Flower Weight Research Articles

Comprehensive Evaluation of Appreciation of Rhododendron Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process.

Qinting Lake Park has effectively imported Rhododendron varieties from Zhejiang Province. The analytic hierarchy process was employed to devise an evaluation framework to evaluate the ornamental and adaptive features of these species. Subsequently, we conducted a standardized evaluation of 24 species for their ornamental and adaptive traits under controlled cultivation conditions. The findings indicated that the percentage of ornamental flowers in the first-level index was significantly greater than the other two factors, indicating that the ornamental value of flowers was the most important in the evaluation of Rhododendron ornamental value. Among the secondary indicators, the proportion of flower color and flower weight was significantly higher than that of other factors, which had the greatest impact on the evaluation results. The 24 Rhododendron species were classified into two grades based on their ornamental value, as determined by index weights and scoring standards. Rhododendron 'Xueqing', Rhododendron 'Big Qinglian', and Rhododendron 'Jinyang No. 9' exhibited superior ornamental value and demonstrated more favorable suitability for garden applications.

A test of balanced fitness limitations theory: Pollen limitation in plants.

When reproductive success is determined by the relative availabilities of a series of essential, non-substitutable resources, the theory of balanced fitness limitations predicts that the cost of harvesting a particular resource shapes the likelihood that a shortfall of that resource will constrain realized fitness. Plant reproduction through female function offers a special opportunity to test this theory; essential resources in this context include, first, the pollen received from pollinators or abiotic vectors that is used to fertilize ovules, and, second, the resources needed to provision the developing seeds and fruit. For many plants realized reproductive success through female function can be readily quantified in the field, and one key potential constraint on fitness, pollen limitation, can be assessed experimentally by manually supplementing pollen receipt. We assembled a comparative dataset of pollen limitation using only studies that supplement pollen to all flowers produced over the plant's reproductive lifespan. Pre- and post-pollination costs were estimated using the weight of flowers and fruits and estimates of fruit set. Consistent with expectations, we find self-incompatible plants make greater pre-pollination investments and experience greater pollen limitation. However, contrary to theoretical expectations, when variation due to self-compatibility is accounted for by including self-compatibility in the statistical model as a covariate, we find no support for the prediction that plants that invest more heavily in pre-pollination costs are subject to greater pollen limitation. Strong within-species, between-population variation in the expression of pollen limitation makes the quantification of mean pollen limitation difficult. We urge plant ecologists to conduct more studies of pollen limitation using whole-plant pollen supplementation to produce a richer comparative dataset that would support a more robust test of the balanced limitations hypothesis.

EFFECT OF SOAKING WITH ATONIC, WATER HYACINTHS COMPOST AND BIOFERTILIZERS ON VEGETATIVE AND FLOWERING GROWTH OF TUBEROSE

This study was aimed to investigate effect of soaking Polianthes tuberosa L. bulbs in Atonic solution and inoculation with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Glomus mosseae, and fertilizing with two levels (3% and 4%) of water hyacinths Compost on some vegetative and floral growth characters of the Peral variety of tuberose plants in a Factorial experiment during spring season of 2022 using a randomized completely block design with three replicates. Tuberose bulbs were planted in black plastic bags containing 6 kg of a sandy loam soil. The results of the three-way interaction showed that the treatment of soaking with Atonic, inoculation with the combination of the biofertilizer, and fertilization with 4% level of water hyacinths Compost significantly outperformed other treatments in plant height, number of inflorescences, dry weight of flowers, vase life, and aromatic oil concentration with values of 47.33 cm, 55.33 inflorescences plant-1, 5.78 grams, 16 days,and 0.71% respectively, compared to the control treatment which resulted in values of 21.67 cm, 5.67 inflorescences plant-1, 1.81 grams, 8 days,and 0.42% respectively.

Effectiveness of mycorrhizae and vermicompost seed inoculation for germination, vegetative growth, cannabinoid content, and cured flower weight of CBD-rich hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Effectiveness of mycorrhizae and vermicompost seed inoculation for germination, vegetative growth, cannabinoid content, and cured flower weight of CBD-rich hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Genetic variability, heritability and correlation in chrysanthemum (<i>Dendranthema grandiflora</i>)

Chrysanthemum is a herbaceous perennial flowering crop that holds great potential for commercial cultivation. Fifteen chrysanthemum genotypes were studied at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala during 2022 for variability studies in morphological, flowering and post-harvest parameters. Significant variations were recorded among the genotypes for all the traits. Cluster analysis grouped the 15 chrysanthemum genotypes into 4 clusters based on all the characters. Cluster 2 consists of maximum number of 5 genotypes followed by 4 genotypes each in cluster 3 and cluster 4. Highest intra-cluster distance was recorded for cluster 2 and highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster 1 and 4. Results revealed that GCV was greater than the equivalent PCV, indicating that the environment had a negligible influence on phenotypic variation. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for all the characters, indicating additive gene effect suggests that there is excellent scope for selection and improvement. Flower yield per plant showed a substantial positive correlation with flowers/plant, flower diameter, stalk length, stalk girth and flower weight at both phenotypic and genotypic level which could be focused for yield improvement.

Variation in the amount of pollen per male flower on Abies sachalinensis

Abstract It is important to evenly increase the amount of scattered pollen per clone for maintaining high genetic variation in clonal seed orchards. It is thus imperative to determine not only the number of male flowers per tree, but also the amount of pollen per male flower in each clone. In this study, the existence of annual variation on the fresh weight of male flowers (FW) and the clonal and annual variation, and ramets’ variation with the same or different tree ages on the weight of pollen per male flower (WP) were investigated using 21 Abies sachalinensis clones for 3 years. The results indicated that there were significant differences in FW and WP among clones each year and the relationships between FW and WP were linearly significant for every year. WP also showed significant annual variation, while the re was also significant variation in ramets. The clonal repeatability regarding WP was 0.37—0.47 for data obtained for 2 or 3 years and the generalized linear mixed models with the random effects of clone, year, and ramet indicated that the effect of clone more strongly affected WP than other effects. These results suggested that WP on A. sachalinensis is a trait that is considerably influenced by clonal characteristics; there is thus a need to characterize this trait in each clone when using seed orchards.

Genotype X Traits Analysis of Gerbera (Gerbera jamensoii) Varieties for Vegetative Traits by Biplots

Recent ten genotypes of gerbera were evaluated for vegetative traits during the year 2022-23 to determine genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for 15 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters studied. Results revealed that magnitude of the Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was higher than Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for all the traits, indicating greater genotype and environment interaction. High PCV and GCV were observed for number of leaves/plant and leaf width. In the present study bud initiation, plant spread after 100 days of panting, plant height after 45 days of planning showed the high heritability along with maximum genetic gain. Number of leaves (45 days) had maintained only positive correlation with the considered vegetative traits. Leaf length (45 days) exhibited showed direct relationship with plant height (45 days) and leaf length(100 days) while negative relation of plant spread (45 days) with leaf length (100 days) and days to bud initiation. Path coefficient analysis showed, plant spread (0.976) had highest positive effect on fresh weight of flowers followed by leaf length (0.824), number of leaves per plant (0.20) while negative effect of plant height (45 and 100 days), days to bud initiation, leaf length (100 days). Performance of Intense, Stanza, Brillance would be unstable type as compared to Golian and Dana Ellen as placed near to the origin of biplot analysis in the present study based on vegetative traits in biplot analysis. Next cluster in same quadrant was comprised of leaf length, leaf width, plant height at 45 days of planting. First cluster of other quadrant comprised of leaf length, leaf width, plant spread at 100 days of planting and last cluster of days to bud initiation with fresh weight of flowers formed across the quadrants.

Studies on Performance of Vegetative & Floral Parameters of Different Varieties under Polyhouse Condition

The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with ten cultivars and replicated thrice. The cultivars used in the experiment of Rose viz., Top Secret (T1), Jumelia (T2), Avalanche (T3), Gold Strike (T4), Revival (T5), Naranga (T6), Solaire (T7), Hot Shot (T8), Volcano (T9) and Peach Avalanche (T10). The maximum number of leaves per 10 cm middle shoot length (5.01), longest flower stalk length (59.50 cm) maximum stem girth (0.73 cm), was recorded significantly in Top Secret (T1). Earliest first bud initiation (27.01 days) & earliest first harvest (32.37 days) were recorded in Revival (T5) and maximum fresh weight of flower (43.95 g).

Effect of NPK on Growth and Flower Yield of Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)

The research work on “Effect of NPK on growth and flower yield Hibiscus rosa sinensis” was conducted in the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during the year 2019-2020. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications & 12 treatments. Treatments were allocated randomly to each replication each treatment comprised of one plants which made a total of 36 plants. The best results were achieved in treatment T4 NPK (100:105:105) gram per plant with maximum plant height (113.62), maximum number of leaves per plant (71.99), maximum number of branches per plant (10.07), minimum days to bud initiation (43.31 days), minimum days taken flowering (49.87 days), maximum number of flower per plant(15.83), maximum flower diameter(cm) (13.06), flower weight(g) was found maximum (3.82), number of flower was found maximum (39575) along with maximum cost-benefit ratio (1: 1.46).

Pulsing Effect of Sucrose and Sodium Hypochlorite on Vase Life of Cut Chrysanthemum cv Arcticqueen Flower

An experiment was executed to investigate the role of different concentrations of sucrose and sodium hypochlorite as pulsing solution on post harvest storage life and other characteristics of cut chrysanthemum cv Arctic queen flower after harvest. The experiment was framed as completely randomized design with factorial concept with three levels of sucrose (5, 10, 20 %) and with 50 ppm NaOCl with 3 replications. The output of the experiment revealed that flower weight (8.26 g), water uptake (13.76 g), fresh weight change (123.76g), and maximum vase life (10.23 days) was achieved in 10% sucrose for 4 hrs pulsing treatment.

Effects of Active and Passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Vase Life and Quality of Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L.) ‘Shahla’ Cut Flowers

Abstract The production of ornamental flowers in the horticultural sector is costly; therefore, finding treatments to reduce postharvest losses and extend the vase life of cut flower is essential in this industry. The influence of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the quality parameters of cut flowers of Narcissus tazetta L. ‘Shahla’ during storage was investigated. The following gas compositions were studied: atmospheric composition (control), vacuum + atmospheric composition, 40% CO2 + 21% O2, 20% CO2 + 10% O2, 40% CO2 + 40% O2, and 0.03% CO2 + 40% O2. All treatments showed better performance compared to the control. The results showed that 20% CO2 + 10% O2 most increased the water uptake and relative fresh weight of cut flowers, resulting in the highest level of carbohydrates, extending the appearance quality time and vase life of cut flowers by 60%. The most extended vase life was related to cut flowers stored at 20% CO2 and 10% O2 (15.8 days), while the passive-MAP and vacuum packaging did not differ significantly and showed the lowest vase life, 9.2 and 9.9 days, respectively.

Morphological And Quality Parameters Of Chrysanthemum Flowers As Influenced By Different Pre-Drying Treatments And Drying Methods

In the present study the flowers of chrysanthemum cv. Baggi were subjected to four different pre-drying treatments i.e. P0 – Control (Soaking in Distilled water for 15 minutes); P1 – Soaking in Citric acid (2%) for 15 minutes; P2 – Soaking in Magnesium Chloride (10 %) for 4 hours; P3 – Soaking in Glycerol: water (1:3) for 24 hours and five drying techniques i.e. D0 = Air drying at room temperature without embedding; D1 = Embedded drying in Silica gel in a hot air oven at 50+5 °C; D2 = Embedded drying in Silica gel in a microwave oven; D3 = Embedded drying in Borax in hot air oven 50+5 °C and D4 = Embedded drying in Borax in microwave oven in a factorial completely randomized design. Pre-drying treatment, Glycerol and Water in a 1:3 ratio proved best which resulted in a maximum dry flower weight of 0.83 grams, a minimal moisture loss of 67.45%, a maximum dry flower diameter of 4.24 centimeters, and a minimal reduction in diameter of 0.37 centimeters besides, a minimal drying time of 71.43 hours. In terms of quality parameters, the flowers treated with glycerol and water (1:3) had the highest scores for color (3.82), texture (2.76), shape (3.65), non-shattering of petals (3.87), and overall acceptability (3.64). Silica gel embedded flowers and drying them in a hot air oven resulted in a smaller reduction in diameter (0.20 centimeters) and achieved the highest scores for color (4.39), texture (4.18), shape (4.30), non-shattering of petals (4.20), and overall acceptability (4.54). The combination of the glycerol: water pre-treatment and the silica gel with a hot air oven drying method showed the least reduction in diameter (0.23 centimeters) and the highest scores for color (4.75), texture (4.60), shape (4.60), non-shattering of petals (4.55), and overall acceptability (4.75). Drying the flowers in a microwave oven with either desiccant resulted in the shortest drying time of 0.10 hours. On the other hand, air drying without embedding the flowers produced the lowest dry flower weight (0.46 grams), the highest percentage of moisture loss (82.44%), the smallest dry flower diameter (3.57 centimeters), and the largest reduction in diameter (1.00 centimeters). However, air drying took the longest time at 328.93 hours and resulted in dried flowers that were deemed unacceptable with minimal scores for color (2.70), texture (1.35), shape (1.95), and overall acceptability (2.35).

Optimizing Drying Conditions for Lotus Flowers and Characterization of the Chemical and Functional Properties of Lotus Flower Powder for Food Applications

The lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is an aquatic plant that holds religious and cultural significance. Additionally, it provides an important source of vital nutrients and antioxidants. The present study aimed at examining the physical characteristics, drying temperatures, and chemical and functional aspects of lotus flower powder. The findings revealed a wide range of the weight, length, and width of lotus flowers, which may be linked to several factors like age, conditions in the environment, and genetic diversity. The flowers subjected to drying methods like tray drying and shade drying. In tray drying the samples were subjected to different temperatures viz., 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C. Drying was continued till the flowers became completely dry and crisp and also until constant weight attained. The colour of the lotus flower powder was shown to be significantly influenced by the drying temperature. The lowest lightness value (L*) was observed at 40 °C and the highest lightness value (L*) was observed at 50°C. Whereas, lotus subjected to a drying temperature of 60 °C exhibited a similar resemblance to the colour values of fresh lotus petals, suggesting a high degree of retention of the red colour. The lotus flower powder was found to possess a slightly acidic pH, a high water holding capacity (WHC), and a moderate oil holding capacity (OHC), as determined through chemical and functional analysis. Emulsifying and foaming properties of lotus powder indicated its potential for use in food products. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the physical, drying, and chemical properties of lotus flowers, shedding light on their potential applications in various functional foods.

Изучение коллекции розы эфиромасличной по комплексу хозяйственно ценных показателей

Abstract. The article presents the results of the study of essential oil-bearing rose samples according to the most valuable indicators. The purpose of the current research was twofold: characterize essential-oil-bearing rose collection in terms of the morphobiological parameters and economically valuable traits; identify samples promising for selection. Research methods. Analysis of essential-oil-bearing rose samples was carried out according to the methodological guidelines for essential oil crops in 2017–2020. Under field and laboratory conditions, we analyzed such indicators as flowering time, winter hardiness, budding ability, flower weight, essential oil content in inflorescences. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out. Results. The essential-oil-bearing rose collection nursery was laid in 2012 at the experimental site of the Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants located in the foothill zone of Crimea (Krymskaya Roza vill., Belogorskiy district). Significant variability of the flower weight and mass fraction of essential oil (Cv = 24.6…36.3 %) was noted. The dependence of the main indicators on meteorological conditions during the period of active vegetation of plants was analyzed. It was found that extremely high temperature regime and insufficient rainfall in April–May reduced the duration of flowering in the essential-oil-bearing rose collection, on average, by 3–5 days. It was noted that, despite the differences in the response of samples to weather conditions, the leading factor determining the level of essential oil accumulation in inflorescences is genotype. According to the complex or individual valuable indicators, we identified 14 best specimens, seven of which were with the highest content of essential oil in inflorescences (0.030–0.049 %). Scientific novelty. For the first time, a one-time detailed study of the collection was conducted according to a set of valuable traits. The collection comprises 50 specimens including five varieties of Crimean breeding (originator – Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea) and five – from Bulgaria. The information obtained will allow selecting samples that are promising as source material for breeding, as well as predicting the expected productivity of essential-oil-bearing rose varieties under specific weather conditions of the region.

APETALOID AND PETALOID FEMALE PERFORMANCE ON HORTICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF F1 AMERICAN MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA L.) HYBRIDS

This research’s objectives focused on using two male-sterile systems, apetaloid and petaloid types, as female parents for the F1 marigold cut flower hybrid development. These female lines’ creation came from the same original line, the gynomonoecious line, with five backcrosses to obtain two female lines, FY1502 and FY1502AP. Their crossing with 10 male lines progressed during the summer from April to August 2016. Then, growing the progenies of 20 crosses and four commercial varieties as checks for characterization and evaluation continued in a lattice design with two replications. Planting them in six blocks contained 10 plants per treatment. The data recorded on eight horticultural characteristics include flower diameter, number of petals per flower, calyx length, peduncle length, flower weight, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, plant height, and plant bush diameter, as well as, the morphology of flowers. The results showed that progenies from two female apetaloid and petaloid with the same male line gave similar outcomes; all progenies produced male sterile double-flowers with golden-yellow flowers, except progenies of MY1501 and MY1502, which created yellow flowers. FY1502 gave the same superior F1 progenies as FY1502AP in the diameter of the flower. Based on the results, both females could give good characteristics on flower diameter, calyx length, plant height and bush diameter, and early flowering. However, the heterobeltiosis of the F1 progenies of a few vegetative and reproductive characteristics differed. The FY1502AP gave better progenies in peduncle length heterobeltiosis than those of FY1502 and slightly better for plant bush diameter, whereas FY1502 gave slightly better in flower weight heterobeltiosis than those of FY1502AP. The findings of this study indicate that this apetaloid type could benefit Thailand’s marigold seed production program.

Pengaruh Kombinasi Pupuk Kandang Sapi dan Konsentrasi Pupuk Organik Briket terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Varietas Prancis Petite Orange .

Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) is an ornamental plant that has benefits in various sectors. The quantity of marigold flower production is related to the cultivation technique used. Soil conditions also affect the level of plant fertility. This can be overcome by means of fertilization. The aim of this study was to obtain a combination of doses of cow manure and bricket organic fertilizer concentration which gave the highest growth and yield of marigold plants (Tagetes patula L.) var French Petite Orange. The research was conducted at the Soursop Gardens of Casamora, City Parks and Forest Service, Ciganjur, Jagakarsa, DKI Jakarta in March - June 2023. The research method used was an experimental method with a Single Factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 5 treatments repeated 5 time. The treatment consisted of A (0 ton/ha Cow Manure + 0 ml Organic Fertilizer Briquette) (control), B (15 ton/ha Cow Manure + 1.5 ml/liter of water Briquette Organic Fertilizer), C (20 ton/ha Manure Cattle + 1.5 ml/liter of water Organic Fertilizer Briquettes), D (15 tons/ha Cow Manure + 3 ml/liter of water Organic Fertilizer Briquettes), E (20 tons/ha Cow Manure + 3 ml/liter of Briquette Organic Fertilizer water ). The results showed that there was a significant effect of giving a combination of doses of cow manure and briquette organic fertilizer concentration in treatment E (20 tons/ha of cow manure + 3 ml/liter of water of briquette organic fertilizer) on flower diameter (32.49 mm), number of flowers (7.47), the number of branches (6.07) the yield of fresh weight of flowers (10.19 g), the yield of dry weight of flowers (3.74 grams), the yield of total fresh weight of plants (192.69 g), and the yield of dry weight total plant (54.55 g).

The Effect of Administration of Cow Stage and NPK Fertilizer on The Growth and Results of Chrysan Plants (Chrysantthemum morifolium, R.)

Chrysanthemum (chrysanthemum morifolium R.), is an ornamental plant that has economic value and has the potential to be developed in national and international trade. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of cow manure and NPK fertilizer dosage on growth and yield of chrysanthemum plants. The hypothesis put forward in this study was that cow manure (20 tons ha-1) and NPK fertilizer doses (1000 kg/ha) could increase growth and yield of chrysanthemum plants. The experimental design used in this study was a factorial randomized block design with 2 treatments, namely the type of organic cow manure (S) consisting of 4 levels, namely: S0 = without cow manure, S1 = 10 ton/ha-1 cow manure, S2 = 20 tons/ha-1 cow manure, S3 = 30 tons/ha-1 cow manure, and the dosage of NPK fertilizer consists of 4 levels, namely: D0= without NPK fertilizer, D1= 1000 kg/ha, D2= 2000 kg/ha, D3 = 3000 kg/ha. Research data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance. For a single treatment that had a significant to very significant effect, it was continued with the LSD test at the 5% level. The results of statistical analysis showed that the interaction between the type of cow manure and the dose of NPK fertilizer (S x D) had no significant effect on (P≥0.05) on all observed variables. The highest economic fresh weight of flowers was obtained at the type of manure 20 tons/ha, namely 26.53 g, compared to no organic fertilizer, namely 23.55 g. The highest economic fresh weight of flowers was at a dose of NPK 1000 kg/ha (D1), namely: 26.26 g, compared to NPK 2000 kg/ha is 24.98 g.
 

The effect of AB mix fertilizer concentration on the yield of Marigold (Tagetes erecta) under hydroponic condition

In hydroponic substrate cultivation, nutrients are only sourced from fertilizers; therefore, fertilizer application must pay attention to concentration. The right concentration of fertilizer, namely AB Mix, affects the quality of marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of flower AB mix fertilizer concentration and obtain the best AB mix fertilizer concentration for marigold flower yields on cultivated hydroponic substrate. This research was carried out in May–July 2022 at the screen house of the Horticulture Industry Technology Study Program. The study used Group Randomized Design (GRD), with AB mix fertilizer treatment tested at a concentration of 1000; 1100; 1200; 1300; 1400; 1500; and 1600 ppm. The data obtained were analyzed with various fingerprints and continued with the honest significant difference (HSD) test level of 5% if there was a real effect. The parameters observed are the number of flowers, the diameter of the flower, and the fresh weight of the flower per plant. The results obtained are: 1. The concentration of AB mix fertilizer has a significant influence on the number of flowers, flower diameter, and fresh weight of flowers per plant). AB mix fertilizer with a concentration of 1,200 ppm is the best concentration because it produces marigold plants with the highest number of flowers (17.67 florets), the widest flower diameter (in the first harvest it was 79.31 mm, the second harvest was 78.12 mm, and the third harvest was 78.16 mm), and the heaviest flower weight (in the first harvest it was 15.11 g, the second harvest was 14.33 g, and the third harvest was 12.67 g).

A dataset of the litterfall recovery amount and the standing crop dynamics in the tropical seasonal rainforests of Xishuangbanna (2005–2020)

Litterfall refers to the collective organic matter generated by the aboveground parts of plants that accumulates on the surface. It is a key medium linking the ecological processes between the aboveground and the underground in terrestrial ecosystems. Litterfall recovery and the standing crop comprise the dry weight of branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, bark, moss and lichen, and so on. The annual yield of leaf litterfall can provide data support for the assessment of forest productivity, and the falling flowers and fruits are of great value to the research of forest seed rain. The proportion of each component is an important factor affecting nutrient cycling and carbon cycling in the ecosystem. The dataset collects the litterfall recovery amount and the standing crop of the tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna during 2005–2020. The establishment and sharing of this dataset can furnish fundamental data for the in-depth examination of vegetation structure and ecosystem function under the global hydrothermal pattern changes, and serve as a foundation for advancing the study of the litterfall and tropical seasonal rain forests.

Organic Fertilizer Types at Different Interval Comparison to Butterfly Pea Flower Growth and Yields

The butterfly pea (Clictoria ternatea) is one of the horticulture plants. It is part of the ornamental plant group. This plant has many uses, such as food colouring and herbal remedies. Butterfly peas are cultivated organically. However, there needs to be more research regarding adding varieties of organic fertilizers and different fertilization intervals to the plant. The research was executed in Sukalaksana Village, Samarang Subdistrict, Garut Regency, whereas the quality analysis was completed in the Horticulture Cultivation Department of UNPAD Agriculture Faculty. Experimental design of factorial Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) / Randomized Block Design was used. The main factor is the liquid organic fertilizer, made from three different materials: banana stems LOF, chicken manure LOF, and Nasa LOF. The second factor is the fertilization intervals, which were scheduled in three different intervals: once a week, once every two weeks, and once every three weeks. Each interval was repeated three times. Results showed interaction between organic fertilizer types and fertilization intervals on leaf numbers, shoot and roots ratio, number of flowers and flower weight. The best interaction was LOF chicken manure types with fertilization intervals of 3 weeks, which gave higher results in the number of leaves, shoot and root ratio, number of flowers per plant, flower weight per plant and antioxidant content.