Weight Change In Women Research Articles

Is there any truth in the myth that IVF treatments involve weight gain?

To examine body weight change in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) using antagonist protocol after up to three treatment cycles. A prospective cohort study among IVF patients treated between 2018 and 2019. Each patient underwent weight measurement three times during the treatment cycle: before treatment, at the beginning of the hormonal stimulation, and at the completion of the cycle, on the day of the pregnancy test. Data were also analyzed according to the body mass index (BMI) groups for normal weight, overweight, and obese patients. Finally, weight changes were recorded following altogether 519 treatment cycles, 240, 131, and 148 cycles, for normal weight, overweight, and obese patients, respectively. The change in the patient's weight was clinically non-significant either during the waiting period or during gonadotropin administration, and overall, during the first, second, or third treatment cycles. The recorded mean total weight change of 0.26 ± 1.85, 0.4 ± 1.81, and 0.17 ± 1.7, after the first, second, or third treatment cycles, represent a change of 0.36%, 0.56%, and 0.23% of their initial weights, respectively. This change of less than 1% of the body weight falls short of the clinically significant weight gain of 5%-7%. Analyzing the data for the various BMI groups, the changes observed in body weight were under 1%, hence with no clinical significance. The findings of the study reject the myth that hormone therapy involves clinically significant weight gain, and this can lower the concerns of many patients who are candidates for treatment of assisted reproductive technology.

Increases in physical activity are associated with a faster rate of weight loss during dietary energy restriction in women with overweight and obesity.

This secondary analysis examined the influence of changes in physical activity (PA), sedentary time and energy expenditure (EE) during dietary energy restriction on the rate of weight loss (WL) and 1-year follow-up weight change in women with overweight/obesity.Measurements of body weight and composition (air-displacement plethysmography), resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), total daily (TDEE) and activity EE (AEE), minutes of PA and sedentary time (PA monitor) were taken at baseline, after 2 weeks, after ≥5% WL or 12 weeks of continuous (25% daily energy deficit) or intermittent (75% daily energy deficit alternated with ad libitum day) energy restriction, and at 1-year post-WL. The rate of WL was calculated as total %WL/number of dieting weeks. Data from both groups were combined for analyses.Thirty-seven participants (age=35±10y; BMI=29.1±2.3kg/m2) completed the intervention (WL=-5.9±1.6%) and 18 returned at 1-year post-WL (weight change=+4.5±5.2%). Changes in sedentary time at 2 weeks were associated with the rate of WL during energy restriction (r=-0.38; p=0.03). Changes in total (r=0.54; p<0.01), light (r=0.43; p=0.01) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (r=0.55; p<0.01), sedentary time (r=-0.52; p<0.01), steps per day (r=0.39; p=0.02), TDEE (r=0.46; p<0.01) and AEE (r=0.51; p<0.01) during energy restriction were associated with the rate of WL. Changes in total (r=-0.50; p=0.04) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (r=-0.61; p=0.01) between post-WL and follow-up were associated with 1-year weight change (r=-0.51; p=0.04).These findings highlight that PA and sedentary time could act as modifiable behavioural targets to promote better weight outcomes during dietary energy restriction and/or weight maintenance.

Can Weight Watchers (WW) Help Address Maternal Obesity? An Audit of Weight Change in Women of Childbearing Age and Mothers-To-Be, Referred into a Commercial Slimming Programme

ObjectivesThe scale of overweight and obesity amongst women of childbearing age or mothers to be, living in Wales, places a considerable burden on the NHS and public health. High BMI (over 30) during pregnancy increases the health risks for mother and baby. Policy advice recommends weight management services are available to help women lose weight before and whilst planning pregnancy. In parts of Wales, NHS partnerships with commercial companies provide weight management services for women considering or planning pregnancy. This study evaluates whether an established referral Weight Watchers (WW) programme, known to be effective in adults in England, can help mothers-to-be living in North Wales lose weight.MethodsAnalysis used routine data from 82 referrals to WW between June 2013 and January 2015. Participants received a referral letter inviting them to attend face-to-face group workshops combined with a digital experience. The programme encompassed healthy eating, physical activity and positive mind-set. Trained WW staff measured bodyweight before, during and at 12 weeks. On entry to the course, participants had a median age of 31.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) 28–34) with a median BMI of 36.8 kg/m2 (IQR 33.3–43.7).ResultsWomen completing the course (n = 34) had a median weight loss of 5.65 kg (IQR 0.45–10.85), equating to 5.7% (SD 3.46) of initial body weight. Intention-to-treat analysis (last observation carried forward), which included lapsed courses n = 66, showed a median weight loss of 3.6 kg (IQR − 2.53 to 9.73), equating to 3.7% (SD 3.62) of initial body weight. Overall, there was significant weight loss during the WW programme (Wilcoxon signed rank test Z = − 6.16; p < 0.001). Weight loss was significantly correlated with the number of workshops attended (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.61 p < 0.001). The proportion of all 82 participants (intention to treat, baseline observation carried forward) that achieved a weight loss of ≥ 5% initial weight was 30.5%.Conclusions for PracticeReferral of obese mothers-to-be into WW can successfully achieve short-term weight loss, at or above 5%, in approximately one third of participants. The dose–response effect supports a causal inference. Successful weight loss at this critical life stage may provide women with the necessary motivation to initiate weight loss for healthy pregnancy, however further research is required.

Efectos metabólicos y cambio ponderal por el uso de anticonceptivos hormonales: Una revisión narrativa

Objective: The purpose of the study was to conduct a review on the metabolic effects of hormonal contraceptives and weight change in women of childbearing age. Material and methods: A narrative review was carried out taking as reference 47 articles from the PubMed, LILACS, Scielo and academic Google databases. Results: It is reported that the various contraceptive formulations can cause metabolic effects such as increased appetite, plasma lipids, glycemia, insulin resistance and decreased bone mineral density; likewise, abdominal circumference and body weight increase; this increase being dependent on the time of use, the type of progestogen, the estrogen dose, the age and the previous weight status of the patient. Conclusions: In almost all the studies these modifications have been considered non-significant and not clinically relevant; however, it should be taken into account in patients with previous metabolic disorder or risk factors.

Prenatal Weight Change Trajectories Among Women With Obesity

ObjectivesCurrent gestational weight change (GWC) recommendations were established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) with limited evidence for pattern and timing of weight change across pregnancy. Likewise, the recommendation of 5–9kg for women with obesity does not differentiate by severity of obesity. We sought to describe GWC trajectory patterns among a large, contemporary cohort of women with obesity. MethodsElectronic medical records were abstracted for 22,987 women with obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0) who delivered a singleton pregnancy at Kaiser Permanente Northern California between 2008–2013. We modeled GWC for women with a measured prepregnancy weight, at least three prenatal visit weights, and a normal oral glucose tolerance test at 20 wk gestation. Weight change trajectories were modeled using flexible latent class mixed modeling (package LCMM) in R. ResultsBefore pregnancy, 60.4% of women had class 1 obesity (BMI 30.0–34.9kg/m2), 24.8% class 2 (35.0–39.9), and 14.8% class 3 (≥40.0). Most women identified as White (37.3%) or Hispanic (37.3%), with 12.4% Black and 8.5% Asian. Five GWC trajectory groups across pregnancy were identified, each with a distinct pattern of weight change before 15 wk followed by weight gain thereafter (<15 wk/>15 wk): 12.2% exhibited HighLoss/SteadyGain with mean GWC at delivery of 0.9 ± 3.1kg (mean ± sd); 25.8% LowLoss/SteadyGain (6.4 ± 2.4); 30.4% LowGain/ModerateGain (11.4 ± 2.5); 23.0% ModerateGain/HighGain (16.8 ± 3.1); and 8.6% HighGain/HighGain (24.5 ± 5.0). Prepregnancy obesity classes were represented across GWC trajectory groups but were predominantly in two groups: those with class 1 obesity exhibited LowGain/ModerateGain (32.1%), class 2 was split between LowGain/ModerateGain (29.0%) and LowLoss/SteadyGain (28.8%), and class 3 exhibited LowLoss/SteadyGain (31.8%). Only the LowLoss/SteadyGain (25.8%) group demonstrated total GWC at delivery within the IOM recommendation. ConclusionsAmong women with obesity, GWC was not linear or uniform, and current recommendations do not reflect nuances of the prenatal period. Gestational weight change in women with obesity can be flexibly modeled using latent classes, an important next step for prenatal weight change guidance. Funding SourcesANDF, KPNC.

Lifestyle and Weight Change in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome During COVID19 Pandemic

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder associated with obesity, sleep apnea, and disordered eating. We aimed to assess whether COVID19 related social isolation affects lifestyle and weight control in women with PCOS. We performed an online survey including 232 women with PCOS and 157 healthy controls on isolation characteristics, weight alterations, physical activity, sleeping and eating patterns by validated questionnaires. Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-18), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) were used. PCOS-related quality of life questionnaire (PCOSQ) was also completed by patients. During over 14 weeks of isolation, 48.5% participants gained weight, 13.9% participants’ weight was stable, and 37.6% participants lost weight. The patient and control groups did not show any difference in weight alteration (p=0.44). Physical activity was reduced (p<0.001 for both), eating patterns did not show a significant change in both groups, whereas sleep quality was reduced in PCOS group only (p<0.001). Within the weight gainers, increase in BMI was more prominent in PCOS group (1.3±1 kg/m2) than controls (1.0±0.6 kg/m2) (p=0.01). In weight gainer group, delta BMI values showed positive correlations with delta PSQI scores (r = 0.24, p=0.004), delta sleep induction time (r=0.25, p=0.001) and delta TFEQ-18 scores (r=0.25, p=0.001). Weight changes during social isolation are similar in women with PCOS and healthy women. However, the increase in BMI of weight gainers is higher in PCOS and is mainly related to sleep quality and eating habits rather than reduced physical activity.

Composition of time in movement behaviors and weight change in Latinx, Black and white participants.

The relationship between time-use behaviors and prospective weight change is poorly understood. A subset of Cancer Prevention Study-3 participants (n = 549, 58% women, 66% non-Latinx white) self-reported weight in 2015 and 2018 and completed an accelerometer protocol for seven days. Sedentary time, sleep, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity (PA) were treated as a compositional variable and multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between activity composition and weight change stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. Compositional isotemporal substitution analysis was used to quantify change in weight associated with reallocating 30 min./day. Activity composition was associated with weight change among women (p = 0.007), but not men (p = 0.356), and among Latinx (p = 0.032) and white participants (p = 0.001), but not Black participants (p = 0.903). Replacement of 30 min./day sedentary time with moderate-vigorous PA was associated with 3.49 lbs. loss (-6.76, -0.22) in Latinx participants and replacement with sleep was associated with 1.52 (0.25, 2.79) and 1.31 (0.40, 2.21) lbs. gain in white women and men. The distribution of time spent in daily behaviors was associated with three-year weight change in women, Latinx, and white participants. This was the first longitudinal compositional study of weight change; thus, more studies are needed.

Genetic and environmental associations between insulin resistance and weight-related traits and future weight change

The aims of this study were to investigate the association between initial insulin resistance (IR), weight status, and precedent weight change (PWC) and future weight change and the genetic and environmental contributions affecting these relationships in a prospective cohort of Korean twins and their family members. The PWC (weight change from 20 y of age), baseline body mass index (BMI), baseline homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) score, and future weight change (follow-up interval 3.28 ± 1.32 y) of 1565 adults were assessed. The mixed linear model was applied after adjusting for intrafamilial relationship, age, education, health behaviors, chronic diseases, dietary intake, eating restraint, and menopausal status of women at baseline. A bivariate genetic analysis was performed after adjusting for age and sex. In the model that simultaneously included all predictors and confounding factors, inverse associations were observed between PWC and baseline HOMA-IR score and future weight change in men, and only baseline BMI was inversely associated with future weight change in women. Men and women with BMI ≥25 kg/m2, HOMA-IR score ≥2.5, and PWC greater than or the same as the sex-specific median of PWC were more likely to lose weight than those with the combination of the counterparts. Approximately 63.6% of the correlation between the baseline HOMA-IR score and future weight change was attributed to genetic effects, and 68.4% to 91.3% of the correlations between weight-related traits and future weight change were correlated to environmental effects. An inverse association was observed between the initial IR, weight status, and PWC and future weight change, and genetic or environmental factors contributed to these relationships.

Maternal interpregnancy weight change and premature birth: Findings from an English population-based cohort study.

BackgroundThe relationship between maternal weight change between pregnancies and premature birth is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether interpregnancy weight change between first and second, or second and third pregnancy is associated with premature birth.MethodsRoutinely collected data from 2003 to 2018 from one English maternity centre was used to produce two cohorts. The primary cohort (n = 14,961 women) consisted of first and second live-birth pregnancies. The secondary cohort (n = 5,108 women) consisted of second and third live-birth pregnancies. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between interpregnancy BMI change and premature births adjusted for confounders. Subgroup analyses were carried out, stratifying by initial pregnancy BMI groups and analysing spontaneous and indicated premature births separately.ResultsIn the primary cohort, 3.4% (n = 514) of births were premature compared to 4.2% (n = 212) in the secondary cohort, with fewer indicated than spontaneous premature births in both cohorts.Primary cohortWeight loss (>3kg/m2) was associated with increased odds of premature birth (adjusted odds ratio (aOR):3.50, 95% CI: 1.78–6.88), and spontaneous premature birth (aOR: 3.34, 95%CI: 1.60–6.98), in women who were normal weight (BMI 18.5-25kg/m2) at first pregnancy. Weight gain >1kg/m2 was not associated with premature birth regardless of starting BMI.Secondary cohortLosing >3kg/m2 was associated with increased odds of premature birth (aOR: 2.01, 95%CI: 1.05–3.87), when analysing the whole sample, but not when restricting the analysis to women who were overweight or obese at second pregnancy.ConclusionsNormal-weight women who lose significant weight (>3kg/m2) between their first and second live pregnancies have greater odds of premature birth compared to normal-weight women who remain weight stable in the interpregnancy period. There was no evidence of association between weight change in women who were overweight or obese at the start of their first pregnancy and premature birth.

Phthalate exposure during pregnancy and long-term weight gain in women

BackgroundPhthalates are known endocrine disruptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activators, potentially capable of promoting an obesogenic effect. Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to phthalate exposure due to physiological and metabolic changes during pregnancy, including those related to the metabolism of xenobiotics. Phthalate exposure during pregnancy has been associated with early gestational weight gain, however, its effect on long-term weight gain remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between phthalate exposure during pregnancy and long-term changes in weight among women. MethodsUrinary phthalate concentrations, socioeconomic, anthropometry and information on diet and socioeconomic status were collected during pregnancy from 178 women from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) birth cohort. Maternal body weight and diet information was also collected up to 5 times in the first year postpartum and twice during follow-up visits 5.2–10.7 years later. A path analysis was performed to assess associations between urinary phthalate metabolite levels during pregnancy and change in weight (kg) per year after delivery, including age, education, living with/without partner, parity, daily energy intake and breastfeeding duration. ResultsThe mean age at pregnancy was 27.3 ± 5.9 years and mean body mass index during the first postpartum year was 27.07 ± 4.22 kg/m2. On average, women gained 3.48 kg (0.52 ± 0.84 kg/year). A unit increase in log-transformed mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) was associated with 0.33 kg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.56) higher weight gain per year, and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) with 0.21 kg (95% CI: −0.38, −0.03) lower weight gain per year. ConclusionExposure to certain phthalates during pregnancy may be associated with long-term weight change in women. More studies on the effects of phthalate exposure during pregnancy on women's long-term health are required.

Phthalate Exposure during Pregnancy and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women

Abstract Background Phthalates are known endocrine disruptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activators, potentially capable of promoting an obesogenic effect. Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to phthalate exposure due to physiological and metabolic changes during pregnancy, including those related to the metabolism of xenobiotics. Phthalate exposure during pregnancy has been associated with early gestational weight gain, however, its effect on long-term weight gain remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between phthalate exposure during pregnancy and long-term changes in weight among women. Methods Urinary phthalate concentrations, socioeconomic, anthropometry and information on diet and socioeconomic status were collected during pregnancy from 178 women from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) birth cohort. Maternal body weight and diet information was also collected up to 5 times in the first year postpartum and twice during follow-up visits 5.2–10.7 years later. A path analysis was performed to assess associations between urinary phthalate metabolite levels during pregnancy and change in weight (kg) per year after delivery, including age, education, living with/without partner, parity, daily energy intake and breastfeeding duration. Results The mean age at pregnancy was 27.3 ± 5.9 years and mean body mass index during the first postpartum year was 27.07 ± 4.22 kg/m2. On average, women gained 3.48 kg (0.52 ± 0.84 kg/year). A unit increase in log-transformed mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) was associated with 0.33 kg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.56) higher weight gain per year, and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) with 0.21 kg (95% CI: −0.38, −0.03) lower weight gain per year. Conclusion Exposure to certain phthalates during pregnancy may be associated with long-term weight change in women. More studies on the effects of phthalate exposure during pregnancy on women's long-term health are required.

Pre-pregnancy body mass index and inter-pregnancy weight change among women of Russian, Somali and Kurdish origin and the general Finnish population.

We studied the differences in the mean pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and mean inter-pregnancy weight change in women of Russian, Somali and Kurdish origin and women in the general Finnish population. The population-based samples were from the Migrant Health and Wellbeing Study and the Health 2011 Survey conducted in six cities in Finland in 2010-2012. This study included women with at least one birth in Finland. Data on their previous pregnancies in Finland were obtained from the National Medical Birth Register for 318 Russian, 584 Somali and 373 Kurdish origin women and for 243 women in the general Finnish population (reference group). Data on pre-pregnancy weight and height were self-reported in early pregnancy. Linear logistic regression was the main method of analysis. The unadjusted mean pre-pregnancy BMI was higher in Somali (27.0 kg/m2, p<0.001) and Kurdish (25.8 kg/m2, p<0.001) women, but lower in Russian (22.2 kg/m2, p<0.001) women than in the reference group (24.1 kg/m2). The adjusted coefficients for the difference in the mean pre-pregnancy BMI were -1.93 (95% CI -2.77 to -1.09) for Russian, 1.82 (95% CI 0.89-2.75) for Somali and 1.30 (95% CI 0.43-2.17) for Kurdish women compared with the reference group. Among women with at least two births, no statistically significant difference was observed in the mean inter-pregnancy weight change between the migrant groups and the reference group. Somali and Kurdish women had higher mean pre-pregnancy BMIs than women in the general Finnish population and may need special support and health promotion strategies for weight management.

The Voice of Experience: Diet and Weight Change in Women with Breast Cancer Associate with Psychosocial and Treatment-Related Challenges.

This study investigated relationships between psychosocial and treatment-related factors, diet, and weight change in women treated with chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. Comprehensive qualitative interviews were conducted with 28 women who were within 12 months of completing chemotherapy treatment. Changes in food intake and eating patterns were universal over the course of chemotherapy, with broad variability in treatment effects and associated dietary responses linked to weight change. Increased appetite, food cravings, and intake of energy-dense comfort foods were more common among women who gained weight during treatment (n = 11). Changes in taste, nausea, and emotional distress were central in promoting these dietary responses. Women who lost weight during treatment (n = 6) tended to report more severe and persistent side effects of treatment leading to poor appetite and lower food intake, and they were more likely to live alone. While the etiology of weight change in this population is complex, this study suggests that changes in food intake related to treatment and psychosocial challenges may play an important role for some women. These findings may help to identify women who are most at risk of weight change during treatment and may inform the development of tailored dietary interventions.

Impact of Normal Postpartum Glucose Tolerance on Postpartum Weight Change in Women with Recent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: Although women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes, most revert to normal glucose tolerance after delivery. Awareness of normal glucose tolerance may mislead women regarding their risk of diabetes and decrease motivation for lifestyle changes. The objective was to investigate whether women with GDM who reported normal postpartum glucose tolerance had higher weight and body mass index (BMI) in the second year after delivery.

Variação ponderal e quimioterapia em mulheres com câncer de mama atendidas em serviço público

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chemotherapy on weight change in women having breast cancertreated at a public hospital in Goiânia-GO. This is a descriptive retrospective study analyzing the medical records of womenfrom 34 to 80 years old who met the inclusion criteria. The sample was classified as a convenience one, and met thedemand of the service. A questionnaire was used to obtain personal identification data, social-demographic data, and anthropometricdata as well as general health status. For the 30 study participants body mass index (BMI) was similar beforechemotherapy (27.45 ± 5.42 kg/m2) and after (27.53 ± 5.71 kg/m2) and placed the sample in the overweight category (BMI:25.00 to 29.99 kg/m2). Most patients were submitted to neoadjuvant treatment, being adriblastine + cyclophosphamide(AC) associated with carboplatin + paclitaxel (Taxol) the most frequent combination (80.0%). Most of the sample subjectswere overweight or obese before and after chemotherapy. Although there was weight variations due to chemotherapy protocols,no influence of chemotherapy on the nutritional status of the women in the study was identified.

Analysis of Weight Change in Women with Breast Cancer through First Chemotherapy Regimen

Analysis of Weight Change in Women with Breast Cancer through First Chemotherapy Regimen

Persistent financial hardship, 11-year weight gain, and health behaviors in the Whitehall II study.

ObjectiveTo ascertain prospectively gender-specific associations between types and amounts of financial hardship and weight gain, and investigate potential behavioral mechanisms.MethodsProspective study of 3701 adult British civil servants with repeated measures of difficulty paying bills or insufficient money to afford adequate for food/clothing (1985-1988; 1989-1990; 1991-1993; 1997-1999), and weight (1985-1988; 1997-1999).ResultsPersistent hardships were associated with adjusted mean weight change in women over 10.9 years, but no consistent pattern was seen in men. During follow-up, 46% of women gained ≥5 kg. Women reporting persistent insufficient money for food/clothing had a significantly greater odds of gaining ≥5 kg (1.42 [1.05, 1.92]) compared to no hardship history, which remained after socioeconomic status (SES) adjustment (1.45 [1.05, 2.01]). The association between persistent difficulty paying bills and odds of excess weight gain was also significant (1.42 [1.03, 1.97]) but attenuated after considering SES (1.39 [0.98, 1.97]). Four health behaviors as single measures or change variables did not attenuate associations.ConclusionsResults suggested strategies to tackle obesity must address employed women's everyday financial troubles which may influence weight through more biological pathways than classical correlates of economic disadvantage and weight.

Gestational Weight Change in Women Attending a Group Antenatal Program Aimed at Addressing Obesity in Pregnancy in New South Wales, Australia

The prevalence of obesity in Australia among women of childbearing age has doubled over the past 2 decades. Obesity is associated with complications for women and their newborns during pregnancy and birth. Limiting gestational weight gain can reduce perinatal complications and postnatal weight retention, but evidence supporting interventions designed to assist obese pregnant women to manage their weight gain in pregnancy is inconclusive. The aim of this article is to describe the gestational weight change of a cohort of obese pregnant women enrolled in a group antenatal program aimed at assisting them to limit their weight gain in pregnancy to levels recommended by the US Institute of Medicine. The program was jointly developed by 2 metropolitan maternity services in New South Wales, Australia. This is a descriptive study that presents select data for women enrolled in the program. Body mass index (BMI), prepregnancy weight, last pregnancy weight, and selected clinical outcomes were recorded for 82 obese women enrolled in the program during the evaluation period of 14months. Data were analyzed using nonparametric tests: the chi-square and the Mann-Whitney U tests. Parity was associated with prepregnancy BMI, with women of higher parity having higher BMIs. Women with higher BMIs had a significantly lower gestational weight gain than women with lower BMIs. Overall, 27% of women enrolled in the program gained the recommended 5 to 9kg, 27% gained less than this amount, and 46% gained more. Evidence supporting interventions designed to assist obese pregnant women to manage their weight gain in pregnancy is lacking. This innovative, collaborative program shows promise, as early results compare favorably with international comparisons.

Effect of adjuvant antineoplastic treatment on body weight change in women with breast cancer

AIMS: To identify the effect of adjuvant antineoplastic treatment on body weight change of women with breast cancer. &#x0D; METHODS: A non-randomized clinical study included women with a recent surgical diagnosis of breast cancer, admitted to the Maternidade Carmela Dutra hospital in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, between October 2006 and July 2008. Food intake, weight, body mass index, hip circumference, waist circumference and other variables were measured before (baseline) and after the adjuvant antineoplastic treatment (pos-treatment). A mixed effects linear regression model was used to estimate the longitudinal changes occurring in weight.&#x0D; RESULTS: The sample comprised 53 patients. A significant increase (P less than 0.05) was observed in body weight (2.81 kg), body mass index (1.08 kg/m2), hip circumference (3.62 cm) and waist circumference (1.93 cm). In relation to diet, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the intake of energy (272.7 kcal), total fat (11.2 g) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (5.4 g). The final regression model for the change in body weight demonstrated that the women who were exposed to chemotherapy treatment, and to chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy, had the largest mean increase in body weight (2.47 kg and 5.21 kg, respectively). Socio-economic, demographic and nutritional factors were not associated with the increase in body weight.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Weight gain was associated with chemotherapy treatment either alone or in combination with radiotherapy.

Fruit and vegetable consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition–Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating Out of Home, and Obesity study

Fruit and vegetable consumption might prevent weight gain through their low energy density and high dietary fiber content. We assessed the association between the baseline consumption of fruit and vegetables and weight change in participants from 10 European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Diet was assessed at baseline in 373,803 participants by using country-specific validated questionnaires. Weight was measured at baseline and self-reported at follow-up in most centers. Associations between baseline fruit and vegetable intakes (per 100 g/d) and weight change (g/y) after a mean follow-up of 5 y were assessed by using linear mixed-models, with age, sex, total energy intake, and other potential confounders controlled for. After exclusion of subjects with chronic diseases at baseline and subjects who were likely to misreport energy intakes, baseline fruit and vegetable intakes were not associated with weight change overall. However, baseline fruit and vegetable intakes were inversely associated with weight change in men and women who quit smoking during follow-up. We observed weak positive associations between vegetable intake and weight change in women who were overweight, were former smokers, or had high prudent dietary pattern scores and weak inverse associations between fruit intake and weight change in women who were >50 y of age, were of normal weight, were never smokers, or had low prudent dietary pattern scores. In this large study, higher baseline fruit and vegetable intakes, while maintaining total energy intakes constant, did not substantially influence midterm weight change overall but could help to reduce risk of weight gain in persons who stop smoking. The interactions observed in women deserve additional attention.