Weld Deposits Research Articles

Effect of Groove Designs on Residual Stress and Transverse Shrinkage in GMAW and PGMAW of A333 Seamless Steel Pipes

The effectiveness of weld joints primarily depends on the fusion of base metal, minimum heat-affected zone (HAZ) and lesser residual stresses. The severity of thermomechanical effects e.g. weld shrinkages and residual stresses is significantly minimized by narrow gap welding technique over the traditional welding. This work describes the welding of A333 Grade 3 steel pipes by the application of GMAW and PGMAW techniques. The analysis is made to capture the effects of groove designs on residual stress and transverse shrinkage. The process parameters used for the analysis are voltage, current and welding speed. In this work, narrow groove design using PGMAW process is capable of reducing the number of passes and area of weld deposit by 35–40% by volume. In PGMAW, decrement in residual stresses is observed with a narrow groove compared to conventional V groove technique. The results are validated by metallurgical and mechanical investigation of welded joints. This work will help other researchers to understand the effect of narrow gap welding using an optimum number of passes for thick pipes.

Preheat Temperature Analysis of Cutting Knife Coating Violence in the Hard Facing Process of Aisi A35 Carbon Steel

The hard facing process is the welding process of SMAW by using a hard facing DIN 888 electrode as a hard facing to replace conventional cutting tool material. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the effect of preheating temperature on the welding of hard coatings on AISI A35 low carbon steel. The results of this study are expected to obtain optimum hardness on coated steel, from variations in the temperature of the preheating. there will be a change in the hardness of the welding deposit, the deposit will be used as cutting tools. The results of this study can be used as guidelines for making cutting tools.

Comparison of Properties of Hardfaced Layers Made by a Metal-Core-Covered Tubular Electrode with a Special Chemical Composition.

In this article, the results of research on the metal-mineral-type abrasive wear of a wear-resistant plate made by a tubular electrode with a metallic core and an innovative chemical composition using the manual metal arc hardfacing process were presented. The properties of the new layer were compared to the results of eleven wear plates manufactured by global suppliers, including flux-cored arc welding gas-shielded (FCAW-GS, Deposition Process Reference Number: 138), flux-cored arc welding self-shielded (FCAW-SS, Deposition Process Reference Number: 114), automated hardfacing, and manual metal arc welding (MMAW, Deposition Process Reference Number: 111) hardfacing T Fe15 and T Fe16 alloys, according to EN 14700:2014. Characterization of the hardfaced layers was achieved by using hardness tests, optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) and X-ray diffraction analyses. Based on wear resistance tests in laboratory conditions, in accordance with ASTM G65-00: Procedure A, and surface layer hardness tests, in accordance with PN-EN ISO 6508-1, the wear plates most suitable for use in metal-mineral conditions were chosen. The results demonstrated the high metal-mineral abrasive wear resistance of the deposit weld metal produced by the new covered tubular electrode. The tubular electrode demonstrated a high linear correlation between the surface wear resistance and the hardness of the metal matrix of the tested abrasive wear plates. In addition to hardness, size, shape, the dispersion of strengthening phases, and the base metal content, depending on hardfacing technology and technological parameters, impact wear resistance is represented by volumetric loss caused by effect-free or constrained dry abrasive medium contact. The presented results can be used in machine part material selection and wear planning for applications in inspection, conservation, and regeneration interval determination. The obtained results will be applied in a real-time wear rate prediction system based on the measurement of the working parameters.

Thermal and Weld Bead Characteristics of Bead-on-Plate PGMA Welding of Dissimilar ASS Bead on HSLA Plate

The research work has focused on identifying the influence of pulsed gas metal arc welding (PGMAW) parameters on the austenitic stainless steel (ASS) weld bead on high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel plate. The effect of pulse parameters such as dimensionless factor (ϕ), mean current (Im), and heat input (Ω) has been analyzed on the thermal behavior of weld, weld pool geometry, and the weld bead microstructure. The influence of ϕ on the thermal and metal transfer behaviors has been also examined to produce the desired weld bead quality. The optimized pulse parameters such as Im (160–230 A), Ω (6.5–11.2 kJ/cm), ϕ (0.05–0.25), and welding speed (S) (15–25 cm/min) have been considered to perform the experiment. The microstructural evaluation of the weld bead was carried out by an optical microscope. The enhanced Im from 160 A to 230 A considerably increased the amount of temperature received by the weld pool (QT) from 4525 to 6525 J/S. The results also depicted that the increase of ϕ from 0.05 to 0.25 predominantly reduced the width of the weld bead (Wb) from 15 to 13.5 mm, depth of penetration (Pd) from 3.5 to 2.5 mm, and area of fusion (Af) from 40 to 30 mm2, respectively. It is also found that the formation of fine-grain microstructure in the weld deposit primarily happened due to the effect of thermal behaviors such as QT, transfer of heat content from filler to weld pool (Qf), and characteristics of filler metal transfer to the weld deposition.

Influencing Microstructure of Vanadium Carbide Reinforced FeCrVC Hardfacing during Gas Metal Arc Welding

Vanadium carbide (VC) reinforced FeCrVC hardfacings have become important to improve the lifetime of tools suffering abrasive and impact loads. This is because the microstructural properties of such hardfacings enable the primary VCs to act as obstacles against the penetrating abrasive. Because dilution is supposed to be the key issue influencing the precipitation behaviour of primary carbides during surfacing, the development of deposit welding processes exhibiting a reduced thermal impact, and hence lower dilution to the base material, is the primary focus of the current research. By inserting an additional hot wire in the melt, an approach was developed to separate the material and energy input during gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and hence realised low dilution claddings. The carbide content could be increased, and a grain refinement was observed compared with conventional GMAW. These effects could be attributed to both the reduced dilution and heterogeneous nucleation.

Development of shielded metal arc welding electrodes to achieve carbide-free bainitic weld microstructures

Carbide-free bainite (CFB) microstructures containing a mixture of nano-sized retained austenite laths and bainitic ferrite exhibit a good combination of strength, ductility, and toughness. In this work, an attempt was made to identify welding electrode compositions with a carbon content of about 0.35 to 0.5 wt.% to achieve carbide-free bainite microstructures in multi-pass shielded metal arc welds. Suitable alloy compositions were designed using a commercial neural network–based database, considering thermodynamic parameters such as allotropic phase boundary (XTo), ΔGɣ-ɑ (driving force for transformation) and martensite start temperatures. Three different alloy compositions were identified using this approach. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) electrodes were fabricated with the compositions identified and the samples extracted from the weld deposits were used for dilatometer studies, metallurgical characterisation, and mechanical property evaluation. Based on the results, an optimised electrode composition and welding parameters were identified to stabilise the carbide-free bainitic microstructures in weld metal.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of the Cladding Material Distribution of Hybrid Semi-Finished Products Produced by Deposition Welding and Cross-Wedge Rolling

The service life of rolling contacts is dependent on many factors. The choice of materials in particular has a major influence on when, for example, a ball bearing may fail. Within an exemplary process chain for the production of hybrid high-performance components through tailored forming, hybrid solid components made of at least two different steel alloys are investigated. The aim is to create parts that have improved properties compared to monolithic parts of the same geometry. In order to achieve this, several materials are joined prior to a forming operation. In this work, hybrid shafts created by either plasma (PTA) or laser metal deposition (LMD-W) welding are formed via cross-wedge rolling (CWR) to investigate the resulting thickness of the material deposited in the area of the bearing seat. Additionally, finite element analysis (FEA) simulations of the CWR process are compared with experimental CWR results to validate the coating thickness estimation done via simulation. This allows for more accurate predictions of the cladding material geometry after CWR, and the desired welding seam geometry can be selected by calculating the cladding thickness via CWR simulation.

Evaluation of dissimilar metal joining of aluminum alloy to stainless steel using the filler metals with a high-entropy design

Abstract Fe-Al intermetallic compounds (IMCs) have huge adverse effects on the dissimilar metal joining of aluminum to steel. High-entropy alloys can use high mixing entropy to promote the formation of single-phase solid solution structures, which would have significant advantages in inhibiting the formation of Fe-Al IMCs in the welding of Al/steel joints. In this study, three types of filler metals, including CoZnCuMn0.8Si0.2 powders with a high-entropy design, the FeCoCrNiMn high-entropy alloy powders, and the comparative Al-12Si powders, were used to join the dissimilar metals between Al 6061 alloy and 304 stainless steel by laser deposition welding. It was found that high-entropy filler metals, including CoZnCuMn0.8Si0.2 and FeCoCrNiMn powders, could successfully be used to join dissimilar metals of aluminum to steel. The high-entropy effect could be achieved in the weld zones (WZs) by using CoZnCuMn0.8Si0.2 and FeCoCrNiMn powders, which could significantly inhibit the formation of Fe-Al IMCs in the WZs, and promote the formation of fine and equiaxed grains, without element segregation, in the WZs. An unmixed zone with a width of 10−20 μm was formed between the WZ and HAZ in the Al 6061 alloy side for those two dissimilar joints. And some Fe-Al IMCs with submicron or nanoscale size were presented in the unmixed zones.

Effects of the elemental composition of high-entropy filler metals on the mechanical properties of dissimilar metal joints between stainless steel and low carbon steel

Owing to the cocktail effect in high-entropy alloys, a good combination of strength and toughness of a welded joint could be theoretically achieved, by modifying the elemental composition of the filler metals with a high-entropy design. However, few studies have concentrated on this issue so far. In the present study, multi-component mixed powders of (CrMnFe)x(CoNi)y, with five types of the content ratios of the body-centered cube (BCC) and face-centered cube (FCC) forming elements, were used as filler metals to achieve dissimilar welding between 304 stainless steel and Q235 carbon steel by laser deposition welding. By comparative analysis of the microstructures and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joints, the effects of an elemental composition factor of μ (μ=x/y) on the hardness, tensile and bending properties of the dissimilar joints were explored. It was found that the elemental composition of mixed powders had an impact on the mechanical properties of dissimilar joints. Too high or too low content of BCC/FCC forming elements in filler metals cannot promote the appropriate mechanical properties. As an increase in the content of BCC forming elements, the hardness in weld zones was significantly increased, especially for the mixed powders with a high value of μ (≥7/3). The powders of (CrMnFe)5(CoNi)5 resulted in the best comprehensive mechanical properties of the dissimilar joint.

Facies variations and permeability of ignimbrites in active geothermal systems; case study of the Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex

Ignimbrites’ facies are key for interpreting the dynamics of explosive eruptions. Furthermore, they provide evidence of the physicochemical processes that acted during and after their deposition. Nevertheless, ignimbrites commonly present complex facies associations that require an integrative analytical methodology over a robust stratigraphic framework for their proper characterization. This work presents a facies characterization of the caldera-forming Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex, by integrating a combination of petrophysical and geochemical analyses aimed at its outflows (exposed) and intracaldera (buried) deposits. Based on the petrophysical properties, a three-facies association is identified controlled by welding and secondary mineralization effects: (1) The basal facies, characterized in the outflows by highly welded deposits (ranks V-VI), with low porosity (~4–8%), and practically impermeable conditions (<0.01–0.05 mD). In the intracaldera deposits, this facies shows pervasive geothermal-related propylitic mineralization that can reduce porosity up to ca. 80%. (2) A middle facies, with moderately welded deposits (ranks III-IV) and porous conditions consisting of a combination of intershard, vesicular, and fracture spaces, partially filled by secondary minerals, which reduce the porosity (6–11.5% in the outflows; 16–28% for the intracaldera), resulting in semi-permeable conditions (6.11–46.38 mD). (3) The upper facies are defined by being not to poorly welded deposits (ranks I-II), and characterized by being highly porous (dominated by intershard spaces) and permeable (310–1557 mD), and barely affected by secondary mineralization. The geochemical results (major and trace element) indicate that the Xáltipan ignimbrite shows a vertical compositional zonation, from rhyolitic (70.9–76.2 wt% SiO2) in the lower flow unit to rhyolitic-trachydacitic (67–70.7 wt% SiO2) composition in its upper flow unit. This last unit shows a geochemical affinity with the subsequent pyroclastic deposits. Geochemical analyses of intercalated lavas from well logs also provided evidence of unprecedented breccias formed during the caldera collapse, discarding the existence of previously assumed thick lava flows. Facies correlation, among other well logs, shows that the facies distribution is directly controlled by the ignimbrite thickness. Where the ignimbrite is > 400 m thick, the entire facies association is observed, while when the thickness is < 400 m, the upper and middle facies occurs preferentially. This facies analysis may contribute to the overall model of Los Humeros subsurface stratigraphy, by defining the Xáltipan ignimbrite distribution and its porosity-permeability-based zones, which are of particular interest for geothermal purposes. Finally, this work provides the first example of a caldera-forming ignimbrite that presents analog facies associations between its outflows and intracaldera deposits that may be applied for other ignimbrites worldwide.

Metal-Organic Powder Thermochemical Solid-Vapor Architectonics toward Gradient Hybrid Monolith with Combined Structure-Function Features

The conversion of inorganic powders or metal powders into gradient components is typically achieved with the help of a non-uniform electric or pressure field. However, the current technologies are ineffective in converting powder into gradient-structured hybrid components with combined structure-function features because of the lack of a non-uniform field to control evolution of the structures. The present work addresses this challenge by taking advantage of uniformly distributed metal nanoparticles and non-uniformly distributed reactive gases generated during thermopyrolysis of metal-organic powder to generate gradient metal-carbon monolith via combined chemical vapor deposition and solid-state welding. The obtained monolith shows good mechanical strength and high catalytic activity, allowing it to be used as a working electrode for a seawater battery. This method connecting gas-solid-state synthesis together with processing may lead to other gradient hybrid monoliths in the future.A gradient carbon-metal hybrid component can be manufactured by thermopyrolysis of metal-organic framework powder. The non-uniformly distributed carbonaceous vapor and uniformly dispersed Co nanoparticles are essential for generating the gradient carbon monolith. This monolith exhibits good mechanical strength and high catalytic activity, and thus can be directly utilized as an electrode for a Mg/HO battery to generate electricity from seawater. The assembled battery shows power density comparable with that of a battery with Pt as the electrode.Direct manufacturing from powder to final component is of great significance for industry. However, it remains a challenge to develop a one-pot “powder-to-product” strategy to produce gradient hybrid components with combined structural and functional advantages. In this work, we report metal-organic powder thermochemical solid-vapor architectonics to direct zeolitic imidazolate framework powder into gradient cobalt/carbon monolith by utilizing in situ generated reactive vapor (non-uniform distribution) and Co nanoparticles (uniformly distributed) to achieve a combination of chemical vapor deposition/growth and solid-state welding. The gradient hybrid monolith possesses good mechanical stability, allowing it to be directly used as a freestanding working electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction in a seawater battery. This catalyst shows a low overpotential of 84 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm. Furthermore, a stable power generation of over 168 h in seawater has also been realized.

Study of weld bead chemical, microhardness & microstructural analysis using submerged arc welding fluxes for linepipe steel applications

Linepipes above 16″ diameter are often submerged arc welded. Weld mechanical as well as metallurgical properties are widely affected by the flux composition. Flux composition and welding parameters play an important role in determining the good bead quality and mechanical properties of the welded joint. In present study submerged arc welding fluxes were formulated using constrained mixture design approach. Twenty one submerged arc welding flux compositions based on CaF2–CaO–SiO2 and Al2O3–CaO–SiO2 flux system were designed using extreme vertices design approach. Regression models were developed in terms of individual, binary and ternary mixture flux constituents for submerged arc series of bead on plate weld deposits (API 5 L X70 pipeline steel). By using F-test regression mathematical models have been checked for 95% significance level. Effect of formulated fluxes on silicon, copper, molybdenum, titanium and chromium content was studied using a multi-layer weld deposits. All binary mixtures C·Al, S·CF, S·Al and C·Al have significant increasing effect on silicon content in a bead on plate weld deposits while S·Al is the most effective synergistic binary mixture. Individual and binary flux mixtures tend to decrease the copper content in a bead on plate weld deposits.

Effect of Laser Parameters on Processing of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy WE43 via Selective Laser Melting Method.

The global aim of the theme of magnesium alloy processing by the selective laser melting technology is to enable printing of replacements into the human body. By combining the advantages of WE43 magnesium alloy and additive manufacturing, it is possible to print support structures that have very similar properties to human bones. However, printing magnesium alloy parts is very difficult, and the printing strategies are still under development. Knowledge of weld deposit behaviour is needed to design a complex printing strategy and still missing. The main aim of the manuscript is the find a stable process window and identify the dependence of the weld deposit shape and properties on the laser power and scanning speed. The range of the tested parameters was 100–400 W and 100–800 mm/s for laser power and scanning speed. The profilometry and light microscopy were used to verify the continuity and shape evaluation. The microhardness and EDX analysis were used for the detailed view of the weld deposit. The manuscript specifies the weld deposit dimensions, their changes depending on laser power and scanning speed, and the continuity of the weld tracks. The stable weld deposits are made by the energy density of 5.5–12 J/mm2. Thin walls were also created by layering welds to determine the surface roughness scattering (Ra 35–60) for various settings of laser power and scanning speed.

THE CORROSION AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF LASER AND MAG WELD DEPOSITS

The paper focuses on the possibility of HPDC molds restoration for aluminium casting by laser and MAG weld cladding with a welding wire of the same grade like the base material. A chemical analysis of the weld deposits showed a decrease in the content of some elements in the MAG deposit due to the higher thermal input to the weld bath. The lower heat input of laser welding has resulted in a higher incidence of fusion defects lack between the weld deposit and the base material. Thermal conditions during welding affected hardness of weld deposits and their abrasive resistance as well. The resistance of materials against dissolution when immersed in AlSi8Cu3 alloy was similar for both deposits and the base metal.

Comparison of Residual Stress Measurements Conducted by X-ray Stress Analysis and Incremental Hole Drilling Method

The level of residual stresses is of great importance for many applications. In this work, the two established residual stress analysis methods x-ray stress analysis and incremental hole-drilling combined with electronic speckle pattern interferometry are compared. Each stress analysis method has its specific limitations. Furthermore, the residual stress state of a material is influenced by its processing history. To compare both methods, aluminum-based specimens (AlCu6Mn, AlZn5.5MgCu) with different processing histories were investigated. Measurements with both methods were conducted on the same specimens and on the same measurement spots. Highest stress levels were found in the mechanically machined specimen, while heat treatment via tempering or deposition welding shows reduced stress levels inside of the specimens. In case of cold spraying, the stresses in the feedstock material are considered negligible. In contrast, cold-spray coatings deposited on construction steel substrate exhibited tensile stresses, which relax over time at room temperature.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТНОГО ДЕФОРМАЦИОННОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ И ТЕРМООБРАБОТКИ ПРИ МНОГОСЛОЙНОЙ НАПЛАВКЕ НА МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА И ПОРИСТОСТЬ АЛЮМИНИЕВОГО СПЛАВА 1580

The experimental research of mechanical properties and porosity of samples made of experimental high-strength magnesium-scandium aluminum alloy 1580 obtained through the method of multi-layer weld deposition including the application of deformation strengthening and also the further thermal treatment is carried out. &#x0D; There is investigated the impact of layer-by-layer deformation strengthening with the further thermal treatment upon mechanical properties and porosity of the samples of experimental high-strength aluminum alloy 1580 having magnesium-scandium during multi-layer weld deposition. There are shown the values of mechanical properties and porosity of samples subject to modes of deformation strengthening and thermal treatment. A possibility of the impact of deformation effect and thermal treatment upon porosity and mechanical properties of products made of aluminum alloys containing magnesium-scandium obtained during multi-layer SMT weld deposition is checked up. &#x0D; According to the results of the investigation there are drawn conclusions: it is determined that for porosity decrease in metal deposited there are required higher values of efforts of the deformation impact and a weld deposition mode selection excluding product over-heating influencing porosity of metal deposited; thermal treatment impact upon porosity of the metal deposited is not defined; the samples obtained with the use of deformation impact and long annealing with the duration more than six hours have higher mechanical properties.

Microstructural Characterization of Inconel 625 Nickel-Based Alloy Weld Cladding Obtained by Electroslag Welding Process

This work investigates the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the Inconel 625 weld cladding deposited by the ESW process with a single layer on ASTM A516 Gr. 70 steel plate with a heat input of 11.7 kJ/mm. Microhardness testing and metallographic examination were performed on samples removed transversally from the weld deposit. Metallographic characterization was performed by optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy and by electron backscattering diffraction. Energy-dispersive spectrometry was also used to evaluate the composition of the secondary phases. Metallographic examination of the austenitic weld metal was carried out at locations 1 mm and 3 mm from the fusion line. The results revealed that in addition to the absence of partially diluted zones, the austenitic microstructure of the weld metal contains low volume fractions of secondary phases for all conditions. So, it can be inferred that the ESW process can be an important alternative for overlaid Inconel 625 weld layers, because adequate results were achieved even only 1.0 mm from the fusion line. This may offer a useful cost reduction because the welding layer is thinner.

Image-based algorithm for nozzle adhesion detection in powder-fed directed-energy deposition

The rapidly growing technological innovation of directed energy deposition leads to an increase in part complexity as well as quality and mechanical properties of manufacturable components. However, the variety of process parameters and influencing factors still requires skilled operators, who observe the machine tools. For an unobserved use of deposition welding machines, well parametrized and validated monitoring systems have to analyze the process to detect irregularities and finally initiate a machine stop. This study focuses on nozzle adhesions that frequently occur when tool or high-speed steels are processed. This effect leads to decreasing quality or ultimately to a failure of the whole welding process. In this work, the authors present an algorithm and the corresponding parametrization to automatically detect nozzle adhesions based on images from a coaxial camera, integrated in the laser head. The algorithm is based on a detailed image analysis from which temporal and spatial patterns are derived. In particular, the algorithm calculates a nozzle adhesion indicator based on the heat intensity distribution in an experimentally derived shaped area on the inner nozzle boundary. It is parametrized in such a way that process-critical adhesions are detected. The algorithm was parametrized using an experimental setup with four materials: stainless steel (X2CrNiMo17-12-2), tool steel (X35CrMoMn7-2-1), high-speed steel (HS6-5-2C), and the nickel-based alloy NiCr19NbMo.

Tribological comparison of Inconel 625 coatings deposited via laser metal deposition and tungsten inert gas welding process

Although different forms of renewable energy sources are in expansion, the oil and natural gas industry remains essential, maintaining its demand for more efficient methods for product transportation. The most productive and safe way is the flow through pipelines. However, pipeline usage directly involves several wear mechanisms, which contribute to pipeline degradation and, consequently, the need for repairs and maintenance shutdowns, implying in heavy financial impact in the entire industrial chain of supply. An economical and feasible solution to mitigate wear is to protect equipment with metallic coatings. Through this technique, engineers can keep the more noble—and expensive—metals only in regions where their chemical and mechanics proprieties are needed. Various processes may be industrially used for coating, presenting different levels of productivity, quality, and required investment. Among the arc welding processes, the most used for coating applications against wear and corrosion is the tungsten inert gas (TIG) process. The laser coating process, or laser metal deposition (LMD), a process concurrent to TIG, can apply such coatings with high precision and reproducibility, minimizing dilution, distortions, lack of fusion, and the formation of a large heat affected zones; however, results may vary. The present work evaluates two dilution-equivalent Inconel 625 coatings through rubber disk tribological testing, microhardness measurements, and worn surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy via energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Each coating was manufactured by one of the mentioned processes, LMD or TIG, with three replicates of each process to observe its repeatability. For the laser manufactured coating, microhardness values averaged to 247 HV, while TIG's average stayed at 218 HV. Volumetric loss due to wear testing behaved differently, with higher values about 16.3% more for TIG when compared to laser coating. The differences between microhardness values and volume losses are explained by crossing information from each coating's cross-section microscopy and worn surface, as well as each process parameterization and nature. In conclusion, LMD coating presented itself as the more efficient process; such a result, in parallel with the continuous advance in laser sources technology, makes a significant contribution to LMD consolidation as the pipeline coating process and a case study with a tribological comparison between two frequently applied processes.

Анализ внутренних напряжений методами рентгеновской дифрактометрии в наплавленном металле и околошовной зоне легированными редкоземельными элементами

Through the methods of X-ray diffractometry there are defined values of residual stresses in a weld metal and a periweld area obtained by hand arc welding deposition with experimental powder wires with the different rare-earth element composition of the Tomtorsky deposit (Yakutia, Russia). It is revealed that in the deposited metal and in the periweld area (PWA) with REM there are formed tensile inner stresses. In weld metal and in the PWA deposited with wire containing 0.7% of REMs there are revealed tensile inner residual stresses which cam serve as an additional mechanism restraining a formation stage and delaying a process of post-welding cracks propagation. An optimum composition of powder wires with the modifying REM admixture is offered.