Nodule Weight Research Articles

Genetic Divergence in Sunnhemp [Crotalaria juncea (L.)

Background: Sunnhemp is a very important green manuring crop. The crop is utilized for various purposes like reducing soil erosion, improving soil properties and recycling plant nutrients. The knowledge regarding the crop is still not exploited, due to lack of research in this crop. So, the present study was conducted to know the extent of genetic diversity present in the crop. From the divergence analysis, it may be concluded that the genotypes belonging to different clusters separated by high estimated statistical distance may be used in the hybridization programme for developing high green biomass yielding sunnhemp varieties. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat with thirty sunnhemp genotypes to know the extent of genetic diversity by D2 analysis in a randomized block design during late Kharif 2017.Result: The analysis was conducted for D2 analysis and was concluded from D2 analysis that, the characters viz., days to 50% flowering, fresh weight of root nodules per plant, fresh weight of plant, root nodules per plant, leaf length, root length, dry weight of root nodules per plant, C: N ratio, internodes per plant, plant height and stem diameter contributed towards the genetic divergence. Traits like primary branches per plant and leaf area didn’t contribute towards genetic divergence. The thirty genotypes were grouped into seven clusters following Tocher’s method (Rao, 1952). The cluster III was largest having eleven genotypes. Cluster IV and cluster II was second largest which contained seven and five genotypes respectively. Cluster I and cluster V contained three and two genotypes respectively Cluster VI and VII had only one genotype. The intra cluster distance was more in cluster III and the inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster V and cluster VII.

ВПЛИВ БАКОВИХ СУМІШЕЙ ҐРУНТОВИХ ГЕРБІЦИДІВ НА АЗОТФІКСУЮЧІ БУЛЬБОЧКИ, ЗАБУР’ЯНЕНІСТЬ ПОСІВІВ І ВРОЖАЙНІСТЬ НУТУ

It was found that the studied tank mixtures of modern soil-applied herbicides in chickpea crops did not cause inhibition of plant growth and development. No negative effect of tank mixtures of soil-applied herbicides on the fresh weight of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the chickpea root at pod filling stage was detected. It was found that when using the tank mixture of Tizer, 2.0 l/ha + Advokat, 0.5 l/ha, fresh weight of nitrogen-fixing nodules per chickpea plant (1.36 g) increased the most. In the variant of application of the herbicide mixture of Tizer, 2.0 l/ha + Panda, 3.5 l/ha, a significant increase in the fresh weight of one chickpea plant (by 87 %) was noticed. Precipitation, which fell immediately after the application of tank mixtures of soil-applied herbicides, led to an increase of herbicide efficiency. The phytotoxic effect of the most tank mixtures in chickpea crops was better with respect to dicotyledonous biennial weeds than annual cereals. At the first accounting it was found that the amount of annual cereals and dicotyledonous biennial weeds in chickpea crops was controlled the best by the tank mixture of herbicides Herb 900, 2.0 l/ha + Kapral, 2.0 l/ha (77 and 93 %, respectively), at the second accounting – Tizer, 2.0 l/ha + Panda, 3.5 l/ha (87 and 91 %, respectively). The fresh weight of annual cereals weeds at the end of the chickpea growing season decreased the most with applying the tank mixture Tizer, 2.0 l/ha + Dual Gold 960 EC, 1.6 l/ha (93 %), and dicotyledonous biennial weeds with applying of Tizer, 2.0 l/ha + Panda, 3.5 l/ha (95 %). The total fresh weight of annual cereal and dicotyledonous biennial weeds in chickpea crops decreased in large measure under the influence of phytotoxic effect of the tank mixtures of herbicides Tizer, 2.0 l/ha + Panda, 3.5 l/ha (by 92 %). When applying the combination of herbicides such as Tizer, 2.0 l/ha + Premium Gold, 3.0 l/ha, and Tizer, 2.0 l/ha + Panda, 3.5 l/ha in chickpea crops, the largest grain yield gain was obtained 0.15 and 0.12 t/ha, respectively. Key words: chickpea, soil-applied herbicides, nitrogen-fixing nodules,weeds, yield

Growth Promotion of ICCV 2 Variety of Chickpea ( <i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) by Diazotrophic Bacteria Isolated From Root and Stem Nodules of Leguminous Plants

Six rhizobia-like-bacterial strains in total, secluded from the root and stem nodules of various leguminous plants were characterized for growth promoting ability and nitrogen fixation potential on ICCV 2 variety of chickpea. All the six bacteria, were found to produce PGP traits including IAA, NH 3 , protease, lipase, cellulase, β-1, 3-glucanase, siderophore, ACC deaminase (except IHSR), chitinase (except IHSR, IHAA and IHCP-1), amylase (except IHSR, IHRG and IHAA), hydrocyanic acid (except IHGN-3), solubilize phosphate, zinc (except IHSR), rock phosphate (except IHSR and IHCP-2) and potassium (except IHSR, IHRG, IHGN-3 and IHCP-2). The sequences of 16S rRNA gene of IHSR, IHRG, IHAA, IHGN-3, IHCP-1 and IHCP-2 showed maximum identity with Rhizobium sp., Rhizobium tropici , Rhizobium multihospitium , Mesorhizobium sp., Burkholderia cepacia and Rhizobium pusense . All the isolated bacteria showed nodule formation with chickpea, amplified nifH gene and fixed nitrogen. SEM study of chickpea roots showed a significant degree of colonization by all the six bacterial strains in solo and by consortium. Seeds of chickpea, when treated with the isolated bacteria, increased the plant height, number of branches, total chlorophyll, nodule number, nodule weight, shoot weight, root weight, root volume and root surface area respectively at 30 and 45 DAS, over the control plants. At the crop maturity, the diazotrophic bacteria treated pots exhibited enhanced pod number, shoot weight, seed number, total NPK respectively, over the control plants. This study suggests that bacteria associated with root and stem nodules can be a promising resource for enhancing nodulation, nitrogen fixation, PGP and crop yields in chickpea.

EFFECT OF FERTILIZER TREATMENTS ON PLANT CHARACTERISTICS IN CHICKPEA VARIETIES IN PRE-FLOWERING AND FULL-FLOWERING PERIODS

The experiment was conducted at Dicle University Field Crops Department, Southeast Anatolia, Diyarbakir, Turkey in early spring growth period in 2018 -2019. The study were evaluated the effect of fertilizer treatments (control, diammonium phosphate, urea, phosphorus, and Rhizobium) on plant traits of chickpea varieties (Gokce, Diyar 95, Aziziye 94 and Taek-Sagel). The fertilizer treatments were applied with sown in both years, and plants were harvest in pre-flowering and full flowering periods. Measurements were taken on root, root nodule and leaf traits. In the pre-flowering period, dap and phosphorus treatments for the number of nodules plant-1were higher than control group. Plant height, fresh root weight, fresh leaf weight, and dry nodule weight were no affected by fertilizer treatments in both periods.

Spatial Arrangements on Growth and Yield of Cowpea (<em>Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.</em>) in Intercropping

This experiment was conducted at the Crop Farm of Eastern University, Sri Lanka to evaluate the effect of different spatial arrangements on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) under okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cowpea intercropping in sandy regosol. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having monocropping and different intercropping patterns. The results revealed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) among treatments for plant height, root length, leaf area, leaf area index, pod length, number of total and effective nodules per plant, dry weight of effective nodules and total pod yield of cowpea. However, seeds per pod was not significantly different (P>0.05) with different plating patterns. The study concluded that 60 cm between two rows with 150 cm between two pairs of rows of okra with three rows of cowpea in between paired rows would be the most suitable planting system to get maximum growth and yield of cowpea.

Testing the efficacy of existing USDA Rhizobium germplasm collection accessions as inoculants for guar

Legume inoculants are products that introduce legume-specific rhizobia bacteria to the soil and promote the process of biological nitrogen fixation. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.), also known as clusterbean, is a legume produced in semi-arid regions around the world, primarily for industrial uses of guar gum, but there is only one known commercial inoculant products for the crop, which is not available worldwide. The USDA-ARS National Rhizobium Germplasm Collection has four Rhizobium strains listed as compatible with guar: USDA 3089, USDA 3385, USDA 3386, and USDA 3595. The objective of this research was to test the efficacy of four peat-based, seed-applied inoculants derived from these strains, as well as a mixture of all four strains, compared with un-inoculated plants in controlled greenhouse conditions. Among the tested strains, USDA 3089 and USDA 3386 had the greatest positive impacts, as they increased nodule weight, total assimilated nitrogen, biomass production, and protein production per plant relative to the un-inoculated control. USDA 3385 and the Mix likewise increased nodule weight. No inoculant affected other measured aboveground plant morphological and productivity parameters or nodule number. These Rhizobium strains, particularly USDA 3089 and 3386, were identified as beneficial and recommended for further testing in the field in development of an effective inoculant for guar.

Performance of herbicides on effective weed management in soybean (Glycine max) crop

Field experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of different post-emergence herbicides in the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The selected herbicides were applied individually or in combination in soybean. A series of experiments were conducted during 2013 to 2017. Application of quizalofop-p-ethyl + chlorimuron ethyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + chlorimuron ethyl along with surfactant at 15 days after sowing (DAS) were found effective herbicides for control of broad leaf weed and grasses in soybean crop. It was observed that post-emergence application of quizolofop-p-ethyl (50 g a.i.) + chlorimuron ethyl (6 g a.i./ha) significantly reduce the weed population (8/m2), weed dry matter (2.3), weed index (0) and highest weed control efficiency (92.9%) and grain yield (1.77 t/ha) at 45 DAS followed by fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 g a.i.) + chlorimuron ethyl (6 g a.i./ha) compared to other treatments. Application of quizolofop-p-ethyl (50 g a.i.) + chlorimuron ethyl (6 g a.i./ha) was found to minimize the loss (44.06%) caused by weeds and there by improve the uptake of water, air, and nutrition by the crop plants. Further, application of quizalofopp- ethyl + chlorimuron ethyl + surfactant enhanced the number of nodule/plant (52.00), nodule diameter (5.00 mm) and nodule weight (187.2 mg/plant) followed by fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + chlorimuron ethyl + surfactant as compared to other treatments. Highest yield was recorded in the plants treated with quizalofop-p-ethyl + chlorimuron ethyl + surfactant in combination compared to other treatments. Quizalofop-p-ethyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + chlorimuron ethyl along with surfactant were found to highly comparable in terms of price and yield compared to other methods of weed control including hand weeding. This combination can be recommended for the control of both broad and narrow leaf weed the soybean crop.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on mungbean (Vigna radiata) under custard apple (Annona squamosa) based agri-horti system in Vindhyan region, Uttar Pradesh

Agroforestry is recognized as most diversified sustainable system to support farmers income. In order to assess the effect of nutrient management system under agro forestry based cropping system, a field study was conducted during kharif season of 2017 on mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] at the Agricultural Research Farm, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur (UP). The experimental trial was conducted in simple RBD with four replications and six treatments, viz. 75% RDF+ Rhizobium, 75% RDF+ Biochar+ Rhizobium, 100% RDF+ Rhizobium, 75% RDF+ FYM+ Rhizobium, 75% RDF+ Vermicompost+ Rhizobium and 75% RDF + pressmud+ Rhizobium. Results revealed that highest growth parameters such as plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, trifoliate leaves, chlorophyll content, root nodules/plant and dry weight of root nodules and yield attributes and was observed with the application of 75% RDF + pressmud+ Rhizobium than other nutrient sources. Furthermore, highest gross return, net return was observed with the application of 75% RDF + vermicompost + Rhizobium. However, highest B:C ratio was observed with the application of 100% RDF + Rhizobium.

Eficiencia en fijación biológica de nitrógeno de cepas de Rhizobium spp. recolectadas en frijol cultivado y silvestre

Se evaluó la eficiencia en fijación biológica de nitrógeno (FBN) de 27 cepas de Rhizobium spp. recolectadas en frijol silvestre y cultivado del occidente de México, al utilizar como hospedero la variedad de frijol Cuarenteño. El trabajo se realizó bajo malla sombra, se usó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones y se evaluaron longitud de vástago (LV) y de raíz (LR), peso seco de vástago (PSV) y de raíz (PSR), número de nódulos (NN) y peso seco de nódulos (PSN), nitrógeno total del vástago (NT) y contenido de clorofila (CL). Se realizaron análisis de varianza y de componentes principales; se obtuvieron índices de eficiencia por variable y por grupos de variables. Se detectaron diferencias altamente significativas (P ≤ 0.01) en seis de las ocho variables registradas. Por el valor per se de las variables, se seleccionaron Rhizojal VC3 colectada en frijol silvestre y Rhizojal ZCB3, Rhizojal ZCB1, Rhizojal TP2 y Rhizojal TP3 obtenidas en frijol cultivado. Por índices de eficiencia simples y por grupos de variables, se escogieron Rhizojal VC3, Rhizojal ZCB3 y Rhizojal TP2. El análisis de componentes principales separó a la mayoría de las cepas en dos grupos: cepas procedentes de la forma silvestre de frijol y cepas colectadas en frijol cultivado. Las cepas Rhizojal ZCB3, Rhizojal TP2 y Rhizojal TP3, mostraron los mayores valores en la escala del CP1; la cepa Rhizojal VC3, se ubicó del lado de los aislados de origen cultivado. Considerando los análisis realizados, las cepas identificadas como mejores en FBN fueron Rhizojal VC3 de frijol silvestre y Rhizojal ZCB3 y Rhizojal TP2 de origen cultivado. Los resultados indican que los índices de eficiencia contribuyen a la evaluación y selección de cepas por FBN y que existe potencial para identificar cepas de Rhizobium eficientes en FBN en la región occidente de México.

English

In the present study, rhizobia partners of gum acacia (Senegalia senegal L.), shittah tree (Vachellia seyal), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were characterized for their specific traits to each of the three host plants. In total 12 soil samples were collected and used to trap root-nodule rhizobia. Averagely, 24 rhizobia strains were isolated, of which 3, 4, 6 and 11 were respectively from root-nodules of S. senegal, V. seyal, C. cajan and V. unguiculata. Isolates were morphologically rod-shaped and measured 2.5-3.2 mm in diameter. They were wet (22), wet/sticky (01) and wet/creamy (01) in appearance. Isolates (23) were convex, and flat (1) in elevation. They were all Gram-negative, and none form endospores. They indicated positive reactions to ammonia and indole acetic acid tests, but showed various reactions to catalase, phosphate solubilization, starch, triple sugars ion agar and urea tests. Nodulation and nitrogen fixation capacity were confirmed by either pink or brown internal coloration of nodules. Inoculation of hosts with isolates significantly (p < 0.0001) increased both the plant and nodule weights compared to that of control. This study has revealed that all the identified isolates possess are Rhizobium, belonging to the same cross-inoculation group, thus may be useful in increasing the symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the studied legumes. Theses findings provide the basis for further research on the phylogeny of rhizobia strains nodulating legumes, as well as their use as potential inoculants to improve production in semi-arid lands such as those of the northern Cameroon.   Key words: Senegalia senegal, Vachellia seyal, Cajanus cajan, Vigna unguiculata, Rhizobium, cross-nodulation, Northern-Cameroon. &nbsp

Siirt Ekolojik Koşullarında Mikrobiyolojik Ve İnorganik Gübrelemenin Nohut (Cicer arietinum l.)’un Verim, Verim Öğeleri Ve Nodülasyonu Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Siirt ekolojik koşullarında mikrobiyolojik ve inorganik gübrelemenin nohut (Cicer arietinum L.)’ un verim, verim öğeleri ve nodülasyonu üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma tesadüf bloklarında faktöriyel deneme deseninde 3 tekerrürlü olarak 2016-2017 ve 2017-2018 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada simbiyotik bakteri olarak Mesorhizobium ciceri, asimbiyotik bakteri olarak azot bağlayıcı Basillus atrophaeus, fosfat çözücü olarak Basillus GC-group ve inorganik gübre olarak DAP gübresi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada; bitki boyu, ilk bakla yüksekliği, ana dal sayısı, yan dal sayısı, bitkide bakla sayısı, bitkide tane sayısı, 100 tane ağırlığı, tane verimi, biyolojik verim, hasat indeksi, bitkide nodül sayısı, nodül yaş ağırlığı ve nodül kuru ağırlığı incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, bitki boyu 52.1-59.3 cm, ilk bakla yüksekliği 32.0-38.0 cm, ana dal sayısı 2.46-3.36 adet/bitki, yan dal sayısı 4.03-5.90 adet/bitki, bitkide bakla sayısı 16.0-35.3 adet/bitki, bitkide tane sayısı 14.7-33.1 adet/bitki, 100 tane ağırlığı 30.3-34.2 g, tane verimi 86.0-174.0 kg/da, biyolojik verim 247.7-613.7 kg/da, hasat indeksi %26.3-34.8, bitkide nodül sayısı 28.3-44.6 adet/bitki, nodül yaş ağırlığı 1.504-2.507 g ve nodül kuru ağırlığı 0.235-0.443 g arasında değişim göstermiştir. Araştırma sonucunda en yüksek tane verimi Bacillus atrophaeus (N)+ DAP %50 uygulamasında 174.0 kg/da olarak elde edilmiştir.

Characterization and symbiotic evalution of rhizobium bacteria from various plants on soybean (Glycine Max L) plants in green house

Rhizobium bacteria are bacteria including Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) that are able to fix nitrogen, solubilise phosphate, produce enzymes of protease, IAA hormone and siderophore so that it plays, an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. Several rhizobia have been successfully isolated from 8 legume plants from various regions, with the aim of obtaining Rhizobium isolates which are potential, effective and efficient as biological fertilizer agents. A total of 8 isolates were successfully isolated using selective media for Rhizobium bacteria, namely YEMA, following their activities were tested qualitatively N fixing, solubilise phosphate, protease, IAA hormone and siderophore production. All isolates thrive on YEMA+CR media and showed fast growth in YEMA + BTB.. A total of 11 inoculation treatments were tested on soybean plants consisting of 1. EKP (3), 2. EKP (4), 3. i (1), 4 (combined 1-3), 5. 1 (2), 6. B (1), 7. H (2), 8 ( combined 5-7), 9. A (2), 10.2 (1), 11 (combined 9-10). As a control plant without inoculation and without N fertilizer (K1) and plants without inoculation and with N fertilizer equivalent to 100 kg/ha (K2). The planting media used for greenhouse experiments were sterile sand media. The experimental design used were a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Plants growth were observed with parameters included plant height and number of leaves (at 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 weeks). Soybean plants werw harvested at 50 days after planting, following measurement of dry weight of canopy, roots, root nodules, total plants and chlorophyll content. The results showed that 8 individual isolates and 3 combined isolates inoculated to soybean plants varied, all of which were able to increase growth. Isolates number H(2) and 1(2) (isolates of nodules root of Peanut plants) gave the highest yields on the growth of soybean plants.

English

English

Abstract 122: Targeting forward and reverse EphB4/EFNB2 signaling by a peptide with dual functions

Although chloroquine administration in vivo following haemorrhage in mice decreases tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release by macrophage (M phi), the mechanism remains unknown. To study this, peritoneal M phi (pM phi) from unmanipulated, sham-operated and post-haemorrhage mice were isolated, treated with 0.13 mg/ml chloroquine for 2 hr, and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48 hr. Pretreatment of pM phi from various groups of mice with chloroquine resulted in 75-90% inhibition of TNF-alpha release, determined by bioassay. Total RNA was isolated from pM phi and murine M phi-derived cell lines (P388D1 and RAW 264.7), stimulated with LPS for 0.5 or 1 hr, respectively, and Northern blot analysis for TNF-alpha mRNA performed. Chloroquine inhibited TNF-alpha mRNA expression without interfering with mRNA stability, suggesting that this agent reduces M phi TNF-alpha release by disrupting TNF-alpha gene transcription.

Effects of maize as a catch crop on subsequent garland chrysanthemum and green soybean production in soil with excess nitrogen

Greenhouse vegetable cultivation is often associated with the rapid accumulation of nitrate in soils. Therefore, N management strategies are needed for greenhouse vegetable production systems. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a summer catch crop on vegetable crop yields. Maize, as an N catch crop, was planted in leafy vegetable (garland chrysanthemum) and fruit vegetable (green soybean) greenhouse cropping systems during the summer of two consecutive years. Maize removed 4.9–11.8 g N m−2 from the greenhouse soil and also improved soil penetration resistance. The first year cultivation of maize increased the yield of garland chrysanthemum leaves but not the yield of green soybean. In first year, the yield of garland chrysanthemum showed negative correlation with SPAD value and nitrate content in leaves, while the yield of green soybean was positively correlated with shoot fresh weight and dry weights of roots and nodules. During the second year, cultivation of the catch crop clearly increased the yield of both garland chrysanthemum and green soybean. Positive correlations were observed between yield and SPAD value in garland chrysanthemum, and between yield and nodule dry weight in green soybean, respectively. These results indicate that using maize as a catch crop in soil with excessive N accumulation can improve soil conditions and promote subsequent crop growth. However, the effect of catch crop cultivation on yield was dependent on the type of subsequent crop.

EFFECTS OF COMBINED INOCULATION OF BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc.) WITH GLOMUS MOSSEA AND BRADYHRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM ON NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS UPTAKE IN SHOOT, PLANT BIOMASS, LEAF CHLOROPHYLL AND MYCORRHIZAL INOCULATION EFFICIENCY (MIE).

The response of Bambara groundnut to co-inoculation with Abuscular mychorrhizal fungi (G. mossea) and Bradhyrhizobium japonicum (strain USDA110) with regard to leaf chlorophyll, percentage shoot nitrogen and phosphorus, nodule weight and plant biomass was studied. Bambara plants were grown under screen house conditions in pots. Plants were inoculated with 1ml of B. japonicum USDA 110 strain (109 cfu /ml), Mychorrizal was applied to the plants 10g, and 20g (90 spores/g) and water was applied at 10ml, 20 ml and 50ml every other day. The obtained results showed that dual inoculation activity was able to improve both nitrogen and phosphorus in plant shoot, MIE, but did not improve biomass and leaf chlorophyll when compared with plants subjected to single inoculation with only G. mossea and only B. japonicum. More Nitrogen and Phosphorus was retained in the shoot of plants co-inoculated with B. japonicum and 20g G. mossea when given 50ml of water and also had higher biomass. Leaf chlorophyll reduced in plants as flowering approached. B. japonicum was able to positively influence and establish symbiosis with G.mossea and synergistically effectively act as “mycorrhiza helper bacteria” (MHB) when both were co-inoculated in Bambara plant.

Study the influence of preceding crops and weed control treatments on nodules, weeds and soybean production

The present work was conducted at Shandaweel Research Station (Sohag Governorate, Egypt) Farm during 2017 and 2018 seasons to investigate the effects of preceding crop (wheat, clover, barley and faba bean) and weed control treatments (butralin at the rate of 2.5 l/fed (fed= 4200 m2), flauzifop-p-butyl at the rate of 1.5 l/fed + metribuzin at the rate of 300 cm3/fed, clethodim at the rate of 500 cm3/fed + metribuzin, hand hoeing twice at 30 and 45 days after sowing and untreated) on nodules, weeds and yield of soybean crop during 2017 and 20018 seasons. Using clover as preceding crop significantly decreased the dry weight of grassy, broad-leaved and total weeds (g/m2) compared to unweeded treatment and increased the number and weight of nodules in the both seasons. Also, it increased significantly plant height, number of branches, number and weight of pods/plant, seeds/pod and plant, seed index, seed yield (ton/fed) seed oil and protein % of soybean in the both seasons. Weed control treatments reduced the dry weight of grassy weeds, broad-leaved and total weeds compared with unweeded control in the both seasons. Amex, flauzifop-p-butyl and bentazon decreased the activity of nodules and weight of nodules in comparison with hand hoeing and unweeded treatments. Application of weed control treatments highly increase plant height, number of branches/plant, number and weight of pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed index, seed yield (ton/fed) seed oil and protein % of soybean crop and as well as seed yield (ton/fed) in the both seasons. The interaction between preceding crop and weed control treatments had a significant effect on the all studied traits in both seasons. Thus, dry weight weeds (g/m2), number and weight of nodules were decreased underplanting of soybean after clover and wheat compared with planting of soybean after barely and faba bean in 2017 and 2018 seasons. Fusilade super + Sencor, Select super + Sencor and hand hoeing twice gave the highest reduction on number and weight of nodules, dry weight of grassy, broad-leaved and total weeds (g/m2) underplanting of soybean after clover and wheat compared with planting of soybean after barely and faba bean and unweeded treatments in both seasons. Fusilade super + Sencor, Select super + Sencor and hand hoeing twice gave increased number and weight of pods/plant, weight of seeds/pod and plant, seed index, seed yield (ton/fed), seed oil % and protein % underplanting of soybean after clover and wheat compared with planting of soybean after barley and faba bean and unweeded treatments in the both seasons.

Effect of Inoculation with Rhizobium, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Foliar Spraying with Boron and Molybdenum on Growth, Nodulation and Productivity of Faba Bean تأثیر التلقیح بالریزوبیا والریزوبکتیریا والرش الورقى بالبورون والمولبیدنیم على النمو وتکوین العقد الجذریة والانتاجیة للفول البلدى.

A field trial was conducted at El-Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station Elgharbia Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to study the response of faba bean (Vicia faba) to inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum, rhizobacteria Bacillus polymyxa [as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] either solely or in combination and foliar spraying of boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) either alone or in combination and their effect on nodulation, growth and productivity. Results could be summarized as follows: Inoculated faba bean plants with Rhizobium leguminosarum + Bacillus polymyxa obtained the maximum values of plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter plant-1, crop growth rate, pods number plant-1, seed yield plant-1, 100-seed weight, seeds and straw yields/fad, as well as number and dry weight of nodules, total chlorophyll of leaves, phosphorus, nitrogen and protein of seeds. The foliar spraying of 30 ppm B + 15 ppm Mo on faba bean plants gave the maximum values for plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter plant-1, crop growth rate, pods number plant-1, seed yield plant-1, 100-seed weight, seeds and straw yields/fad, as well as nodules number and dry weight, total chlorophyll of leaves, phosphorus, nitrogen and protein of seeds. inoculated faba bean plants with Rhizobium leguminosarum + Bacillus polymyxa plus foliar spraying by 30 ppm B + 15 ppm Mo obtained the highest values for all mentioned traits, such treatment increased seeds and straw yields as well as protein content of seeds by 42.92, 33.08 and 21.32%, respectively compared to control.

Microalgal liquid biofertilizer and biostimulant effect on green gram (Vigna radiata L) an experimental cultivation

Microalgae-based biofertilizers have been proven to be very successful and an alternate source for agricultural sectors in reducing the usage of harmful chemical fertilizers. Focusing on this, liquid biofertilizer extracts of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis are used to improve the growth of green gram Vigna radiata (L.). The microalgal extracts of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis showed maximum chemical composition and elemental contents. Growth parameters of shoot, root length, and weight of green gram (Vigna radiata) at flowering stage were found to be at a higher level with treatments I and II. Similarly, maximum number of fresh weights of root nodules, plant heights, plant branches, plant leaves, and leaf area index were recorded as 100% with treatment I of Chlorella vulgaris and treatment II of Spirulina platensis in treated plants. The leaf chemical composition such as N, P, and K, total carbohydrates, Indole, and phenol evidenced with good results in plants treated with Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. The soil characterisstics such as pH, EC (ds/m), Ca++, Na+, Mg++, K+, CO−3, Cl−, HCO−3, and So4 and physical characteristics of green gram including water absorption index, water solubility index, water absorption, and oil absorption were observed in superior level in microalgae-treated plants. The proximate composition and mineral composition of green gram seed flour were also recorded to be higher with Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis treatments. The antinutritional factors and phytohaemagglutinating activities of green gram were also found to be higher in microalgal-treated plants. Thus, the implications of Chlorella vulgaris as well as Spirulina platensis were proven to be pros of liquid biofertilizers in the production of green gram.

EFFECT OF FUNGICIDES ON THE EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN INOCULATION WITH PESTICIDE-RESISTANT NODULE BACTERIA

Objective. Evaluate the efficiency of soybean inoculation with pesticide-resistant nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum under the influence of pre-sowing seed dressing with Maxym XL,Standak Top and Fever and preventive spraying of plants with the fungicide Akanto Plus. Methods. Physiological, microbiological, gas chromatographic, vegetation experiment, statistical.Results. The number and weight of nodules formed on soybean roots during the growing seasonunder the action of the prothioconazole-based fungicide Fever were reported to be lower comparedwith the control and other variants of experiment. Pesticides Maxym XL and Standak Top had a lesspronounced toxic effect on the formation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis with the participation offungicide-resistant B. japonicum B78 Tn5 mutant compared to Fever. A decrease in the level of N2assimilation by 10.9–41.1 % in the three-leaf phase was found with the combined use of seed pesticides and nodule bacteria included in the study, relative to the variant with inoculation only. However, during the growing season, the negative effect of fungicidal preparations on the functioning oflegume-rhizobial symbiosis decreased. Conclusion. Under the conditions of the model vegetationexperiment with the concomitant use of Standak Top and Fever and bacterization, a decrease in individual plant productivity by 7.0 and 14.1 %, respectively, has been reported. The complex actionof the pesticide Maxym XL and inoculation with pesticide-resistant B. japonicum B78 transposonmutant, contributed to the maximum increase in yield by 27.2 %. The obtained data confirm the expediency of selection of fungicides and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms for concomitant use to ensure high economic and protective effects.