Zeolite Weight Research Articles

Drying kinetics and thermal energy evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaves drying using dehumidification with zeolite

Moringa Oleifera leaves contain many phytochemical compounds, as the potential source of antioxidants. The leaves must be converted into dried form to extend the shelf life and prevent the nutritional qualities. The lack of a common sun-drying process for Moringa Oleifera leaves is dependent on the weather. But using convective dryers also requires high investment costs and results in very low energy efficiency. One potential option to enhance energy efficiency is lowering the humidity by dehumidification with zeolite. This research aims to evaluate the effect of drying temperature and the weight of adsorbent (zeolite) on drying kinetic and thermal efficiency of Moringa Oleifera leaves drying. Moringa Oleifera leaves were dried under different drying temperatures (30-70℃) and weight of zeolite (0-0.3 kg). The moisture content of Moringa Oleifera leaves and the input-output temperature was recorded to evaluate the moisture reduction and thermal efficiency. Results showed that the Page model can be used to predict the drying time. At the higher drying temperature and higher zeolite weight, moisture reduction and thermal efficiency increased. But the effect of zeolite is only significant in drying at temperatures below 50℃.

Use of zeolite to reduce the radioactivity of cesium -137 in the liquid waste

Prepared zeolite type A was used for theremoval of cesium ions from aqueous solution. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich isotherms. Various parameters, such as contact time, zeolite weight, pH, and initial concentration, were studied. The results indicated that the highest removal efficiency was95.53% at (2h time, 0.04 g weight, and pH=6.8). The results also showed that the Freundlic model fits well with the experimental results and is better than the Langmuir model.

Hierarchical Structures Incorporating Carbon and Zeolite to Remove Radioactive Contamination

Synthesis, characterization and application of hierarchical zeolites are becoming a subject of an increasing interest among scientists and researchers. Hierarchical structures incorporating zeolites possess secondary porosity at meso- and macrolevel to overcome problem of mass transport, which occurs with using conventional zeolites.
 In this study, the porous carbon surface was prepared by carbonization of the locally available agricultural waste of the Iraqi Nut shell (NS) using a carbonization method in a tubular furnace at 900ËšC for two hours. Hierarchicalpours structures including zeolite were prepared by the mechanical activation of the carbon surface using ultrasonication with a nanoparticles suspension of ground commercial zeolite type 4A. Zeolite was milled using 0.3-0.4 mm diameter glass balls as grinding media to prepare nanoparticles seeding, which increases the crystallization of the amorphous aluminosilica gel on the modified carbon surface during the hydrothermal method. The Product of the syntheses of zeolite 4A and the hierarchal composite material were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Nitrogen-Adsorption /desorption isotherms (BET), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) to determine the structure, morphology, surface area, chemical composition, and percentage weight of zeolite on carbon, respectively. The products were applied to remove the radioactive hazardous cesium isotope Cs137 from the radioactive wastewater provided by the destroyed building of Radiochemistry laboratories (RCL) in AL-Tuwaitha Nuclear Site. Gamma spectroscopy system with high purity germanium detector (HPGe) was used to measure the activity concentration for the contamination water before and after the treatment. The results showed that the activity concentration decreased from 4800 Bq/L to 186Bq/L and 100Bq/L using pure zeolite 4A and NSZ.respectively. The results also showed that the composite materials could be used effectively to remove radioactive 137Cs from a real wastewater, with ease of separation and recovery from the solution compared with the pure zeolite 4A.

Evaluation of natural zeolite as adsorbent material for the recovery of nutrients from manure wastewater

Recovery of nutrients from the manure wastewater has a potential for cost saving in the treatment process. Utilizing the recovered nutrients help reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer in an agriculture. The objective of this research is recovering nutrients from pig farm wastewater via the adsorption of various zeolite and this zeolite compound as organic fertilizer in growth of Green mustard. The objective of this research is optimizing the absorption of the total nitrogen and phosphorus of zeolite under various parameters, including the zeolite weight, the adsorption time, Azotobacter addition and the aeration. Results showed that the rate of 30g zeolite with supplementation of 5ml microbial was aerated in 72 hours for the best efficiency. After 21dates of growth, combination of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers mentioned the great products on both height and total harvested weight.

Methods for quantitative determination of filler weight fraction and filler dispersion degree in polymer composites: example of low-density polyethylene and NaA zeolite composite

Novel methods for the determination of filler weight fraction and filler dispersion degree in polymer composite have been established. The XRD and FTIR methods used for the determination of zeolite weight fraction are based on measurement of selected integral area of one of the XRD diffraction peaks and one of the FTIR absorption bands, respectively. Filler dispersion degree was determined from the calculation of weight fraction of zeolite in randomly selected points of composite sample. Powdery calibration mixtures of low-density polyethylene and NaA zeolite were prepared with the certain zeolite weight fraction ranging from 5 to 30 wt%. The XRD patterns and FTIR spectra of calibration mixtures were recorded. The effect of zeolite weight fraction on the integral area and full width on half maximum of the diffraction peaks and absorption bands of the NaA zeolite were evaluated. The composite samples in the form of plates which contains from 5 to 30 wt% of zeolite were prepared by the compression moulding technique. Weight fraction and dispersion degree of zeolite in the composite, as well as the errors for their determination, were established.

Preparation and Permeation Properties of PESU-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes with Nano-Sized CHA Zeolites

CHA-type SAPO-34 and SSZ-13 zeolites with different homogeneous crystal sizes were prepared and used as fillers for fabricating polyethersulfone (PESU) based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). These CHA-type crystals and the obtained MMMs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). H2, N2, CO2 and CH4 gas permeation properties of MMMs with 20% and 30% zeolite weight loadings were investigated at 35°C under the pressure drop of 0.3 MPa. All gas permeabilities were enhanced after filling these zeolites into PESU polymer. The defective MMMs were formed when using the smallest 100 nm SAPO-34 crystals. High permselectivity MMMs were obtained with 200 nm SAPO-34 crystals, and high gas permeability MMMs were obtained when filled with 400 nm SSZ-13 zeolites.

The Potential Use of Natural Clinoptilolite Zeolite for Crude Oil Spill Removal from Sea Water

Accidental spillage or drainage from land of crude oil to the marine environment will potentially cause serious damage to the environment and marine life. Many efforts have been focused on the use of most efficient adsorbent to remove the oil and/or oil-decomposing agent from the water. The current study was aimed at to evaluate the most abundantly-available natural zeolite dominated by clinoptilolite mineral and pronounced molecular sieve characteristics as crude oil spill removal in sea water. Bayah-originated zeolite was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, pore distribution and average size, gas sorption capacity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A laboratory experiments were conducted by reacting a 100-mesh zeolite with and without microbial enrichment to crude oil in a 250 mL sea water (3.7% NaCl and pH 6.7) jar at different oil/zeolite ratios, i.e. 50%, 100%, 200%, and 400% (v/w) with three replicates. Observations were made on the stability of zeolite-oil mixture for one week, the weight of zeolite mixed with oil, the oil adsorbed by the zeolite, and free oil after 24-hrs settling. The results indicate that zeolite has highly potential as crude oil adsorbent and the highest oil sorption obtained at zeolite/oil ratio of 1:1 with 86.3% oil adsorbed or 0.87 mL oil per gram zeolite. Enrichment of zeolite with Bacillus subtilis improved the adsorbed oil by the mineral.

A Comparison between the Product-Refill and the Equalization Oxygen Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes

This work presents a design for a pressure swing adsorption process (PSA) to separate oxygen from air with approximately 95% purity, suitable for different numbers of columns and arrangements. The product refill PSA process was found to perform 33% better (weight of zeolite required or productivity) than the pressure equalization process. The design is based on the adsorption equilibrium of a binary mixture of O2 and N2 for two of the most commonly used adsorbents, 5A & 13X, and extension from a single column approach. Zeolite 13X was found to perform 6% better than zeolite 5A. The most effective variables were determined to be the adsorption step time and the operational pressure. Increasing the adsorption step time from 1 to 5 minutes decreased the performance by approximately 5 times. Increasing the pressure from 2 to 6 bars increased the performance by approximately 3 times.

Solvent free acetalization of glycerol with formaldehyde over hierarchical zeolite of BEA topology

The hierarchical H/BEA zeolites were prepared by postsynthesis treatment. The portion of the parent H/BEA zeolite was treated with aqueous 0.1 M NaOH solution with different alkali volume to H/BEA zeolite weight (5, 10, 30,150, and 300 mL/g) ratios. The physicochemical properties of samples were evaluated by powder X‐ray diffraction, Pyridine Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NH3 temperature programme desorption, Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The catalytic performance of various catalysts was investigated in solvent free acetalization of glycerol with formaldehyde. Among all the catalysts, a hierarchical H/BEA prepared by treating H/BEA with 5 mL aqueous 0.1 M NaOH solution per gram of H/BEA exhibited the highest specific surface area and high acidity. This optimal hierarchical H/BEA5 catalyst has shown an excellent catalytic activity with glycerol conversion of 78% and 1,3 dioxalane selectivity of 85% under mild operating parameters than reported. H/BEA5 was found to be highly stable and recyclable. The acetalization of glycerol with formaldehyde follows first order reversible using PseudoHomogeneous model. In present study, the activation energy for this reaction is found to be 46.95 KJmol−1 which is lower than reported. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 797–807, 2018

Preparation and characterization of glass hollow fiber membrane for water purification applications.

This work discusses the preparation and characterizations of glass hollow fiber membranes prepared using zeolite-5A as a starting material. Zeolite was formed into a hollow fiber configuration using the phase inversion technique. It was later sintered at high temperatures to burn off organic materials and change the zeolite into glass membrane. A preliminary study, that used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), confirmed that zeolite used in this study changed to glass at temperatures above 1000°C. The glass hollow fiber membranes prepared using the phase inversion technique has three different microstructures, namely (i) sandwich-like structure that originates from inner layer, (ii) sandwich-like that originates from outer layer, and (iii) symmetric sponge like. These variations were influenced by zeolite weight loading and the flow rate of water used to form the lumen. The separation performances of the glass hollow fiber membrane were studied using the pure water permeability and the rejection test of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The glass hollow fiber membrane prepared from using 48wt% zeolite loading and bore fluid with 9mLmin-1 flow rate has the highest BSA rejection of 85% with the water permeability of 0.7Lm-2h-1bar-1. The results showed that the separation performance of glass hollow fiber membranes was in the ultrafiltration range, enabled the retention of solutes with molecular sizes larger than 67kDa such as milk proteins, endotoxin pyrogen, virus, and colloidal silica.

Direct synthesis of iso-paraffin fuel from palm oil on mixed heterogeneous acid and base catalysts

This study focused on the synthesis of hydrocarbon fuel containing a high iso-paraffin and very low oxygen content from palm oil using a mixed acid–base catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, hydrogen-temperature programmed reduction, carbon dioxide- and ammonia-temperature programmed desorption as well as thermogravimetric analysis. Solid base (MgO, CaO, SiO2, and Na2SiO3) and solid acid (HY, H-beta, HZSM5, and Al2O3) catalysts were individually evaluated for their catalytic activity in a semi-batch reactor in terms of the deoxygenation level of palm oil product. The best acid and alkali catalyst were then selected for mixing at different weight ratios and re-tested for their tandem catalytic performance in terms of the deoxygenation activity. Finally, the reaction temperature (400–460 °C), pressure in a nitrogen or hydrogen gas atmosphere and residence time were optimized. The main components in the liquid product obtained were normal paraffins, iso-paraffins, olefins and aromatics. For the single base catalysts, a liquid yield of higher than 65 wt% was obtained at a 460 °C using MgO catalyst, which also realized an excellent oxygen removal through decarboxylation and decarbonylation. For the single acid catalysts, the zeolite beta catalysts reached a liquid yield of around 55 wt% with high iso-paraffin content. The optimal MgO:beta zeolite weight ratio for the acid–base hybrid catalyst was 3:1, which resulted in a low oxygen content in the products with a high iso-paraffin (35%) content.

Removing heavy metals using permeable pavement system with a titanate nano-fibrous adsorbent column as a post treatment

Permeable pavement systems (PPS) are a widely-used treatment measure in sustainable stormwater management and groundwater recharge. However, PPS are not very efficient in removing heavy metals from stormwater. A pilot scale study using zeolite or basalt as bed material in PPS removed 41–72%, 67–74%, 38–43%, 61–72%, 63–73% of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively, from synthetic stormwater (pH 6.5; Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations of 0.04, 0.6, 0.06, 1.0, and 2.0 mg L−1, respectively) over a period of 80 h. The total volume of stormwater that passed through the PPS was equivalent to runoff in 10 years of rainfall in Sydney, Australia. The concentrations of metals in the PPS effluent failed fresh and marine water quality trigger values recommended in the Australian and New Zealand guidelines. An addition of a post-treatment of a horizontal filter column containing a titanate nano-fibrous (TNF) material with a weight < 1% of zeolite weight and mixed in with granular activated carbon (GAC) at a GAC:TNF weight ratio of 25:1 removed 77% of Ni and 99–100% of all the other metals. The effluent easily met the required standards of marine waters and just met those concerning fresh waters. Batch adsorption data from solutions of metals mixtures fitted the Langmuir model with adsorption capacities in the following order, TNF ≫ zeolite > basalt; Pb > Cu > Cd, Ni, Zn.

Fabrication of Foamed Polyethersulfone–Zeolite Mixed Matrix Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Humidification

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell efficiency must be improved in order to become cost competitive with fossil fuel-based technologies. Approaches to increasing cost efficiency include raising fuel cell operating temperature, reducing component cost, and properly controlling fuel cell humidification. We sought to fulfill all three requirements by developing a new low-cost, high-temperature humidification membrane material. Currently, Nafion dominates the membrane humidifier market due to its excellent water transport characteristics, but its high price (∼$1000/m2) and low maximum operating temperature (&lt;90 °C) drive up fuel cell cost. We developed a competing polyethersulfone (PES)–zeolite mixed matrix membrane (MMM) with a porous microstructure. Solvent casting was used to form the initial PES–zeolite films, followed by solid-state foaming to alter the film morphology and create a porous structure. The effects of both zeolite weight loading and foaming duration on membrane permeability were investigated. Membrane measurement results show that both foaming and increased zeolite weight loading enhance membrane water permeability close to levels seen in Nafion. Meanwhile, the membranes satisfy the Department of Energy (DOE) crossover gas requirement for humidification membrane materials.

Experimental Study and Mathematical Modeling of Propane-SCR-NOx Using Group Method of Data Handling and Artificial Neural Network

Abstract In this study, the catalytic behavior of protonated clinoptilolite in propane-SCR-NOx was investigated. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of 200–500 °C as a function of zeolite mesh size 20, 35 and 70 at different weights of zeolite (0.45–1 g) and flow rates (300–600 ml/min) and consequently at various gas hourly space velocities (GHSV). Group method of data handling (GMDH) and artificial neural network (ANN) system were applied for mathematical modeling of NOx conversion to N2 in propane-SCR-NOx. The operating temperature (T), volumetric flow rate (F) and the weight of clinoptilolite zeolite (W) and the conversion of NOx to N2 (X) were considered as the inputs and output, respectively. In order to evaluate the models performance, conversions of NOx obtained from the GMDH and ANN systems were compared with those obtained from the experimental method. It is concluded that the ANN could successively estimate the conversion and the results were in a good agreement with the experimental data.

Use of Sepiolite and Zeolite Mixtures as a Landfill Liner

This study presents an investigation into the possibility of using sepiolite and zeolite mixtures to design a landfill liner. Leakage from the impervious layer into the environment is the main difficulty of storing hazardous waste. Therefore, determining the impermeable layer and in-situ application procedure is very important and needs laboratory experimentation. For this purpose, a series of experiments have been conducted on a mixture of zeolite+sepiolite. The geotechnical, physico-chemical and micro-structural properties of 30% sepiolite by weight of zeolite have been determined through laboratory testing. At the end of the research, the results show that zeolitesepiolite mixtures can be effectively used in bottom lining systems for hazardous, industrial and municipal waste.

Hydration process and compressive strength of cement pastes containing natural zeolite

This paper presents the results of the study examining the effect of natural zeolite from Igroš, Serbia, on the hydration and compressive strength of Portland cement based pastes, in which a part of cement has been replaced by natural zeolite. The experimental part comprises three stages. In the first stage, the chemical composition of natural zeolite and the textural properties of both natural zeolite and Portland cement have been examined. In the second stage, Portland cement based pastes incorporating 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% per weight of natural zeolite have been prepared and cured for 28 and 60 days. Finally, mineralogical properties and compressive strength of pastes have been examined. The products of hydration and relative changes of portlandite consumption throughout hydration process (28 and 60 days) have been studied by the means of X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, mercury intrusion porosimetry has been used to characterise pore structure.

Bioethanol Dehydration Process using NaOH-Activated Zeolite at Various Concentration and Zeolite Weight

&lt;p&gt;Utilization of molasses as basic material for producing bioethanol becomes one of the promising efforts to fulfill the demand of fuel and diminish the dependence upon fossil fuel that its availability is increasingly rare. However, ethanol produced from fermentation of molasses has low purity. The purity could be increased by using dehydration method and zeolite activated by NaOH and alum as alumina source. The research is aimed to know the dehydration process of bioethanol use NaOH-activated zeolite at various concentration and zeolite weight on the purification of bioethanol. In this research, the experiments could be categorized into 4 groups, they are activation of zeolite, fermentation, distillation, and dehydration process. Activation of natural zeolite performed by entering of sized 120-150 mesh zeolite powder was added to glass beaker that contains NaOH aqueous solution and followed by adding alum which took place at 80 ˚C for 8 hours and the final product calcinated at 600 ˚ C for 2 hour. Fermentation process was managed for 6 days and pH 5. Furthermore, bioethanol was separated by distillation method at 78,5 - 85 ˚C and followed by molecular sieve dehydration using zeolite activated by NaOH solution in variation of zeolite weight (30, 40 and 50 %) and NaOH concentration (1, 2, 3 dan 4 M). The amount of bioethanol was measured by gas chromatography method. Bioethanol concentration as fermentation product is 29,8 %. The result revealed that dehydration with 30% w.t zeolite activated by 2 M NaOH solution had the best activity in bioethanol purification with amount of bioethanol is 53,76 %, Increased Levels of Bioethanol (ILB) value is 80,39 % and Adsorption Capacity of Zeolite (ACZ) is 399,31 %.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: bioethanol, concentration of NaOH, dehydration, molasses, molecular sieve, weight of zeolite&lt;/p&gt;

Peculiarities of hydration processes of cements containing natural zeolite

In this study, properties and peculiarities of hydration processes as well as paste microstructure of blended cements containing 10% by weight of natural zeolite were investigated. Free calcium hydroxide content, crystalline hydration products and microstructural architecture of hydrated cement pastes were examined by physical and chemical methods. It was found that the addition of natural zeolite provides formation of an extra amount of fine crystalline ettringite and tobermorite-like calcium hydrosilicates of CSH (B) type in the mineral non-clinker part of Portland cement resulting in strength synthesis of cement stone with high performance properties.

Investigation of the sorption of mercury vapour from exhaust gas by an Ag-X zeolite

AbstractThe removal of gaseous mercury from flue gases from coal-fired power plants is currently an environmental challenge under investigation. Therefore, the main aim of this paper was to evaluate the suitability of faujasite group zeolites (Na-X) to adsorb mercury compounds. Previous, initial tests showed negligible Hg0 uptake by Na-X zeolite, but silver impregnation improved adsorption markedly. Therefore, the testing of mercury adsorption from flue gases into Ag+- impregnated Na-X synthetic zeolite (Ag-X zeolite) derived from coal fly ash was carried out. This material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and nitrogen adsorption/desorption before being evaluated for mercury removal from exhaust gas. After preliminary mercury adsorption tests (fixed bed) under a nitrogen atmosphere, the adsorbent was examined with a simulated flue gas composition under various conditions, i.e. weight of zeolite, temperature of experiment and zeolite in powder and granulated forms. The removal of mercury was shown to depend on the sorbent texture (powder or granulate), exhaust gas flow rate and contact time, as well as the temperature of the experiment. The Ag-X zeolite tested reduced the level of mercury in the flue gas and, depending on the experimental conditions, long-time mercury breakthrough ranges from 15 to 40% were obtained. The best results for mercury capture were obtained for granulated material.

Usage of Iraqi Surfactant Modified Zeolite for Treatment of Water Produced from Oil Production Processes.

This study aimed to remove the oil from the produced water imported from Pai- Hassan field using akashat Iraqi natural zeolite after organic modification with cationic surfactant Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (HDTMA) solutions as a numerical complication of critical micelles concentration (CMC) of HDTMA (1CMC, 3CMC, .to 13CMC) solutions. Measuring the Electrical Conductivity (EC) of supernatant, and FT-IR, XRD characterization of solid modified Na/HDTMA zeolite indicates that the optimum HDTMA concentration for zeolite modification is (11 CMC) at 65 C°, and the optimum zeolite weight at constant volume (30 ml) of surfactant solution is 2 g. zeolite. Also the removal % of oil from produced water at optimum conditions is 91%.