Weight Of Clay Research Articles

Coal bottom ash use in traditional ceramic production: evaluation of engineering properties and indoor air pollution removal ability

Coal bottom ash (CBA) disposed to landfills causes environmental issues. Thus, we used CBA in traditional clay ceramics that had the triple advantage of consuming troublesome waste, adsorbing volatile organics and being decorative indoors, replacing up to 40% by weight of clay with CBA and firing from 700 to 1300 °C. Clay and CBA mixtures were cast, cured at room temperature for 24 h and fired at several temperatures. Firing temperature impacted linear shrinkage, water absorption and fracture toughness, more strongly than CBA mixing proportion. Above 1000 °C, fracture toughness and water absorption resistance was enhanced but shrinkage increased. However, adding CBA lessened the contraction. SEM confirmed complete sintering as clay particles fused as a rigid solid above 1000 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns of ceramics containing CBA showed crystobalite and labradorite, in addition to quartz, due to flux materials in CBA. Leachability tests showed that the CBA ceramics were not ‘toxic’ on the USEPA TCLP regulatory list. Adsorption of gaseous toluene, a representative indoor pollutant, followed a Freundlich model: CBA made the adsorption sites more homogeneous, reduced the interaction mechanisms on the surfaces and thus the Freundlich exponent. Increased CBA increased toluene adsorption by 2–7 times.

KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN KOMPOSIT BERBASIS KITOSAN/PVA TERMODIFIKASI LEMPUNG DARI BABAKAN MADANG BOGOR

The use of natural polymers as membranes of DMFC from chitosan was developed because it is more environmentally friendly and has high thermal stability, but the proton conductivity is low. The Clay from Babakan Madang, which contained of SiO2 50% was expected to increase proton conductivity and improve the characteristics of the polymer membrane. Chitosan / PVA based membrane synthesis was carried out by adding clay weight variations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g. The spectra of membranes investigated by FT-IR confirmed the presence of functional groups from chitosan/PVA/clay. Morphological analysis using SEM showed that there were granules of clay dispersed on the membrane. The determination of membran conductivity using EIS showed the highest proton conductivity value was a membrane with the addition of 0.6 g clay, it was 6.96 x 10-7 S / cm. The membrane water swelling produced on the three membranes tended to be high, with the smallest value of 56.69% on the membrane with the addition of 0.9 grams of clay. The methanol uptake data found that the conductivity of membrane with the addition of 0.6 grams of clay was 346.11%.

Effect of functionally-graded interphase on the elasto-plastic behavior of nylon-6/clay nanocomposites; a numerical study

In nanocomposites, the interphase thickness may be comparable to the size of nano-particles, and hence, the effect of interphase layers on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites may be substantial. The interphase thickness to the nano-particle size ratio and properties variability across the interphase thickness are the most important affecting parameters on the overall behavior of nanocomposites. In this study, the effect of properties variability across the interphase thickness on the overall elastic and elasto-plastic properties of a polymeric clay nanocomposite (PCN) using a functionally graded (FG) interphase is investigated in detail. The results of the computational homogenization on the mesoscopic level show that Young’s modulus variation of the interphase has a significant effect on the overall elastic response of nanocomposites in a higher clay weight ratio (Wt). Moreover, strength variation through the interphase has a notable effect on the elasto-plastic properties of PCNs. Also, the increase or decrease in stiffness of interphase from clay to matrix and vice versa have a similar effect in the overall behavior of nanocomposites.

Mechanical, thermal, electrical and crystallographic behaviour of EPDM rubber/clay nanocomposites for out-door insulation applications

ABSTRACTIn this study, the degradation of tensile properties is investigated by placing the neat ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber and different weight percentages (2 wt%, 4 wt% and 6 wt%) of MMT clay dispersed in the EPDM rubber samples in a humidity chamber for 0, 5, 7, 12 and 14 days. The thermal properties of neat EPDM rubber and its clay nanocomposites were studied by using different instruments, namely dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The viscoelastic properties are studied over the temperature range of −80°C to 80°C at different frequencies by using DMA. An increase in storage modulus and the decrease in loss tangent values are observed with the increase in clay content from 0 wt% to 6 wt% in EPDM rubber. Increase in storage modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) values is observed with the increase in frequency from 1 Hz to 50 Hz. Also, the thermal stability and change in mass of these materials as a function of temperature and time are studied using TGA. It is found that EPDM/4 wt% clay composites exhibit the highest residual weight at 690°C while neat EPDM exhibits the highest weight loss compared to samples dispersed with other clay weight percentages. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), 2θ value was measured and the crystal structure is investigated. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterise the grafting of clay in the EPDM rubber. The dielectric constant and conductivity were studied for different frequencies and temperatures.

Development of blown film linear low‐density polyethylene‐clay nanocomposites: Part B: Mechanical and rheological characterization

ABSTRACTIn a previous article nanocomposite films made from linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) as matrix and org‐MMT clay as reinforcement were produced. Morphology, thermal stability, and barrier properties were already investigated. The actual work constitutes a complement of the aforementioned article where many mechanical aspects will be assessed: Unlike maleic anhydride grafted styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS‐g‐MA) as compatibilizer, using maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MA) has shown remarkable improvement of most of the properties and this for an optimum clay content ranging between 2 and 4%: the tensile strength has increased by 45%, the stiffness in transverse direction (TD) by 48%, the dart impact has improved by 20%, the tear resistance in machine direction (MD) has increased by 33% and the creep resistance by 20%. Other properties were found to improve with the clay content. In addition, the evolution of the storage and loss moduli as well as the complex viscosity with the frequency were recorded; the drop by 76% of the crossover frequency for 6% weight of clay has shown that the solid‐like behavior of the composite is pronounced with the increment of clay content. Melt flow index was found to vary inversely with clay amount; this indicates an increase in and hence a good dispersion of the clay within the polyethylene matrix. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48590.

Characterization of sustainable interlocking burnt clay brick wall panels: An alternative to conventional bricks

The application of interlocking burnt clay brick can be a viable option for conventional brick masonry due to its improved structural performance and ease in construction. Furthermore, the incorporation of waste marble powder (WMP) in interlocking burnt clay bricks can lead to economical and sustainable masonry construction. This research program was mainly categorized into two stages: material characterization of developed interlocking burnt clay brick and mechanical performance of wall panels incorporating interlocking bricks. Various dosages of WMP (i.e. 10%, 20% and 30% by clay weight) in interlocking bricks were investigated. Results showed that the lighter interlocking bricks can be manufactured with the addition of WMP. It was observed that the compressive strength of interlocking burnt clay bricks decreased with the addition of WMP. However, the compressive strength of burnt clay bricks with 10% of WMP satisfies the local building code requirement for masonry construction. Test results on wall panels revealed that the interlocking burnt clay brick wall exhibited 43% increase in out of plane load carrying capacity compared to that of the conventional brick wall panels. Similarly, higher deflection at peak load and improved toughness was observed for interlocking brick wall panels. Moreover, cracking pattern transformed from horizontal slide shear in conventional brick wall to diagonal shear cracks in interlocking brick wall panels. The findings of this research demonstrate that the addition of 10% WMP in interlocking burnt clay brick can be a potential option for sustainable masonry wall leading to more eco-friendly and economical construction.

Model for predicting the unit weight of cement-treated soils

In this paper, a rational method for estimating the unit weight of cement-treated clay is proposed, which takes into account the relationship between the various phases and changes in these phases during curing. The simplest unit weight estimate is the unreacted unit weight which may be used as a lower-bound estimate of the cured unit weight. More accurate estimates of the unit-weight are possible by considering the effects of hydration of the cement-water paste during curing period, using the “drained” and “undrained” estimates of the unit weights. The drained and undrained assumptions refer to the drainage conditions during curing. Both are consistently closer to the measured unit weights than the unreacted unit weight, with undrained assumption having a slightly better agreement. An empirical relationship is also proposed for estimating the effect of the change of volume arising from consolidation during curing. This may be significant if the treated soil layer lies deep in the ground, where the effective stress levels are high. Comparison with unit weight measurements from a soil mixing project indicate that the calculated unit weight agrees well with the range of unit weight measurements for soft clay. For the loose sand, the calculated unit weight is higher than the measured unit weight, possibly owing to the dilation of sand when sheared, ahead of the mixing shaft.

Expansive Clay Soil Stabilization Using White Soil Material and Sulfuric Acid Solution (H2SO4) For Subgrade in Godong Area - Grobogan District

Expansive clay is classified as an unstable soil. Soil stabilization of expansive clay can be achieved by means of replacement, chemical, and physical methods. This research studies the stabilization of expansive clay using chemical methods, by combining white soil from NTT with H2SO4. This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding white soil and H2SO4 to soil physical and mechanical properties and to improve expansive clay. The method used physical and mechanical testing, namely: property test, CBR, UCS, and Oedometer with variations in composition with an addition of 3%, 4%, and 5% white soil from the weight of expansive clay and 5% H2SO4 from OMC water content at 0, 7, 14, and 28 days of aging, then compared to untreated expansive clay. The results showed that physically stabilized clay became inactive, although its plasticity and expansion rate decreased. Mechanically, there was an increase in the compressive and shear strength of 43.82%, and unsoaked CBR density of 83.25% and soaked CBR of 7.4%, which is directly proportional to the aged soil. Swell potential and swell pressure decreased by 90.71% and 65.71% respectively. The optimum composition is the composition with an addition of 3% white soil and 5% H2SO4 at 28 days of aging.

Reduction of AWJ Induced Delaminations by Impregnated Nanoclay GFRP Composites

Composite materials are extensively used in various applications like space, aircraft, and automobile sector because of superior physical and mechanical properties even though they are costly. In recent technological innovations, using Montmorillonite (Nanoclay) to reinforce polymer-based composites has raised attention to academic and industrial sectors since small addition could enhance Mechanical properties thereby decreasing failures like delaminations. In present research work, the effect of AWJ machining parameters on delaminations of glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite is investigated. The Main objective is determining delamination factor and reduce delaminations which is major failure in laminates. This paper investigates on effects of impregnated Nanoclay epoxy in Bi-directional GFRP where previous research has been made only in changing the parameters for reduction of delaminations. The samples were machined using AWJ, delamination factors are measured using image-J software and SEM analysis for comparing micrographs. Finally with increase in nano clay weight fraction, delaminations are checked.

Large-Scale Experimental Investigation of Strength Properties of Composite Clay

Composite clay is a mixture of clay and coarse-grained materials which can particularly be applied in practice as the core of earth dams and the platform for construction of buildings and roads. They are especially used when the appropriate materials are not available or the present mixed soils have not the required properties. The soil strength measurement for various types of soils including the cohesive and gravelly soils is an important issue in geotechnical engineering. Therefore, this paper is intended to compare the resistance of samples with different percentages of clay and gravel with a maximum grain size of 19 mm by performing large-scale direct shear tests. The samples consisted of clay and gravel with the gravel content of 30%, 50%, 70% (by dry weight of clay), respectively. First, to ensure the required compaction, modified Proctor compaction tests were performed. Then, large scale direct shear tests were conducted on the samples to measure the shear strength properties of soil. The results clearly reveal that by increasing the percentage of gravel in the mixture, the maximum dry density increased and the optimum moisture content decreased. It was also observed that increasing the gravel content leads to an increase in the soil internal friction angle and shear strength.

Relationship between drylands development and some soil properties

Land degradation and changing rangeland to dryland has important effects on ecosystems and soil properties. This process decline soil structure and increases runoff and erosion. Because of increasing manipulation in Iran rangelands, this research was conducted to study the effects of land use change from rangeland to dryland and abandoned dryland, on the basis of some soil factors including clay, silt and sand percent and mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates in western Iran, Zagros rangelands. Soil samples were collected in August 2016 from two depths of 0–20 and 20–50 cm in three land uses. Findings showed that this land use change affected soil properties significantly as in dryland clay, silt percent and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates were reduced and sand percent was increased. In abandoned drylands soil properties will improve gradually. Finally according to our results land use changes affected soil characteristics and this can be used in ecosystem management.

Physico-Chemical Behavior of Glycerol-Coated Cassava Starch Gels Incorporating Kaolin and Metakaolin

This study aims at analyzing the physico-chemical interactions in glycerol-coated cassava starch gels incorporating clay as mineral filler during heating. The physico-chemical and structural characterization of the clay used is composed of 75% kaolinite, 14% quartz and 11% illite. A thermal treatment at 700°C for 1 hour of this kaolinitic clay has allowed strong destructuring of the crystalline structure. The suspensions of glycerol plasticized cassava starch without charge or containing 5% by weight of clay were prepared and then heated at various temperatures between 30°C and 100°C. The suspensions viscosity increases according to the temperature up to a maximum following the penetration of the water molecules inside the starch grains. This phase is followed immediately by a sharp drop in the viscosity, resulting in a granular destructuring and solubilization of the starch grains. The suspensions incorporating metakaolin have a higher viscosity than those incorporating kaolin. The gels incorporating metakaolin have a hight ability to downgrade. The infrared spectroscopy of gels taken at different temperatures show the formation of the inter and intra molecular bonds within the starch granules.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN FLY ASH DAN KONDISI ADUKAN TANAH LIAT TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BATA MERAH

This article describes the research result of the effect of adding fly ash and water concentration of clay on red bricks’ compressive strength. Fisis characteristic and bricks’ compressive strength is according to SNI 15-2094-2000. Variation of fly ash that were used were 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% from the weight of clay. Adding water concentration was based on three criterions of mortar clay condition, namely hard, normal, and soft. Hardmortar clayis a condition of the clay mixture which used less water than the normal mixture. Normal mixture is a condition ofthe clay mixture which usedwater based on usual concentration in brick factory. Soft mixture is a condition ofthe clay mixture that used much water than normal mixture. In this research, there are 8 sample for normal bricks and there are 144 sample for variation bricks. The optimum value of compressive strength for hard and normal mixture of variation bricks were obtained in 10% of fly ash variation which increased 33,59%, and 2,82% from normal bricks. Compressive strength for soft mixture of bricks was obtained in 5% of fly ash variation which increased 28,25% from normal bricks.

Effects of copper sludge on cemented clay using ultrasonic pulse velocity

To evaluate the behavior of cemented clay treated reinforced with copper sludge, 63 ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were conducted. The copper sludge content, curing period and moisture content were all varied so that the behavior of the sample could be examined. The cement content was 11% by weight clay. The copper sludge contents were 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30 and 35% by weight of the cement and samples were cured for 7, 28, and 60 days. The results of this study can be used for estimating of the impacts of these variables on mechanical properties of cemented clay soil treated with copper sludge. The results of this study indicates that at early age of curing time inclusion of copper sludge decreases the ultrasonic pulse velocity. The ultrasonic pulse velocity of samples at 7 and 28 days decreases by increasing copper sludge content. The ultrasonic pulse velocity of sample on the wet side is higher than wet side of the dry unit weight-moisture content curve. Moreover an optimum percentage for the copper sludge (%15) in which the behavior of cemented clay improves significantly.

Pyrolysation of Pine Merkusii wood bark wastes to produce crude bio-oil using chrome-clay, cr/ clay catalyst as an alternative energy

In this research, bio-oil is produced from pine wood bark waste biomass through pyrolysis using Cr/ clay catalyst. This research aims to produce bio-oil from bark of pine with Cr/ clay catalyst as an alternative fuel. The effect of the ratio of catalyst Cr/ clay weight to biomass and influence of Chromium (Cr) impregnation on clay as catalyst were investigated. Then, the characterisation of physical and chemical characteristics of crude bio-oil produced were measured. For each of the pyrolysis runs, 50 g of pine bark having -100+200 mesh, the Cr/ clay catalysts having weight variations to biomass of 3%, 5%, and 7%, respectively, and then variation of Chromium (Cr) impregnation on clay of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%, respectively, were used. For any experimental run, 500 ml of silinap was added to the pyrolysis reactor as thermal homogenized aid. Pyrolysis process was carried out for 120 minutes at 320oC and having stirring speed 300 rpm. As a result, the greatest percentage of bio-oil yield of 65.77% was given of the run having Cr/ clay catalysts 7% and 3% of impregnated Chrome content. Characterisation measurement of bio-oil of physical properties was obtained as follows: density 0.812 g/ml, viscosity 0.902 cSt, acidity 7.626 mg.NaOH/gram, and flash point 31oC, respectively. In addition, the chemical characteristics of the bio-oil were obtained using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS): analysis found several chemical components as follows, such 9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride, Cyclohexane, 1-methyl-2-penthyl, Octadecanoic acid, 2-Pentene, 24.4-trimethyl, and Cyclohexane, 3- (3,3-dimethylbutyl).

Effect of Nano Clay inclusions on Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics

The polymer has been widely used nowadays in many fields. Their properties make them useful in many engineering applications. Owing to their poor mechanical properties in engineering applications are seldom found. Hence, in the present study, it is aimed to enhance the mechanical properties of thermoplastics to enable their usage in engineering applications such as automotive bumpers, gears, etc. Recently many researchers tried to improve the mechanical properties of polymers using Nano clay inclusions. In the present study polypropylene (PP), Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastics polymers are considered. Nano clay included polymer composites are fabricated with an intention to enhance their mechanical properties. Often these materials are subjected to various testing procedures and mechanical properties of these composites are to be studied. Hence, in the present work PP, ABS and HDPE Nano clay composites are fabricated using twin-screw extruders for blending Nano clay in different percentages to study the effect of Nano clay weight fraction on these properties. Samples fabricated using injection molding process. The samples are fabricated at different weight percentages of nanoclay and Often these materials are exposed to certain testing like tensile and fatigue. More after the mechanical properties of PP, ABS and HDPE with Nanoclay polymer composites were observing and how much percentage of strength increasing when comparing with the pure samples. Among the selected thermoplastics ABS Nanocomposites exhibit higher mechanical properties and by increasing the nanoclay weight percentage in each and every component the mechanical properties also increasing gradually and all are exhibits their better results at 5% of nanoclay with PP, ABS, and HDPE.

Development of Eco-Friendly Fired Clay Bricks Incorporating Recycled Marble Powder

This study explores the development of eco-friendly burnt clay bricks incorporating recycled waste marble powder (WMP). Waste marble powder was collected from the local marble industry and used to manufacture brick specimens at a local brick manufacturing facility with dosages ranging from 5 to 25% by clay weight. The mechanical and durability performance of bricks incorporating WMP were investigated. The WMP produced lighter weight bricks with reduced linear shrinkage. It also decreased the compressive strength of bricks because of enhanced porosity, as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. However, bricks incorporating up to 10% of WMP achieved compressive strength values within the specified limits of the local building code. All tested bricks satisfied the minimum standard flexural strength requirements. Using 5% WMP in fired clay bricks yielded similar efflorescence and resistance to sulfate attack compared with control bricks without WMP. Leaching tests on brick specimens indicated that leached species from WMP-modified bricks were well below regulatory thresholds. Full-scale implementation of WMP in burnt clay brick manufacturing could mitigate the landfilling of this by-product and lead to the development of eco-friendly, nonhazardous and economical masonry construction.

Compaction and Plasticity Comparative Behaviour of Soft Clay Treated with Coarse and Fine Sizes of Ceramic Tiles

Recycled blended ceramic tiles (RBT) is a waste material produced from ceramic tile factories and construction activities. RBT is found to be cost effective, sustainable, environmental-friendly and has the potential to be used as an additive in soft soil stabilization. Recent reports show that massive amounts of RBT are dumped into legal or illegal landfills every year consuming very large spaces and creating major environmental problems. On the other hand, dredged marine clay obtained from Nusajaya, Johor, Malaysia has weak physical and engineering characteristics to be considered as unsuitable soft soil that is usually excavated, dumped into landfills and replaced by stiff soil. Hence, this study investigates the suitability of possible uses of RBT to treat marine clay. Laboratory tests included Standard proctor tests and Atterberg limits tests. The plasticity of marine clay was evaluated by adding 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of 0.3 mm RBT. In addition, the compaction behaviour of treated marine clay was compared by adding two different sizes (0.3 mm and 1.18 mm diameter) of RBT. For both coarse and fine sizes of RBT, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the dry weight of the soft clay were added. The mixture of each combination was examined in order to evaluate the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and the optimum moisture content (OMC) for the treated soft clay. MDD and OMC for soft untreated samples were 1.59 Mg/m3 and 22%, respectively. Treated samples with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of 0.30 mm size RBT resulted in a significant reduction of OMC ranged from 19 to 15% while MDD resulted in increment ranged from 1.69 to 1.77 Mg/m3. In addition, samples treated with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of 1.18 mm size RBT resulted in major reduction of OMC ranged from 15 to 13.5% while MDD increased effectively from 1.75 to 1.82 Mg/m3. For all mix designs of soft clay-RBT, MDD was gradually increasing and OMC was sharply reducing with further increments of both sizes of RBT.

Thermal performance evaluation of eco-friendly bricks incorporating waste glass sludge

Approximately, 0.3 million tons of waste glass sludge (WGS), a by-product of plate glass manufacturing is being landfilled or discarded every year around the globe. Previously, mechanical and durability properties of burnt clay bricks incorporating WGS were reported by authors. The focus of this study is to explore the thermal properties of industrially manufactured burnt clay bricks incorporating WGS. For this purpose, WGS was obtained from a local glass cutting and polishing industry. Burnt clay bricks incorporating different dosages of WGS (i.e, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of clay) were prepared in an industrial kiln and were studied for different physico-mechanical and thermal properties. It was observed that dense brick specimens can be manufactured by using WGS in replacement of clay. Increase in compressive strength of clay bricks was observed after addition of WGS. Burnt clay bricks incorporating 25% WGS showed 37% increase in compressive strength. Reduction in apparent porosity and water absorption was also observed with increasing content of WGS in brick specimens. Microscopic images also showed dense and homogenous structure with reduced porosity after adding WGS in brick specimens, which increased the thermal conductivity of burnt clay bricks incorporating WGS. Control brick specimens showed thermal conductivity of 0.53 W/mK, which increased to 0.59 W/mK after incorporating 25% WGS in brick specimens. However, results were observed within the thermal conductivity range (i.e., 0.4–0.7 W/mK) of traditional burnt clay bricks for masonry construction. Based on this study, utilization of WGS (up to 25%) in the production of burnt clay bricks can be helpful in reducing the landfill and associated environmental problems of WGS. Moreover, burnt clay bricks with improved properties can be manufactured on industrial scale leading towards sustainable and cleaner production.

Thermally efficient fired clay bricks incorporating waste marble sludge: An industrial-scale study

Now-a-days, construction of energy efficient buildings is highly in demand all over the world. The main focus of this study is to utilize waste marble sludge (WMS) in the production of energy efficient burnt clay bricks on industrial scale. For this purpose, WMS was obtained from a local marble industry. Burnt clay bricks were prepared, in an industrial brick kiln under actual field conditions, using various dosages of WMS (i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of clay) and were examined for different physico-mechanical and thermal properties. It was observed that lightweight bricks can be manufactured using WMS, which are helpful in reducing the overall construction costs. Although the reduction in compressive strength was observed with WMS incorporation in clay bricks, 15% replacement level exhibited satisfactory strength requirements. Clay bricks showed increase in apparent porosity and water absorption with increasing WMS content. A porous structure having interconnected and irregular shaped open pores was observed after incorporating WMS in clay bricks, which improved the thermal insulating properties. Brick specimens incorporating up to 15 wt% WMS showed decrease in thermal conductivity by about 16%. Based on this study, 15 wt% WMS is deemed optimum for the manufacturing of burnt clay bricks leading towards sustainable, economical, environment friendly and energy efficient construction.