Weight Of Fruiting Bodies Research Articles

平菇栽培菌株与野生菌株杂交子农艺性状的遗传分化<br>Genetic Differentiation of Hybrids from Cultivated Strain and Wild Strain in Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus

以平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)栽培菌株HP和野生菌株ZJJ为杂交亲本材料，采用担孢子稀释分离法分别获得HP、ZJJ的单孢菌株38个和55个。两个亲本各随机挑选10个单孢菌株在PDA培养基上进行配对杂交，获得14个杂交子。根据杂交子与两个亲本菌株的拮抗反应不同，可将14个杂交子划分为4种类型。在不同的培养基质中，菌丝生长速度出现明显分化。杂交后代中除1个未出菇之外，其它杂交子的平均产量都低于栽培菌株HP，但有5个杂交子产量高于野生菌株ZJJ。大部分杂交子菌盖颜色接近亲本HP的颜色，其中3个杂交子长出无菌盖的子实体。杂交子农艺性状分析表明，产量的变异系数最大(37.2%)，其它依次为原基形成期(25.4%)、菌柄长度(21.8%)、菌丝长满袋的天数(21.0%)、单菇重量(16.2%)、菌盖厚度(14.5%)、菌盖直径(13.5%)和菌柄直径(9.4%)。Cultivated strain HP and wild strain ZJJ of Pleurotus ostreatus were used in this study. 38 mono- karyons from strain HP and 55 monokaryons from strain ZJJ were obtained respectively by single basi- diospore isolation. 10 monokaryons from each parental strain were selected randomly for hybridization and 14 dikaryons were obtained. According to the different antagonist reaction between hybrid and parents, the 14 hybrids were divided into 4 types. The mycelia growth rate on different media showed dominant differ- rentiation. The result of cultivation test showed that one hybrid could not fruit and yield of the others were lower than that of the cultivated strain HP, while the yields of 5 hybrids were higher than that of the wild strain ZJJ. Among the hybrids, most pilei showed similar color with that of parent HP (white), 3 hybrids formed fruitbodies without pilei. The analysis of hybrids agronomic charateristics showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) of yield was the largest (21.9%), the others in the order were primordial initiation days (25.4%), stipe length (21.8%),full colonization time (21.0%),average weight of single fruitbody (16.2%), pi- leus thickness (14.5%), pileus diameter (13.5%)and stipe diameter (9.4%).

Evaluation of agricultural wastes and food supplements usage on growth characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus

As agricultural wastes are easily accessible and quite free sources, re-use of them could be considered as a break through in production management, especially if it sustains the production efficiency as standard materials do. In this study, we evaluated combination usage of substrates including wood chips, boll, Sugar Beet Pellet Pulp (SBPP) and palm fiber along with wheat bran, rice bran, soya cake powder, Soya Cake Powder + Rice Bran (SCPRB) and carrot pulp as supplements. Substrates with no supplement were regarded as control groups. Results revealed that boll, SBPP and palm fiber, which could be abundantly in Iran, had better growth period, fruiting body weight, yield and biological efficiency than wood chips. Moreover, SCRBP had the highest yield, biological efficiency and fruiting body weight among all substrates. We also assessed combination effects of substrates and complements. The least growth period (30.3 d) belonged to sugar beet pulp enriched with soya cake powder. The lowest fruiting body weight (12.4 g) was produced in boll substrate with no supplement, though maximum fruiting body number (34.3) belonged to this group. The highest fruiting body weight (41.5 g) was achieved when the enriched palm fiber by rice bran supplement was used. In addition, the highest yield and biological efficiency was found on boll substrate enriched with a mixture of soya cake powder and rice bran supplements (794.3 and 158.9 g, respectively). Key words: Oyster mushroom, yield, biological efficiency, substrate, protein.

English

The effects of seven substrates for the cultivation, yield and protein content of the mushroom, Pleurotus tuberregium (Fries) Singer were investigated. The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) of 7 treatments and 10 replicates. The highest fresh weight yield was obtained from mushrooms grown in river sand and sawdust mixture (T6) while the least was from those grown in top soil mixed with sawdust (T4). Oil palm fruit fibre (OPFF) substrate (T3) produced no fruit bodies at all. Protein analysis of the mushrooms revealed that those grown in river sand alone (T1) had the highest protein content while fruit bodies harvested from sawdust substrate alone (T2) had the least protein content. River sand plus sawdust substrate (T6) is recommended as the best substrate for the production of P. tuberregium in view of the fact that it produced the highest fruit body weight and its protein content was not significantly lower than that of river sand alone (T2).   Key words: Mushroom, Pleurotus tuberregium, substrates, protein.

Thinned Wood of Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa for Production of Pholiota nameko Mushrooms in Japan

We experimentally examined the artificial cultivation of Pholiota nameko, a hardwood-rotting and excellent edible mushroom, on beds of logs from thinned Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa. The water content of logs was 62.43% for Cr. japonica and 51.11% for Ch. obtusa. The sapwood, bark, and hardwood water contents were similar in the two species. Both tree species were suitable for P. nameko cultivation, but the numbers and fresh weight of fruiting bodies were higher on Ch. obtusa than on Cr. japonica. The number of pores drilled into logs for inoculation with fungal mycelia influences mushroom production. The number of inoculated pores per log did not affect mushroom production in Ch. obtusa, but more pores were required to produce more mushrooms in Cr. japonica. Hence, logs of Ch. obtusa are more suitable than logs of Cr. japonica to produce this mushroom because the fruiting bodies form on both the cross-sectional surfaces of Ch. obtusa, as well as on the bark.

Effects of fruit consumption on body mass index and weight loss in a sample of overweight and obese dieters enrolled in a weight-loss intervention trial

Objective Fruit and vegetable consumption is an important part of a healthy diet and assumed to aid in the reduction of energy intake and body weight. Fruits and vegetables may display differential effects on weight and weight loss; however, the effects of the two food groups have rarely been investigated separately. Methods The present study focused on the effects of fruit consumption on body weight and weight loss in a sample of 77 overweight and obese dieters enrolled in an intervention program. Food consumption was assessed at baseline by food diaries and after the introduction of nutrition software through electronic food records. Body weight and additional physiologic outcomes were assessed three times, once before the intervention and again at the 3- and 6-mo follow-ups. Results Vegetable and fruit consumption differed in their associations with body weight and weight loss. Although vegetable consumption increased as a result of the intervention ( P < 0.01), fruit consumption did not. However, only fruit consumption was associated with body mass index, showing an inverse relation with body weight in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses ( r = −0.27 to −0.44). The relation between fruit consumption and body weight remained significant after controlling for age, gender, physical activity level, and daily macronutrient consumption (Δ R 2 = 0.06–0.13). Further, increases in fruit consumption were associated with subsequent weight loss, controlling for the same covariates (Δ R 2 = 0.05–0.07). Conclusion The results indicate unique contributions of fruit consumption to the management of body weight and indicate that a separation of effects for fruit and vegetable food groups may be warranted.

The potential association between fruit intake and body weight – a review

Both national and international bodies recommend an increased intake of fruits and vegetables in order to decrease the risk of overweight and obesity. However, there is a rationale to investigate the separate role of fruits. The aim of this paper was to systematically review and analyse published human intervention, prospective observational and cross-sectional studies on fruit intake and body weight in adults. We identified three intervention, eight prospective observational and five cross-sectional studies that explored this relationship. Two of the intervention studies showed that fruit intake reduced body weight, five of the prospective observational studies showed that fruit consumption reduced the risk of developing overweight and obesity, and four of the cross-sectional studies found an inverse association between fruit intake and body weight. Important methodological differences and limitations in the studies make it difficult to compare results. However, the majority of the evidence points towards a possible inverse association between fruit intake and overweight. Future intervention and prospective observational studies examining the direct and independent role of fruit in body-weight management in free-living individuals are needed. Moreover, important determinants such as energy density, energy content, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical form of fruit and preparation methods need to be included in future studies.

Water-soluble endopolysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.:Fr.) Murr.

Endopolysaccharides represented by glucans, galactans, and glycoproteins were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the sulfur shelf (Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.:Fr.) Murr), which were obtained by the natural-plantation method. The study of the major 56-kDa polysaccharide, laetiporan A, the content of which accounted for 0.28% of the fruiting body weight, showed that it is a beta-1,3-glucan containing mannose, galactose, fucose, xylose, and rhamnose residues at position C-6. An antioxidant effect of laetiporan A was discovered.

The role of fruit consumption in the prevention of obesity

SummaryThe global obesity epidemic is associated with a sedentary lifestyle and diets rich in high-fat, high-energy foods. The potential role of fruit in preventing overweight and obesity is related to their relatively low energy density, high content of dietary fibre, and associated increasing satiety effect. The physical disruption of fruit is of considerable importance for satiety, as shown in studies in which fruit juices were less satisfying compared to sugar-equivalent intakes of purées and whole fruits. The potential role of fruit in the prevention of overweight and obesity may be connected to the dietary pattern of fruit intake, and with the possibility that fruit intake may substitute for other, more energy-dense foods. The majority of human prospective cohort studies in adults suggest a preventive effect of increased fruit intake on body weight gain; whereas a few studies have suggested the opposite, in the case of fruit juices. Prospective studies on children are few and inconclusive, but suggest associations between fruit intake and body weight that are related to the initial nutritional status. In behavioural intervention studies, subjects are often advised to undergo several changes towards a healthy diet and lifestyle, making it impossible to quantify the specific effect of fruit intake on body weight. In the few available intervention studies in adults, the study period was often too short to allow measures of body weight changes, and studies on overweight or obese subjects may not apply to subjects of normal weight. Intervention studies targeted at school children showed that such schemes can be effective in increasing fruit intake, but a convincing role for increased fruit intake in the prevention of overweight and obesity in children still needs to be established. The present evidence suggests that fruit consumption has a potential role in the prevention of overweight and obesity.

Fruit Body Flushing from the Upper Portion of Mycelial Block in Sawdust-Based Cultivation of Lentinula edodes

In the present study, to establish a novel improved method for the sawdust-based cultivation of shiitake mushroom, high-temperature and water-filling treatments of mycelial block were applied for controlling the flushing portion. In the improved method, fruit bodies flushed only from the upper portion of mycelial blocks. Number and fresh weight of fruit bodies flushed from the mycelial block cultivated by improved method showed almost constant value during the flushing period (180 days). From the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that improved cultivation method makes it possible to give a continuous flushing of fruit bodies with heavy fresh weight, leading to reduce the cost and labor for budding and cropping operation of fruit bodies.

Fruitbody Development of Pleurotus ostreatus via Bottle Cultivation Using Recycled Substrate

This study was carried out to determine the possibility of bottle cultivation utilizing recycled oyster mushroom culture waste as a cultivating substrate for P. ostreatus. Total nitrogen percentage was 0.76%, 1.13%, 1.16%, 1.36%, and 1.38% in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-time mixed substrate, respectively; 0.95%, 1.04%, 1.34%, 1.36%, and 1.25% in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-time postharvest substrate, respectively; and 0.72% and 0.68% in the 2- and 3-time nonadditive substrate, respectively. Weight of the fresh fruiting body harvest was 115 g, 120 g, 117 g, 118 g, and 114 g on 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-time mixed substrate, respectively; and 105 g and 45 g on 2- and 3-time nonadditive substrate, respectively. The first mixed substrate (fresh) and recycled substrates generated no significant difference in the weight of fresh fruiting bodies harvested.

먹물버섯속균(Coprinus spp.)의 형태적 특성에 관한 연구

To develop artificial cultivation and improve some problems such as auto-lysis on commercialization of Coprinus comatus that has been known edible and medicinal mushroom, they were conducted for selection of superior strain, suitable culture methods for mycelial growth and fruiting, and morphological characteristics of fruit body. Strain CM 980301 of Coprinus comatus was selected as a superior strain for artificial cultivation. Wheat grain and rice straw full-grown compost media were most effective for preparation of spawn and artificial cultivation of C. comatus, respectively. Spawn running of Coprinus spp. on the rice straw full-grown compost media required to be 15 days from 24 to 28℃. The casing layer incubation before initiation of fruit body formation, required for 13 days at same temperature for spawn running. And then require 10~11 days for initiation and 7~8 days for development of fruit body from 20 to 24℃. The fruit body of strain CM 980301 was harvested within a week from initiation of primordium formation. The hardness of pileus and stipe that were harvested in optimal stage showed 102 to 169, and 128 to 182 g/㎠, respectively. Yields of srain CM 980301 from the rice straw full-grown compost media was 37.7 kg/3.3 ㎡. Weight of individual fruit body was 17.9 g in average.

Effect of Various Sawdusts and Logs Media on the Fruiting Body Formation of Phellinus gilvus

Present experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of artificial culture with various sawdust of P. gilvus. The pH value was 6.0 of oak sawdust, 6.5 of mulberry sawdust, 6.6 of elm sawdust, 6.3 of acacia sawdust and 6.1 of apple tree sawdust. Mycelial density on elm sawdust and acacia sawdust were lower than those of oak sawdust, and apple sawdust. Weight of fresh fruiting body showed that 179 g on oak tree, 227 g on oak sawdust, 21 g on elm tree, 76 g on elm sawdust, 106 g on apple tree, and 170 g on apple sawdust. Among them, the yield of oak substrates was the highest whereas acacia sawdust was the lowest, and it is concluded that the yields of sawdust substrates were higher than log substrates. P. gilvus grown on various sawdusts and logs used in this study have shown similar in anti-tumor activity against P388.

Antioxidant Activity of Indigenous Edible Mushrooms

The current study was undertaken to measure the antioxidant potential from water and methanolic extracts of fruiting bodies of 23 species of mushrooms naturally grown in different geographic locations of India. The antioxidant ability of each species was analyzed for the total antioxidative status, employing multimechanistic antioxidative assays such as inhibition of lipid peroxidation, determination of reducing power, and free radical scavenging ability, in addition to determination of total phenolics and identification of phenolic acids by HPLC analysis, because the phenolics are known to contribute largely to antioxidant potential. The antioxidant potential of these varieties of mushrooms was determined by summing the antioxidative activity (AOA) of each variety by varied antioxidant assays followed by determining the relative percent of AOA defined as the "antioxidant index" (AI). On the basis of the AI, the mushroom species were graded as very high, high, moderate, and low. Termitomyces heimii was identified as the best variety, which showed 100% AI with 37 mg of phenolics/g of sample, 418 units of reducing power ability (RPA)/g, and an IC50 of approximately 1.1 mg (dry weight)/mL, free radical scavenging activity (FRS) in the water extract followed by 11.2 mg of phenolics/g, 275 units of RPA/g, and an IC50 of approximately 2.7 mg (dry weight)/mL of FRS in the methanolic extract. Following T. heimii, Termitomyces mummiformis exhibited an AI of 86% within the "very high" group. Potent inhibitions of lipid peroxidation of approximately 100 and 69% was also observed in T. heimii and T. mummiformis, respectively. Water extracts ranged from 34 to 49% and methanolic extracts varied from 20 to 32% on dry weight of mushroom fruiting body. Total phenolic compounds were higher in the water extracts (2-37 mg/g) than in methanolic extract (0.7-11.2 mg/g). The AOA measured in the water extract was better than that from the methanolic extract. HPLC analysis of phenolic acids in the two mushroom species, namely, T. heimii and T. mummiformis, displaying maximum AOA potential indicated a preponderance of tannic acid, gallic acid, protocatacheuic acid, and gentisic acid. Studies thus provide the precise antioxidant status of 23 indigenous species of mushrooms, which can serve as a useful database for the selection of mushrooms for the function of preparation of mushroom-based nutraceutics.

What Epidemiologic Studies Tell Us about the Relationship between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Body Weight

Clinical evidence shows that combining advice to increase fruit and vegetable consumption with caloric restriction is an effective strategy for weight management. The purpose of this review is to evaluate epidemiologic evidence to determine whether it supports an association between fruit and/or vegetable consumption and body weight. Few studies have been designed to specifically address this issue, and those that are available vary in methodology and offer inconsistent results. We make recommendations on how to strengthen future studies so that the influence of fruit and vegetable consumption on body weight in free-living individuals is better understood.

What Epidemiologic Studies Tell Us about the Relationship between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Body Weight

What Epidemiologic Studies Tell Us about the Relationship between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Body Weight

What Epidemiologic Studies Tell Us about the Relationship between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Body Weight

What Epidemiologic Studies Tell Us about the Relationship between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Body Weight

What Epidemiologic Studies Tell Us about the Relationship between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Body Weight

What Epidemiologic Studies Tell Us about the Relationship between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Body Weight

Use of stillage grain from a rice-spirit distillery in the solid state fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum

The feasibility of reusing stillage grain as a substrate for the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum in solid-state fermentation is evaluated. Cultures were carried out in test tubes or propylene bags and G. lucidum was cultivated on stillage grain supplemented with wheat bran, ground rice or sawdust at different ratios. The effect of mixed ratios on the production of mycelia and fruit body was investigated. The compositions of fruiting body were also analyzed and compared. The additions of NH 4H 2PO 4 and CaCO 3 favored mycelial growth in the test-tube cultures. Due to its high content of carbohydrate and nitrogen, stillage grain was considered as a nutritive substrate for mycelial growth. However, too much addition of stillage grain might result in the diminution of compost voidage and had an adverse effect on mycelial growth in propylene-bag cultures. The results obtained from propylene-bag cultures reveal that the substrate type altered not only the shape of fruiting bodies but also their constituents. Sawdust supplemented with stillage grain at a ratio 4:1 at a water content of 60% was optimal for the production of fruiting body. High ratios of stillage grain might lead to an increase of total dry weight of fruit body, but also caused the formation of antler branches and smaller fruiting body, which contained higher amounts of reducing sugars and lower amounts of polysaccharide than those of the control.

느타리 팽나무버섯 재배에서 액체종균 배양 및 접종시스템 적용방법의 구명

This research aimed at developing the efficient method and device applicable to the inoculation of mushroom using (spawn was intended to utilize) liquid spawn for the stable production of mushroom. For the mass production of liquid culture, optimal inoculum volume and cultural period were and 4 days for Flammulina velutipes and 4% and 5 days for Pleurotus ostreatus. Fruit body weight in 850 ml polythene bottle was highest at 6% or 15 ml liquid inoculum for P. ostreatus and or for F. velutipes. Weight of fruit body by the application of liquid spawn inoculation system increased up to 33.7% for P. ostreatus and 32.8% for F. velutipes, respetively, compared to conventional spawn making system. The system of liquid spawn inoculation was successfully operated without malfunction in opening or closing the lid, and it took 26 min to inoculate 1200 bottles.

Fruit-body production and mycelial growth of Tephrocybe tesquorum in urea-treated forest soil

Tephrocybe tesquorum is an ammonia fungus that forms reproductive structures successively on the forest floor after treatment of the soil with nitrogenous materials such as aqua ammonia and urea. Forest soil was treated with urea at the rates of 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/g fresh soil for 5 d in the laboratory, then sterilized by gamma-irradiation. Vegetative hyphae ofT. tesquorum were inoculated into the sterilized soil, and the number and weight of fruit-bodies formed and the length of vegetative hyphae, were measured for 20 d after the inoculation. Only in the urea-treated soil did this fungus produce vegetative hyphae and fruit-bodies. Fruiting started 4 to 6 d after inoculation. The weight of fruit-bodies and the length of vegetative hyphae increased with the increase in the amount of urea added. These results indicate thatT. tesquorum develops vegetative hyphae and fruit-bodies when ammonium concentration, is high in soil.