The data collection carried out by observation and in depth interviews with ten informants consists of social workers, coordinator for child alleviation, four people of prospective parents, and four people of related ministries/institutions. The results of this paper describes: (1) the role of social workers as enabler, broker, mediator, negotiator, advocate, and also other roles, which as administrator and counsellor; (2) barriers from prospective adoptive parents in the form of incomplete documents, refusal from adoptive parents to adopted children, prospective parents are less cooperative. The barriers from inside institutions are social worker welfare and less responsive work environments for social workers. Meanwhile, limited knowledge and skills in digging information, limited foreign language skills, and also change in official/officer in related ministries/institutions are the barriers for social workers in Yayasan Sayap Ibu Branch of Jakarta.

Risk Shifts in the Gig Economy: The Normative Case for an Insurance Scheme against the Effects of Precarious Work*

Risk Shifts in the Gig Economy: The Normative Case for an Insurance Scheme against the Effects of Precarious Work*

Wage Code and Rules – Will They Improve the Welfare of Low-Paid Workers?

Minimum wage policy is regarded as an essential policy tool for improving the welfare of low-paid workers and reducing working poverty and inequality within the labour market. The Government of India recently undertook reforms in the country’s wage policy and enacted the Code on Wages in August 2019. The reform measures include the establishment of a statutory floor wage and the extension of the legal coverage of minimum wage to include all wage earners. To give effect to the wage code, the Government has now outlined the implementation mechanism by notifying the draft Code on Wages (Central) Rules in July 2020. This discussion paper examines how some of the key reform measures undertaken in the wage code could potentially benefit low-paid workers. Workers’ welfare is contingent upon an effective minimum wage policy that addresses both the levels at which the floor and minimum wages are set and the degree of compliance. The paper also examines the proposed implementation mechanism related to these two aspects in the wage rules and identifies shortcomings therein. Based on a detailed analysis, the paper provides suggestions to strengthen and refine the wage rules, enhancing the effectiveness of the code and the use of minimum wage policy targeting low-paid workers.

Do Workers and Customers Benefit from Competition Between On-Demand Service Platforms?

Problem Definition: We study the impact of competition between two on-demand service platforms on worker welfare and consumer surplus. The platforms compete for both workers and customers by deciding on wages to pay workers and prices to charge customers. Workers, who are heterogeneous in their opportunity costs, are sensitive to both the wage they receive and the amount of work they are allocated. Customers, who are heterogeneous in their preferences for the platforms, are sensitive to both the price and the amount of delay they experience. Academic/Practical Relevance: Competition between on-demand service platforms gives rise to several important questions. How does competition affect wages and prices and does competition necessarily lead to higher wages and lower prices? Does competition make workers busier or does it lead to more worker idleness? More importantly, does competition necessarily lead to higher worker welfare and higher consumer surplus? If not, under what conditions does competition harm either workers or customers? Methodology: We use an equilibrium model to study price-wage strategies of platforms. We compare equilibrium outcomes with and without competition, accounting for worker heterogeneity in terms of opportunity cost and customer heterogeneity in terms of platform preference. Results: We show that competition does not necessarily lead to higher worker welfare and higher consumer surplus. In particular, we show that when the worker pool size is sufficiently large and customer stickiness (the strength of preference of customers for one platform over another) is moderate, both workers and customers are worse off under competition than under monopoly (with workers being busier but earning less, and customers paying more but experiencing more delay). Managerial Implications: We distinguish two forces that explain our results: multi-homing on the worker supply side and market expansion on the customer demand side. Such information could be useful for policy makers and platform managers as they consider the implications of competition between on-demand service platforms on social welfare and profit.

The Bill Clinton Rationale for Welfare Reform: Examining Implications of Race, Class, and Gender Using Documents

This article explores implications of such social divisions as race, class, as well as gender in politics in the United States during the 1990s and sheds new light on Bill Clinton’s rationale for welfare reform. The present study is an attempt to figure out to what extent racism, classism, and sexism influenced Bill Clinton’s decision to sign Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in 1996. In our analysis, we draw upon primary sources, written documents, or records such as President Bill Clinton’s autobiographical memoir My Life, his book with Al Gore Putting People First, and other texts from his political speeches. Our paper endeavors to fill gaps in the existing literature on welfare reform concerning implications of race, gender, and class issues in welfare reform legislation in 1996.

Unemployment Insurance during a Pandemic

The CARES Act implemented in response to the COVID-19 crisis dramatically increases the generosity of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits, triggering concerns about its substantial impact on unemployment. This paper combines a labor market search-matching model with the SIR-type infection dynamics to study the effects of CARES UI on both unemployment and infection. More generous UI policies create work disincentives and lead to higher unemployment, but they also reduce infection and save lives. Economic shutdown policies further amplify these effects of UI policies. Quantitatively, the CARES UI policies raise unemployment by an average of 3.7 percentage points over April to December 2020 but also reduce cumulative death by 4.7 percent. Eligibility expansion and the extra $600 increase in benefit level account for more than 90 percent of the total effects, while the 13-week benefit duration extension plays a much smaller role. Overall, UI policies improve the welfare of workers and reduce the welfare of nonworkers, both young and old.

The Ergonomic Shooting Net Design for Pond Farmers

The application of ergonomics principle that all working activities can caused workers physical and mental stress. Ergonomics strive for this pressure is still within tolerable limits, satisfactory performance results, and the health and welfare of workers can be increased. If this excessive loads occurred, it will increase some errors and injury. This study aims to making the systematic design for conceptual design of a innovation product using Pahl & Beitz methods. The Variables in this research are hand length (HL), Grip diameter (GD), and length of index finger (LIF) along designing and making nets in accordance with the Anthropometry data. The results of the study recommend nets specification corresponding to the farmers. The length of the shooting net is between 75 cm to 64 cm (0.75 to 0.64 meters), The diameter of the PVC (pipe) is 7.5 cm (0.075 meters), The length of the shooting nets handle is between 5 cm (0.05 meters), The weight of product is 5.5 kg, The nets diameter size is 2.5 m, and The filling pressure of the wind at the automatic firing line is with a maximum limit of 80 psi (5.51 bar) and a minimum of 30 psi (2,068 bars). its use is also very easy and practical because it is enough to fill the wind, then pressing the first lever that is already there to throw or fire the net and to pull it electrically just by pressing the second lever on this automatic firing net. For users, it is also very convenient because there is no need to carry and throw conventionally, because this mesh has been prepared a buffer that serves to support the mesh automatically. So, this automatic shooting net can reduce the burden, hand and hip injuries for its users.

TINGKAT PENDAPATAN DAN KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA PEKERJA HARIAN PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT (Studi Kasus di PT Prima Mitrajaya Mandiri Kecamatan Kota Bangun) (Income Level and Family Welfare of Daily Worker of Oil Palm Plantation (Case Study in PT Prima Mitrajaya Mandiri Kota Bangun Subdistrict))

The establishment of an oil palm company provides a change in the family welfare of daily workers in its plantation. The purpose of this study were to determine the income and welfare of oil palm family of daily worker of oil palm plantation. This research was conducted from August to September 2019 in PT Prima Mitrajaya Mandiri (PT PMM), Kota Bangun Subdistrict. The number of respondents was 52 workers. Data were analyzed by descriptive method. The results of this reserach showed the average income of daily worker in section of fertilization as much as IDR22,179,196.00 year-1, weed control as much as IDR23,907,101.00 year-1, and harvesting as much as IDR38,477,611.00 year-1. The average of family income of daily worker from working in oil palm company and from non oil palm (farm, off-farm, and no-farm) in section of fertilization, weed control, and harvesting were IDR33,625,350.00 year-1; IDR30,678,529.00 year-1; and IDR40,061,611.00 year-1, respectively. Based on the average per capita income per year, the daily worker family of oil palm plantation of PT PMM was categorized welfare.

The Effect of Wage Levels on Labor Performance in the Islamic Economy Perspective (Case Study on CV. Tedmond Fiber Glass Ahmad Yani street, Air Batu Banyuasin Regency Km.20)

Abstract
 Wages are the most crucial thing in employment because working people are to get payments that will be used to fulfill their daily needs. If the value of the wages offered by a company is considered insufficient to meet the worker's living needs, then the worker will refuse the job offered. The provision of wages is useful for increasing output and efficiency, and we must be aware of the various difficulties that arise from the incentive pay system. Various problems such as unemployment that is still and continue to grow, the lack of jobs, wages, and welfare of workers who are suffocating, the exploitation of women and child labor are inseparable from these underlying problems. Therefore, the problem is domain and the main responsibility of the state (governments) as a regulator of all aspects of living in a society and society.

Analisis Luas Lahan Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Metode FuzzyAHP Terhadap Resiko Pelaku Usaha

The aim of this study was to identify the risk of oil palm land ownership and the relationship between oil palm land area and farmers' income, the level of welfare of farmers and workers in oil palm plantations. This research can be a reference for businesses who will invest in oil palm plantations. The research was conducted by giving questionnaires to experts, the experts in question were oil palm industry players and were able to make decisions. The results of the questionnaire are processed using Fuzzy AHP to determine the degree of importance of each expert. The results obtained are the biggest risk at the actor level is the farmer, at the level of the highest risk criteria is the increase in the amount of supply while at the alternative level is the risk of quality.

PENERAPAN SISTEM MUZARA’AH PADA BURUH TANI SUGIO LAMONGAN PERSPEKTIF KESEJAHTERAAN MENURUT ASY-SYATIBI

This research aims to find out about the welfare of farm workers at the sub-district of the Lamongan districts, Sugio, using Asy-Syatibi’s indicator of wellness which consists of five indicators: religion, soul, mind, offspring and wealth. All of those indicators must fulfiled the dharuriyyat level, after that those indicators must be maintained in the hajiyyat level and then perfected in the tahsiniyat level. The method used in this research are qualitative approach with case-study explanatory. Primary data are collected by interviewing and observation directly at the informant which is the leader of “Mulyo Tani” Farmer’s Associations and its respective members. The secondary data are collected from journal, books, BPS, village data, internet access and other relevant literatures. This research founds that, the farm workers at Sugio, Lamongan has fulfiled the religion, soul, mind, offspring and wealth indicators at dharuriyat level. The farming cooperation, which is conducted by the cultivator and the owner of the field, are using the muzara’ah contract with the welfare approach held by “Mulyo Tani” Farmer’s Associations in Sugio, Lamongan, which in turn increased the overall welfare of the farm workers. Those cooperations can also bring positive impacts in the daily life of the farm workers and increasing the economic activities. Therefore, it can be said that the farm workers at Sugio, Lamongan are prosperous based on Asy-Syatibi’s perspective.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WORK-LIFE BALANCE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE MILLENNIAL GENERATION IN INDONESIA

Work-life balance is a crucial issue for every employee in government and private institutions today, especially in Indonesia. This is because there will be a decrease in employee productivity and performance if an organization does not think about the work balance of employees properly and is not managed properly. The fact is, that at present the workforce places more emphasis on work-life balance rather than on income alone where the company is currently filled more by the millennial generation who are happy about the flexibility of work and are very close to technology. The purpose of this study is to look at various theories regarding the effect of the influence of work-life balance on employee performance. The final goal of this paper is to collect various theories to be used in developing work-life balance strategies to improve the welfare of organizations and individual workers. This study uses a qualitative method in a systematic review. The findings show that work-life balance affects the performance of millennial generation employees. An important implication for behavioral science research that arises from this research is that to achieve high company and employee performance, the company must provide a work-life balance policy for its employees so that employees can be motivated and commit to working optimally in the company.

Boundaries of Contagion: The Unheard Plight of Sex Workers in Karnataka

Karnataka is the most populous state in South India. The Government of Karnataka constituted a committee under the chairpersonship of one of the sitting women members of the Karnataka Legislative Council to study the conditions of the sex workers in the state. This committee has submitted its report to the Karnataka government recently. This study has interviewed around 11,000 sex workers across the state and collected the required information about their present condition. Data have been collected through the schedule having 169 questions and interviewing the respondents. Sex workers were identified through the district councillors for the survey. The committee has estimated more than 300,000 women are involved in this work, a majority of them are from lower social groups having a low income. The study has found that in the initial stage, women are being stepped into this job merely because of trafficking or to earn more money for life, or are sold unwittingly to the pimps by relatives or friends. Once they get stuck in this vicious cycle, women continue to be sex workers only because of no other exit. It is found that women continue to be sex workers as long as demand or beauty prevails in the market. When demand decreases, they continue in the field as a supplier/agent (pimps). The study has found that a majority of them are being trafficked from Maharashtra and Goa to Karnataka. The study found migration, drought, unemployment, early marriage divorce, poverty, etc., as some of the reasons for entering in this job. Shockingly, the report has revealed that married women are more engaged in this occupation. The more interesting issue is that around 26 per cent of women/girls have entered into this sex work job just to buy a good mobile, to get a good dress, for pocket money, etc. The report further says that more than 17–20 per cent of them are HIV infected. The study finally suggests that awareness creation, atrocity prevention, resolving rehabilitation and empowerment should be the part and parcel of any policy for the welfare of the sex workers. This article is based on the findings of the study report submitted to government by the committee.

Missing social security contributions: the role of contribution rate and corporate income tax rate

Social security compliance by firms is critical to the welfare of workers and the sustainability of the program. Partly because of weak law enforcement, social security evasion—failure to participate or only partially pay the contributions—is severe in developing countries. In this study, we examine how social security evasion by firms is determined by two policy parameters: social security contribution rate and corporate income tax rate. Using a novel longitudinal dataset of firms in China, we exploit city-by-year variations in social security contribution rate and variations in corporate income tax rate generated by a 2008 corporate tax reform. Findings suggest that the two policy parameters have opposite effects on social security evasion, namely social security contribution rate has a positive effect on evasion, and corporate income tax rate has a negative effect. The negative effect of corporate income tax is as expected because a high corporate tax rate reduces the effective costs of social security contributions, which are deductible. The estimated effects of the policy parameters are pronounced among private-owned domestic firms and firms in cities where a formal labor contract is less common. Findings suggest that corporate tax rate can be used as a companion policy instrument with social security contribution rate to combat social security evasion in developing countries.

Quantum Analysis on Task Allocation and Quality Control for Crowdsourcing With Homogeneous Workers

Crowdsourcing has been emerging as a valid problem-solving model that harnesses a large group of contributors to solve a complicated task. However, existing crowdsourcing platforms or systems could suffer from task allocation and quality control problems. In this article, we first prove that there exist two dilemmas while tackling the above issues by using a game-theoretic approach. To overcome this challenge, we are focusing on exploiting quantum crowdsourcing schemes in which the welfare of requestor or worker can be maximized since quantum players share the extended strategy space, and the introduction of entanglement offers a new method of depicting fine-grained relations between players. Specifically, we propose a quantum game model for quota-oriented crowdsourcing game to address dilemmas in task allocation. The result indicates the dilemma based on classical strategy will disappear with the increment of entanglement degree. While in the quality-oriented crowdsourcing game, we adopt a density matrix approach to calculate the optimal payoffs of both sides, which demonstrates the superiority of our quantum strategy. Moreover, our quantum scheme is generic since it is compatible with the schemes from a classical perspective. Hence, our noteworthy quantum crowdsourcing schemes offer a promising alternative route for tackling dilemmas in crowdsourcing scenarios.

Cenário da Construção Civil no Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo apresentar o cenário atual da Construção Civil de alguns Estados brasileiros, demonstrando os locais que estabeleceram a parada do setor e os que continuaram a atuação normalmente, sendo feito uma comparação levando em consideração a densidade demográfica dos Estados e a maior e menor quantidade de óbitos até a data atual e também demonstrar as medidas adotas nos canteiros de obras para evitar a propagação da doença. O método de pesquisa foi realizado com base em dados coletados nas Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde e Sindicatos da Indústria da Construção (Sinduscon) dos Estados, de jornais e revistas de 8 Estados brasileiros sendo 4 que possuem menor quantidade de óbitos e 4 que possuem maiores quantidades de óbitos registrados. Foi gerando um valor, chamado índice “I” (Óbitos / Densidade Demográfica), desta forma foi possível entender o impacto que a indústria da Construção Civil pode trazer para a propagação da COVID-19, já que o setor Construção Civil movimenta os outros setores, como lojas de materiais de construção, distribuidoras, restaurantes, transportes públicos, entre outros. Verificou-se quais Estados o setor da Construção Civil está cumprindo com a paralisação do setor e comparar dados dos Estados que estão com os maiores índices desta doença, verificando se há alguma correlação para o aumento de casos confirmados. Os Estados que possuem maiores quantidade de óbitos foram SP > RJ > CE > PE, porém seus índices foram diferentes, relacionando-os com o controle ou descontrole da prevenção do vírus na construção civil e em outros setores, onde se comparados com índice “I” a sequência é SP > CE > PE > RJ, sendo I = 13,57 para São Paulo já Estados que possuem menores quantidades de óbitos foram TO < MS < MT < AC e seus comparativos por índice “I” continuam na mesma sequência, tendo o Tocantins com o menor índice entre todos os Estados, I = 0,53. Foram adotadas algumas medidas essenciais para evitar a propagação do coronavírus como o uso de termômetros na entrada do trabalho, marcação no piso para manter as pessoas distanciadas, distanciamento entre as mesas e retirada dos assentos intermediários, higienização de canteiros, distribuição de cartazes informativos pela obra, redefinição de turnos, entre outras medidas são bastante importantes pra o bem estar e saúde dos operários.

Global GAP y su complemento GRASP: Filosofía de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial del Sector Agroalimentario

Global GAP es considerada una norma mundial para las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas, añadiendo en sus últimos años por las exigencias del mercado un complemento adicional a su normativa, conocido como GRASP (Evaluación de Riesgos para las Prácticas Sociales), mismos que evalúan temas específicos como la salud, seguridad y bienestar de los trabajadores. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar la incidencia de la aplicación de la normativa Global GAP y su complemento GRASP en el cumplimiento de la filosofía de responsabilidad social empresarial para la integración de sostenibilidad del sector agroalimentario. Se aplicó un instrumento de investigación basado en 13 indicadores claves que permitieron analizar la percepción de 384 trabajadores u obreros con respecto a normativas que conjugan tanto el cumplimiento de la norma como de la responsabilidad social y empresarial. Los resultados demuestran el compromiso del sector agroalimentario en mejorar las condiciones y calidad de vida de los trabajadores a raíz de su certificación, permitiéndose a ellos mismos crear sostenibilidad y ser parte de un mercado internacional.