Weibull Statistics Research Articles

Improving the strength and reliability of mortar composites with zeolite substitution

Cliniptilolite zeolite, a naturally occurring pozzolan, is a viable supplemental cementitious material (SCM) for reducing the carbon footprint generated by the cement industry. While previous literature has explored the use of natural zeolite as an SCM for cement composites, this investigation advances understanding on the effectiveness of natural zeolites as an SCM in three phases. In Phase I, two distinct forms of zeolite (Z1 and Z2) in relative mineralogical compositions and particle sizes were incorporated into mortar composites to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at concentrations up to 20 wt% and characterized over a period of 28 days. Based on the superior performance of the higher clinoptilolite content zeolite (Z2), it was used in Phase 2 to evaluate the effect of zeolite substitution. In Phase 3, the reliability of the resultant composites prepared with Z2 were assessed using Weibull statistics. The inclusion of Z2 type zeolite at #200 mesh size and 10 % concentration yielded compressive strength and reliability comparable to the OPC control mortar at day 7, but significantly greater strength and reliability from day 14 onward. Porosity detailed by microCT suggests that increasing zeolite content to 15 % and greater results in unreacted zeolite that is detrimental to strength. The findings further establish the merits of natural zeolite as an SCM material and distinguish what is necessary for further improvements in mechanical properties of zeolite cement composites.

Shape parameter of Weibull size statistics is a potential indicator of filler geometry in SiO2 reinforced polymer composites

In a previous study [Physica A, 625 (2023), 129026], a relationship between the filler size distribution and the filler geometry of SiO2 particle reinforced polymer composites has been reported. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the size of hollow and solid SiO2 particles disperse in polymer matrix follows Weibull statistics with shape parameter at 2 and 3, respectively. This mechanism has not yet been verified in the one-dimensional (1D) case. In this paper, we study the length distribution of glass fibers in polymer composites. Our results show that the previous theory still holds for the 1D case. Thus, shape parameter of Weibull size statistics could be a potential indicator of filler geometry in SiO2 reinforced polymer composites. This interesting mechanism can be explained by the scaling nature behind the Weibull statistics. Our study has thus shed new light on the evolution of filler geometry during the fabrication process of polymer composites, and should be useful for the related fields.

Improving contact damage resistance of spinel translucent ceramics through a multi-layer design

The brittle response of transparent spinel ceramics to contact damage is limiting their application as an alternative to glasses and single crystals. In this work, we explore a strategy to enhance the contact damage resistance of spinel ceramics by embedding alumina layers in a multi-layer architecture. Crack initiation upon Hertzian indentation was investigated in MgAl2O4 – Al2O3 laminates and compared to their corresponding monoliths. Contact stresses during loading were analyzed using finite element simulations by considering the elastic properties of the layers and contact non-linearities. Results were analyzed using Weibull statistics. It was found that the effect of in-plane residual stresses on crack formation in the laminate depends on the disposition of the compressive spinel layers, either at the surface or embedded in the structure. Embedding alumina between spinel layers increased the load-bearing capability before crack initiation by ~70% compared to spinel, offering a promising approach to enhance contact damage resistance.

Weibull Statistic in Hydrolytic Aging of Polyesterimide Used in Rotating Electrical Machine Windings

Weibull Statistic in Hydrolytic Aging of Polyesterimide Used in Rotating Electrical Machine Windings

Interlaboratory study of flexural strength in additively manufactured alumina

AbstractWe report the results of an international interlaboratory study of the flexural strength of alumina fabricated across six laboratories using the vat photopolymerization ceramic additive manufacturing (AM) technology. The mechanical testing of all the specimens, 142 in total, was performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) according to the well‐established four‐point bending method standardized for traditional ceramics. Overall, the existing ASTM standard for the four‐point bend testing proved adequate for AM ceramics, with several modifications to the specimen requirements to account for the specifics of AM processes. Critical flaws that caused failure were identified in all but two cases using optical fractography augmented with the imaging of fracture surfaces in a scanning electron microscope. The flexural strength data, analyzed following the Weibull statistics, exhibited considerable variation among the specimen sets manufactured by different laboratories. This variability correlated with the presence of many distinct critical flaws. We identified seven types of flaws that accounted for the failure of 94% of specimens. The prevalent flaws depend on the printing direction relative to the specimen's geometry. We discuss the nature of these flaws and their relation to the printing and post‐processing conditions. Removal of several types of critical flaws will significantly improve mechanical properties of ceramic parts built using vat‐photopolymerization AM.

Impact of liner treatment on the translucency of CAD/CAM multi-colored lithium disilicate and multi-layered zirconia implant-supported crowns, and evaluation of fracture strength of ceramic crowns.

This study aimed to evaluate the optical properties of liner-treated CAD/CAM Multi-colored lithium disilicate (Amber Mill Direct; AMD) and multi-layered zirconia (Omega multi; OM) implant-supported crowns, as well as their effect on the fracture strength of Ti or Zr abutments to which they were applied. After sintering AMD and OM ceramic blocks, they were classified into three groups: untreated, liner-treated, and liner-treated with added color. Optical properties were evaluated by analyzing color differences using background materials to assess translucency and the masking ability of liner-treated ceramics. Subsequently, the fracture strength of implant-supported crowns applied to Ti or Zr abutments was measured, and statistical analysis was conducted using Weibull statistics. Untreated AMD exhibited the highest translucency. Liner treatment reduced translucency in both ceramics, while color-added liner treatment increased translucency. Liner-treated AMD showed greater color difference compared to OM, whereas color-added liner treatment reduced the color difference. Fracture strength was highest in Ti abutment-OM crowns (548.03 N) and lowest in Zr abutment-AMD crowns (283.58 N). Additionally, the Weibull coefficient was over twice as high in Ti abutment-AMD crowns (m = 17.500). Color liners can adjust the high translucency of lithium disilicate ceramics to block discoloration, providing natural tooth-like color and enabling the creation of esthetic restorations. Furthermore, lithium disilicate ceramic crowns applied to Ti abutments exhibited high Weibull coefficients and fracture strengths.

Effect of alkali treatment on new lignocellulosic fibres from the stem of the Aster squamatus plant

This research aims to examine the physical, structural and chemical properties of Aster Squamatus (AS) fibres, which are commonly found in Algeria, Brazil, France and the West Indies. In this work, we assess their appropriateness as reinforcing fillers to fabricate components for polymer composites principally designed for lightweight applications. To accomplish this objective, an extraction of fibres from plants modification of AS fibres and characterization of both untreated fibres (UASFs) and alkali-treated AS fibres (TASFs) are conducted. We analysed the crystallinity, chemical composition, thermal characteristics, and mechanical properties of AS fibres as per standard methods. It's clear from chemical treatment that amorphous components were successfully eliminated from the AS fibres, including hemicellulose, lignin, and wax. Consequently, the fibres' thermal, physical, and mechanical characteristics including Young's modulus, tensile strength, crystalline index, and surface roughness were substantially enhanced. It was determined that the fibres possessed a thermal stability of around 250 °C, with the maximal degradation temperature rising from 372.50 to 375.35 °C. The maximum stress rose from 183.24 ± 25.27 to 302.00 ± 24.91 MPa, the Young's modulus increased from 11.08 ± 1.1 to 18.53 ± 1.45 GPa, and the crystallinity index increased from 43% to 45%. Two-parameter Weibull statistics showed a strong link between experimental data and mechanical features of the twenty samples. We concluded from this work that AS plant fibres can serve as a robust reinforcing material in polymer composites for various applications.

Thermal shock resistance of additively manufactured alumina

AbstractThe mechanical behavior and cracking patterns of thermally‐shocked additively manufactured alumina were investigated. The flexural strength of test specimens that had been heated to temperatures ranging from 200°C to 1000°C and then rapidly quenched in water was determined at ambient temperature by four‐point bending. Results indicated that the surface cracking patterns had a multifractal structure and that an increase in the thermal shock temperature led to an increase in the density and uniformity of the crack network. The flexural strength results were analyzed with Weibull statistics, where the Weibull moduli for most of the thermal shock conditions tested were found to be statistically indistinguishable. It was also found that a significant decrease (∼50%) in flexural strength occurred for heating temperatures ≥300°C. The effect of the manufacturing method on cracking patterns is discussed, as well as the implication of the material behavior for practical applications of these materials.

Probabilistic progressive damage modeling of hybrid composites

A novel analytical probabilistic progressive damage model (PPDM) is introduced for multiphase composites to predict the damage behavior of hybrid composites. The PPDM is based on effective field methods and the stochastic nature of fiber damage is captured by including weakest link theory and Weibull statistics. Three additional models are developed to compare with the PPDM. A stochastic model analogous to the PPDM (called SPDM), and two finite element models, one stochastic (SFEM) and one probabilistic (PFEM). All models are developed in a thermodynamically consistent framework and are extended to include residual thermal stresses. Finally, the four models are compared with models from the open literature for an AS4-M50S hybrid carbon–carbon composite with different hybridization ratios of high to low elongation fibers. The comparison reveals a great agreement between all models and indicates that the stochastic nature of fiber damage is the most influential parameter leading to damage.

Characterization of a hydrothermally aged experimental alumina-toughened zirconia composite

ObjectivesTo assess the effects of different aging protocols on chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of an experimental ATZ composite compared to a zirconia. MethodsDisc-shaped specimens were obtained through uniaxial pressing of commercial powders (Tosoh), ATZ comprised of 80%ZrO2/20%Al2O3 (TZ-3YS20AB) and 3Y-TZP (3Y-SBE). The specimens of each material were divided into different groups according to the aging protocol: immediate, autoclave aging and hydrothermal reactor aging. The aging protocols were performed at 134 ºC for 20 h at 2.2 bar. Crystalline evaluations were performed using X-Ray Diffraction. The nanoindentation tests measured the elastic modulus (Em) and hardness (H). Biaxial flexural strength was performed, and Weibull statistics were used to determine the characteristic strength and Weibull modulus. The probability of survival was also determined. The Em and H data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. ResultsDiffractograms revealed the presence of monoclinic phase in both materials after aging. The hydrothermal reactor decreased the Em for ATZ compared to its immediate condition; and the H for both ATZ and 3Y-TZP regarding their immediate and autoclave aging conditions, respectively. The aging protocols significantly increased the characteristic strength for ATZ, while decreased for 3Y-TZP. No difference regarding Weibull modulus was observed, except for 3Y-TZP aged in reactor. For missions of up to 500 MPa, both materials presented a high probability of survival (>99 %) irrespective of aging condition. SignificanceThe synthesized ATZ composite exhibited greater physical and microstructural stability compared to 3Y-TZP, supporting potential application of the experimental material for long-span reconstructive applications.

Material extrusion additive manufacturing of zirconia: from filament characterisation to Weibull statistics

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the performance of filament-based material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEX), combined with debinding and sintering, as a novel approach to manufacturing ceramic components.Design/methodology/approachA commercial ZrO2 filament was selected and analysed by infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, rheology and thermo-gravimetry. The influence of the print parameters (layer thickness, flow rate multiplier, printing speed) and sintering cycle were investigated to define a suitable printing and sintering strategy. Biaxial flexure tests were applied on sintered discs realised with optimised printing strategies, and the results were analysed via Weibull statistics to evaluate the mechanical properties of printed components. The hardness and thermal conductivity of sintered components were also tested.FindingsLayer thickness and flow rate multiplier of the printing process were proved to have significant effect on the density of as-printed parts. Optimised samples display a sintered density >99% of the theoretical density, 20% linear sintering shrinkage, a characteristic flexural strength of 871 MPa with a Weibull modulus of 4.9, a Vickers hardness of 12.90 ± 0.3 GPa and a thermal conductivity of 3.62 W/mK. Gyroids were printed for demonstration purposes.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first to apply biaxial flexure tests and Weibull statistics to additively manufactured MEX zirconia components, hence providing comparable results to other additive technologies. Moreover, fractography analysis builds the connection between printing defects and the fracture mechanism of bending. This study also provides guidelines for fabricating high-density zirconia components with MEX.

Mechanical Properties of Irradiated U-10 wt. %Mo Alloy Degraded by Porosity Development

Abstract A plate-type nuclear fuel consisting of a solid monolithic foil of U-10 wt. %Mo is under development for use in the United States' high-performance research reactors. In support of developing this fuel, the fuel has been fabricated for the first time by a commercial fuel vendor and subsequently irradiated in a test reactor. This provides an opportunity to evaluate postirradiation mechanical properties of the commercially fabricated fuel. Four-point bend testing was conducted on the irradiated U-10Mo samples to generate the fuel material properties, including the modulus of elasticity and the bending strength. Although the material behaves in a brittle manner due to the accumulated porosity, a general trend of strength and modulus reduction was found as fission density increases. The data produced was evaluated using both Weibull statistics and a modulus degradation model with recommendations provided.

Dentin Bond Strength of Dental Adhesives Functionalized with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes.

This study analyzed the dentin shear bond strength (SBS) of an etch-and-rinse (ER) or a self-etch (SE) adhesive incorporated with multifunctional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (MA-POSS-8). An ER adhesive (Solobond Plus, VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) and a universal adhesive applied in SE mode (Scotchbond Universal, 3M, St. Paul, MN, USA) were infiltrated with MA-POSS-8 (Hybrid Plastics Inc., Hattiesburg, MS, USA) at 5 wt.% or 10 wt.%. Pure adhesives served as controls. Bovine dentin specimens were conditioned with one of the adhesives prior to the application of a nano-hybrid composite (Venus Diamond A3, Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). SBS and failure modes were determined after water storage for 24 h, 6 months, 12 months, or 24 months (each subgroup n = 20). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVAs, Weibull statistics, and χ2 tests (p < 0.05). SBSs for the control groups after 24 h were 17.4 ± 4.9 MPa for the ER adhesive and 19.1 ± 5.2 MPa for the universal adhesive. After 24 months, the SBS of the ER adhesive was significantly higher for 5 wt.% MA-POSS-8 (17.9 ± 5.1 MPa) than for the control group (14.6 ± 3.6 MPa) and 10 wt.% MA-POSS-8 (12.8 ± 4.1 MPa), and more cohesive failures were observed. The SBS of the universal adhesive increased during aging, irrespective of the MA-POSS-8 concentration. 5 wt.% MA-POSS-8 improves the SBS of the ER adhesive and does not impair the SBS of the SE adhesive.

Microstructure Design of Multiphase Compositionally Complex Alloys II: Use of a Genetic Algorithm and a Vanishing Cracked Particle Model

Achieving high strength, ductility, and toughness via microstructure design is challenging due to the interrelated dependencies of strength and ductility on microstructural variables. As a natural extension of the microstructure design work in Bhattacharyya and Agnew (Microstructure design of multiphase compositionally complex alloys I: effects of strength contrast and strain hardening, 2024), an optimization framework to obtain the microstructure that maximizes the toughness is described. The strategy integrates a physics-based crystal plasticity model, which accounts for damage evolution within the reinforcement through a “vanishing cracked particle” model that is governed by Weibull statistics, and a genetic algorithm-based optimization routine. Optimization constraints are imposed in the form of bounds on the microstructure parameters such that they are most likely attainable by conventional thermomechanical processing. Various matrix strain hardening behaviors are considered, as well as the strength contrast between the two phases and fracture behavior of the reinforcement. It is shown that the addition of a fine-grained (hard) reinforcing phase is preferred as is a matrix that exhibits sustained strain hardening such as is observed under TRIP/TWIP scenarios. Finally, the Pareto-optimal set of solutions for several scenarios are presented which offer new insights into the linkages between microstructure and mechanical properties.

Comparison of subcritical growth parameters of a Y-TZP obtained via cyclic or dynamic fatigue tests

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to 1) compare the stress corrosion coefficient (n) of a Y-TZP obtained by two fatigue tests: cyclic and dynamic and 2) evaluate the effect of frequency in the characteristic lifetime and the existence of interaction between the cyclic fatigue and slow crack growth. MethodsA total of 145 Y-TZP specimens were produced in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. These specimens, measuring 4.0 × 3.0 × 25.0 mm, were used for dynamic (n = 70) and cyclic fatigue tests (n = 75). The specimens were obtained from CAD/CAM blocks, sectioned, and sintered in a furnace at 1530 °C with a heating rate of 25 °C/min. They were tested in their "as-sintered" form without any additional surface treatment. The fatigue tests were conducted using a four-point bending to obtain the slow crack growth parameters (n). The cyclic fatigue test was also conducted in two frequencies (2 and 10 Hz), using stress levels between 350 and 600 MPa. Data from these tests were analyzed using ASTM C 1368–00 formulas and Weibull statistics. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for fracture surface analysis to identify the origin of the fracture. Critical defect size was measured and used, along with flexural strength values, to estimate fracture toughness. Dynamic fatigue test data were used to obtain subcritical crack growth (SCG) parameters and perform Weibull statistical analysis. The cyclic fatigue data were used in the General Log-linear Model equation using the ALTA PRO software. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc tests and Student's t-test at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. ResultsIn the dynamic fatigue test, the values obtained for σfo and n were 667 and 54, respectively. This parameter indicates how the strength of the material diminishes over time due to internal cracks. The Weibull parameters obtained from the same test results were m = 7.9, σ0 = 968, 9 and σ5% = 767, which indicates the reliability of the material. The Weibull parameters obtained by cyclic fatigue were statistically similar for the two frequencies used, the m* was 0.17 (2 Hz) and 0.21 (10 Hz); characteristic lifetimes (η) were 1.93 × 106 and 40,768, respectively. The n values obtained by cyclic fatigue were 48 and 40 at frequencies of 2 and 10 Hz, respectively. There was no effect of the frequency, the stress level or the interaction of the two in the Y-TZP lifetime, when analysed by General Log Linear Model. Significancethe n values obtained by cyclic and dynamic fatigue tests showed no statistically significant difference and the effect of frequency in the characteristic lifetime and the existence of interaction between the cyclic fatigue and subcritical growth were not observed in the tested specimens.

Study of Non-Transformable t’-YSZ by Addition of Niobia for TBC Application

The high toughness of zirconia is paving the way for the development of new materials for application in TBC for gas turbine blades. The main aim of this work was the obtainment of tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (TZP) with high density, from mixtures of high-purity powder of zirconia, yttria, and niobia with different compositions (14.5 to 21 mol%), through the processes of cold pressing by uniaxial pressing and by isostatic pressing, followed by air sintering processes at 1550 °C for 1 h. The samples were characterized for phase composition by X-ray diffraction, Rietveld analysis, and morphology by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. Mechanical and tribological resistance was evaluated by fracture toughness and nanoindentation tests as well as Weibull statistics. The incorporation of yttria and niobia resulted in relatively denser ceramics with stabilization of the tetragonal phase which was confirmed by detailed X-ray diffraction analysis. Modified ceramics for TBC with 17.5 mol% of yttria and niobia showed higher hardness and fracture toughness, 16.16 GPa and 173.38 GPa, respectively. Through nano hardness measurements, it was possible to verify the effect of the samples’ ferroelasticity. Thus, the addition of niobia and yttria to zirconia represents an opportunity for the development of new materials with increasing mechanical and tribological resistance for TBC application.

Weibull Statistic and Artificial Neural Network Analysis of the Mechanical Performances of Fibers from the Flower Agave Plant for Eco-Friendly Green Composites

ABSTRACT The research conducted focused on examining the unique properties of Agave Americana Flower Stem fiber (AAFS), particularly its behavior under quasi-static tensile conditions. A total of 200 AAFS fibers were subjected to tensile tests using a standard gauge length of 40 mm. Tests spanned seven groups with quantities (N) ranging from 30 to 200. The study aimed to understand the fibers’ mechanical traits, as tensile resistance and modulus of elasticity, and to see how different test quantities influence these properties. A significant observation was the dispersion of the tensile characteristics of AAFS fibers, a common trait of natural fibers. To understand this, we applied rigorous statistical tools, including the Weibull distribution at a 95% confidence interval and one-way ANOVA. A mathematical model was produced utilizing data from experiments regarding the tensile behavior of AAFS fibers. The ANN provided correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9897, 0.9971, 0.9993, and 0.9939 for training, validation, testing, and all datasets respectively, which were able to accurately predict the experimental data. The proposed model would be of tremendous assistance to engineers and designers in obtaining green composite materials that are based on natural fibers and thereby more durable. These methods illuminated the patterns in our results, enriching our understanding of AAFS fiber mechanics.

Estimation of Weibull Parameters for Wind Energy Application in Al Shihabi City

Wind energy is environmentally friendly and low-cost energy compared to other renewable energy technologies and is easily exploited by different users. Al-Shihabi ia a city with high potential wind resources. The aim of the research is to assess the mean winds and Weibull parameters such as shape parameter and scale parameter. The assessment helps in understanding the wind behavior for the application of the wind energy project. Field data for year 2019 were collected at an interval of 10 minutes at altitudes of 50 and 100 meters. Then the data was analyzed using the statistical Weibull distribution function. The annual average of monthly means at 50 m and 100 m heights are 5.04 m/s and 5.56 m/s, respectively. While the annual average of monthly maximum winds at 50 m and 100 m heights were 13.65 m/s and 15.05 m/s. The larger values were in summer months. The mean wind speed and maximum wind speed values suggest that Al-Shihabi City is a promising site to install a wind farm. Estimating Weibull distribution parameters showed for 50 m and 100 heights that the annual average of monthly values of shape parameter and scale parameter were 5.6840, and 2.4035, respectively. At 100 m height, It was found that the annual average of monthly values of shape parameter, scale parameter were 6.2634 and 2.3215, respectively. It can also be noted that the values of parameters are higher in summer than in winter. It was found that the Weibull distribution is applicable to describe the probability density of wind speed.

Vacancy-mediated inelasticity in two-dimensional vanadium-based dichalcogenides.

Amongst the two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) family, VX2 (X = S, and Se) are key members for next-generation electronic, spintronic, and energy storage applications. Structural defects may be introduced in these emerging atomically thin materials during synthesis, which can lead to both desirable and detrimental impacts on the physical and chemical properties. Owing to their brittle behaviour, defects may deteriorate the mechanical properties of 2D TMDCs drastically, causing reliability-related issues critical for long-term device-scale applications. In this context, more than 1600 classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed to obtain estimates of chirality-dependent failure stresses of 2D VX2 under technologically relevant conditions that are encountered in typical industrial and lab-scale experiments. The energy barriers associated with the fracture of defective samples were calculated using a thermal activation-based analytical model. Furthermore, the effect of various concentrations of randomly distributed defects on the mechanical reliability of VX2 samples was explored using two-parameter Weibull statistics. These monolayers were found to possess strong flaw tolerance and high Weibull modulus values, making them promising for flexible electronics and energy storage.

Borosilicate glass as a surface finishing alternative for improving the mechanical properties of third-generation zirconia

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effect of an experimental borosilicate glass on the mechanical and optical behavior of 5Y-PSZ zirconia and comparing it to commercial glaze and as-sintered. MethodsDisc-shaped specimens of a 5Y-PSZ (Zpex Smile) were prepared and sintered (1550 °C, 2 h). The zirconia discs were randomly divided according to the surface treatment: as-sintered (C), commercial glaze (G), and experimental borosilicate glass (SL). Glaze and experimental glass powders were mixed with building liquids and applied to zirconia with a brush. G specimens were fired at 950 °C and SL at 1200 °C. An extended dwell time of 20 min was applied to both groups. Biaxial flexural strength, roughness (Ra and Rz), translucency (TP00), color alteration (ΔE00), Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, residual stresses, and x-ray diffraction analyses were conducted. Statistical analyses were performed with Weibull statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, or ANOVA tests (α = 5%). ResultsSL yielded the highest flexural strength (799.35 MPa), followed by G (662.34 MPa), and C (485.38 MPa). The fracture origin of SL specimens was in the bulk zirconia, while G and C showed fractures starting at the surface. As-sintered reached the highest fracture toughness and hardness. Glaze and borosilicate glass provided surface compressive stresses. Borosilicate glass application led to phase transformation (t→m). SL and G showed the lowest roughness. TP00 and ΔE00 were similar among groups. SignificanceBorosilicate glass improved strength without harming the optical properties of third-generation zirconia. Toughness and roughness provided by the experimental glass were similar to those from commercial glaze.