Weft Density Research Articles

Effect of The Avearage Warp and Weft Density On C* ,H* and L*of Dyed Cotton Fabrics.(Dept.T)

The effect of the avearage warp yarn float, weft yarn density and the type of dyes on, fabric colour properties was investigated. Five different avearage warp yarn floats, each of three different weft yarns density were woven then dyed with three different type dyes which are direct, vat, and reactive dyes. A total of 45 different specimens each represents different case were tested to obtain psychrometric chroma (C), hue angle (H) and lightness (L), the results showed that both weft density and warp average float have a remarkable effect on fabric colour properties. It was found that, in general, the increasing of the average float lead to decreases the hue angle (H) and the lightness (L) which give an increasing in psychrometric chrome. But the increasing of the weft yarn density lead to increasing in the hue angle (H) and lightness (L) which give a decreasing in the psychometric chroma (C).

The effect of twist multiplier on the tear strength of woven fabrics

Tearing strength is one of the important quality items of finished woven fabrics. It refers to the rupture of a fabric progressively along a line thread by thread. Tearing strength mainly depends on fibre, yarn and fabric characteristics along with mechanical and chemical finishing treatments given to the fabric. From an industry point of view, studying this fabric characteristic is an essential and urgent step because it reflects the endurance extent of the end textile structure. The main objective of this investigation is to examine the effect of twist multiplier (4.1, 4.4 and 4.7) on weft/warp tear strengths for fabric samples of cotton/polyester blend (50:50) using carded and combed spun yarns. In addition, three weft densities being 18, 22 and 25

Methods of increasing the stretchiness of cotton fabrics

In response to getting more stretch and elasticity from 100% cotton fibers as woven fabric not made from lycra or spandex yarns and so on. In this survey, the researcher examines the relationship between different spinning methods for Egyptian cotton using twill fabric structure under a variety of weave factors on different weft densities to study the stretch and recovery from cotton fiber. The dependencies of the weft yarn spinning method and weft density were established. The effect of weave structure was determined. It founded that stress on the yarn will relax as a function of time due to the viscoelastic character of textile materials.

Experimental simulation of bending damage of silicon nitride yarn during 3D orthogonal fabric forming process

The aim of this study executed on Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) yarn is to examine some bending damage behaviors and fracture mechanisms that occur during the 3D orthogonal fabric forming process. A three point bending experiment device has been developed in order to simulate the Z-binder yarn bending condition. The effects of weft density, fabric thickness, and yarn tension have been studied. The Weibull analysis of the tensile strength show that the bending damage increases with the increase of weft density, fabric thickness, and yarn tension. The resulting bending damage causes a reduction in yarn strength of between 2.5 and 17.2% depending on the bending parameters of yarn. The growth of the fibrillation area also reflects similar trends with tensile strength loss rate. The fibrillation length produced by the yarns is mostly distributed within the range of 0.3 to 0.9 mm. A comparison of the calculation result to experimental data shows the bending fracture probability of filaments inside yarn are less than that of monofilament. The tensile and bending fracture of Si3N4 filaments exhibit typical brittle fracture characteristics.

Investigation The some Disturbance of Fabric Width Variation at Sulzer Weaving Machine of Twin Beams.(Dept.T)

Variation of fabric width at the twin beams sulzer weawing machine was represented as source of many technological complaints. Therefore the effect of fabric width on the dynamic and static warp tension, motion behaviour of twin beams, and the fabric properties such as weft and warp density and fabric dimensions has been examined. The results indicated that, there are significant difference between the dynamic tension of the upper and lower shed, also static tension increases by the increase in fabric width. Also that vaviation in fabric width affect the motion advance of ward beam in the side of the wider fabric, than that of the side or narrower fabric (Picking side), and hence creates warp waste (1,44%) greater than that of equal fabric width (0,134%), and both warp, weft and fabric dimensions.

Sound absorption behavior of woven fabrics as micro perforated panel absorber

Woven Fabrics are potentially developed as a sound absorber system because of the presence of micro perforation on their surface. By introducing air cavity backing the woven fabrics up, such system can undergo Helmholtz resonator mechanism as found in micro-perforated panel (MPP) absorber system. The micro perforations in a woven fabric are formed by yarn in x (weft) and y (warp) direction. The perforations can create a viscos-inertial effect when interact with sound fields that is useful as a basis for sound absorption mechanism. In this study, the works are focused on investigating the relationship of micro hole of woven fabric material to sound absorption characteristics. For this, micro holes are developed by controlling weft density. Meanwhile, the sound absorption coefficients are evaluated by measurement using impedance tube. From this study, it can be concluded that the sound absorption coefficients of woven fabric are affected by weft density variation by which the perforation parameter can be varied. Moreover, the performance of woven fabrics are promising as indicated by absorption coefficients that is ranging from 0.71-1.00 with absorption bandwidth of 3 kHz-5 kHz.

An Experimental Study on Selected Performance Properties of 100% Cotton Terry Fabrics

This paper presents an experimental study of the selected performance properties of 100% cotton terry fabrics. In this study, nine different constructions of terry fabrics are woven with Ne 12/1, Ne 16/1 and Ne 20/1 100% carded cotton ring spun weft yarns in three different weft densities. Fabric samples are subjected to 5 washing cycles before undergoing the tests; air permeability, resistance to pile loop extraction, bursting strength, tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance, static water absorption and drying rate. Experimental results were analyzed using General Linear Model Analysis, Correlation Analysis and Paired-Samples T Test Analysis. According to results, weft yarn count is effective on air permeability, resistance to pile loop extraction, bursting strength, tensile strength, tear strength, mass loss ratio and static water absorption and weft density is effective on air permeability, resistance to pile loop extraction (15, 20 and 25 mm pulling distances), bursting strength, tensile strength, tear strength, mass loss ratio and remaining water ratio. The statistical evaluations demonstrate that repeated launderings also effect the performance properties of woven terry fabrics.

Detection of Remote Sensing Warp Tension during Weaving on Plain Twill and Satin Fabric

Warp tensions were measured while a machine was operating on a woven cotton fabric with three different woven patterns. This study was carried out with image analysis methods using a high speed camera. Three weave pattern types: plain, twill and satin were woven on the same weaving machine, and thus it could be understood how weave pattern differences affect warp tension. Each of these three weaves was woven in three weft densities: 20, 28 and 45 wefts per cm. These fabrics were able to be made on a weaving machine with an automatic dobby. It was aimed to investigate warp tension differences for three basic weave patterns while keeping all machine settings constant. The weave settings of the dobby were changed for plain, twill and satin weaves. Warp tension calculation was based on the warp elasticity theory. Warp elasticises were measured by image processing methods in MATLAB using a high-speed camera. It was aimed to improve upon the new method of warp extension measurement of fabric when the loom is in operation. It was observed that the warp tension in plain fabric was higher than for twill and satin under the same conditions.

Uticaj tipa prediva potke i gustine potke na ponašanje pri sagorevanju, snagu cepanja i propusnosti vazduha za različite vrste antibakterijskih tkanina za draperije

Drapery fabrics are textile products utilized for home and decorative textiles. Recently there have been new functional requirements for the drapery fabrics such as flame retardancy, antimicrobial efficiency, UV protection, etc. This study has been conducted to investigate the effect of weft yarn type and weft density on drapery fabrics' burning behaviour, tearing strength and air permeability properties. "A special inherently flame-retardant yarn" was used as the warp and weft yarns of the woven drapery fabrics while "a special inherently and antibacterial yarn" was also used as the weft yarn in some of the sample groups. Two main fabric groups each consisting of 12 woven drapery samples with different weft yarns and weft densities were separately evaluated among themselves by using SPSS Statistical software package and bar graphs. Burning behaviours of the samples in terms of damage length and damage width with the ignition source were satisfying both for the drapery samples with the special inherently flame-retardant weft yarn as well as those with the special inherently flame retardant and antibacterial yarn weft yarns. In other words, usage of inherently flame retardant and antibacterial yarn as the weft yarns did not contribute negatively on the flame retardancy of drapery fabrics. The results of two-way ANOVA test indicated that weft yarn type was a significant factor for tearing strength in warp and weft wise while weft density and the interaction of weft yarn type and weft density factors were non-significant factors on tear strength values in warp and weft wises at significance level of 0.05. Additionally, correlation analyses revealed that weft yarn tenacity values were highly correlated with the drapery fabrics' weft tearing strength values. Moreover, weft yarn type, weft density and their interaction were influential factors on air permeability of the drapery fabrics at significance level of 0.05.

Investigation of elasticity and growth properties of denim fabrics woven with core and siro spun yarn

In this study, elasticity and growth parameters which are important for denim fabrics were investigated. Elasticity and growth performances were compared in fabrics produced with different weft numbers, draft, elastane number, spinning method and weft density parameters. The elasticity and growth values obtained from the produced fabrics were evaluated by SPSS statistical analysis program and significant conclusions were obtained. As a result, all of these variables have a significant effect on elasticity and permanent elongation values.

Effects of Fabric Composition and Construction on the Performance Properties of the Worsted Fabrics

The aim of this study is to investigate the influences of composition of weft and warp yarns and structural properties of fabric such as weft density and weave type on air permeability, wicking, breaking strength, elongation at break of the worsted fabrics. For this purpose, 27 types worsted fabric samples with three different weft density, three different weave pattern and three different raw material composition were produced. The physical properties of worsted fabric samples were determined by relevant tests. The effect of fabric composition, weft density and weave pattern on performance properties of worsted fabrics were investigated and analyzed with variance analysis.

Effect of Geometrical Parameters on Piezoresponse of Nanofibrous Wearable Piezoelectric Nanofabrics Under Low Impact Pressure

AbstractPiezoelectric polymers are potential energizers for wearable electronics due to the possibility of developing their yarns for various textile products. The present study is aimed at understanding the effect of geometrical parameters, viz., yarn linear density (measured as Tex), twist per meter (TPM), plying, as well as weft and warp density on the piezoelectric voltage of electrospun yarns of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer and poly[(vinylidene fluoride)‐co‐trifluoroethylene] [P(VDF‐TrFE)] copolymer. Yarns are developed by twisting and plying electrospun nanofibers and their mechanical and piezoelectric properties are systematically investigated. Relative advantages of the yarns of the copolymer with respect to PVDF in both aligned and random fiber geometries are evaluated. The studies show that piezoresponse of the woven nanogenerators can be enhanced by decreasing Tex and increasing the TPM, the plying number, and the fabric density. A record piezovoltage of ≈2.5 V is achieved through this work. The results of the present work can be used for the fabrication of flexible and breathable nanogenerators or sensors.

Impact of filament denier on functional performance of microfiber in situ bags

In situ bags made from microfiber fabrics have a greater surface area and filtration efficiency that retains the fine particles and reduce the variation in the results. Also, it is more durable than that made from traditional fabrics. This work aimed to study the effect of filament denier on the performance of in situ bags. Two polyester microfilaments with 0.4 and 0.7 deniers were used in manufacturing of four fabrics. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation to show the efficiency of the manufactured samples. In vitro trail was conducted to estimate ruminal degradability after 24 and 48 hours for three feedstuffs using three cannulated rams as replicates. The mechanical properties of manufactured in situ bags were significantly affected with both denier per filament and weft densities. According to the statistical analysis of radar chart, sample 2 remarked the highest value which achieved the acceptable ruminal dry matter disappearance compared with Ankom bags in different incubation times.

Preliminary study of weave pattern influence on microplastics from fabric laundering

Nature, including the oceans, is polluted by the presence of plastics. Different products can be found, including plastic bottles, toys, toothpaste tubes, fruit meshes, etc. Small pieces of plastics, known as microplastics, have been found in the oceans and there is concern that their impact is increasing. Some of those microplastics are considered to come from the textile products. In this article, the authors will suggest how to minimize the environmental problem of the presence of microplastics in wastewaters from textile laundries. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of some parameters related to the design of fabrics. A relationship between microplastic release and parameters from weave design will be established. A fiberglass filter was used to analyze water from the laundry. Results demonstrated that the interlacing coefficient influences the number of particles in the wastewaters. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the higher the density of yarns/cm in the fabric, the lower the quantity of fibers could be found in the wastewater. Results demonstrated that the presence of weave patterns, such as a plain pattern, work better from the sustainability point of view than a twill. The interlacing coefficient and the weft density are important to prevent the microplastic release.

Study on the tearing behaviour of woven shirting fabrics – the effect of yarn and fabric properties

PurposeOccurrence of fabric rupture is a problem that can influence fabric performance during wear. In this regard, fabric tearing resistance is considered by manufacturers and consumers and enhancing tear resistance through optimization of related parameters is beneficial.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the tearing resistance of a series of shirting fabrics with various weave patterns and weft densities were investigated by both static and dynamic tear test methods. Moreover, the constituent yarn's frictional and tensile behaviour was evaluated and their relation with tear resistance was analysis.FindingsAccording to the outcomes, the fabric firmness and density and friction of yarns affect the tear resistance, reversely. However an improvement in yarn's tenacity can raise the tear resistance.Originality/valueIn this study it was aimed to not only consider influence of both static and dynamic tear test approach on the tearing performance of fabrics regarding their structural parameters, the impact of the constituent's yarn properties include tensile behaviour and friction coefficient on the tearing performance of fabric considered, as well.

Multiscale modeling of mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of 3D angle-interlock woven aluminum composites subjected to warp/weft directional tension loading

The mechanical behavior and progressive damage mechanism of novel aluminum matrix composites reinforced with 3D angle-interlock woven carbon fibers were investigated using a multiscale modeling approach. The mechanical properties and failure of yarns were evaluated using a microscale model under different loading scenarios. On this basis, a mesoscale model was developed to analyze the tensile behavior and failure mechanism of the composites. The interfacial decohesion, matrix damage, and failure of fibers and yarns were incorporated into the microscopic and mesoscopic models. The stress–strain curves and fracture modes from simulation show good agreement with the experimental curves and fracture morphology. Local interface and matrix damage initiate first under warp directional tension. Thereafter, interfacial failure, weft yarn cracking, and matrix failure occur successively. Axial fracture of warp yarn, which displays a quasi-ductile fracture characteristic, dominates the ultimate composites failure. Under weft directional tension, interfacial failure and warp yarn rupture occur at the early and middle stages. Matrix failure and weft yarn fracture emerge simultaneously at the final stage, leading to the cata-strophic failure of composites. The weft directional strength and fracture strain are lower than the warp directional ones because of the lower weft density and the more serious brittle fracture of weft yarns.

Study on the factors influencing the dyeing performance of cotton fabric with vat dyes based on principal component analysis

Color performance on textiles is affected by many factors. In order to make the color presented more precisely, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between fabric structure and dyeing effect, so as to compensate the color displayed according to different fabrics in color matching. Pad dyeing of different cotton fabrics with vat dyes was carried out, and principal component analysis was used to analyze the comprehensive properties of fabrics. According to the factor weight, the main factors affecting the dyeing effect were obtained, and a mathematical regression model between the comprehensive values of fabric properties and the dyeing effect was established. The results showed that with the increase of dye concentration, the apparent shade depth of the fabric increased correspondingly. For different fabrics with the same dye concentration, their apparent shade depth varied with the fabric structure. There were five main factors affecting the dyeing effect of fabrics, which was glossiness, whiteness, weft density, roughness, gram weight. The comprehensive values of fabric properties were negatively correlated with the K/S values after dyeing. The smaller the comprehensive value of fabric, the deeper the apparent color after dyeing.

Influence of Tensile Stress on Woven Compression Bandage Structure and Porosity

Abstract Woven compression bandage (CB) is one of the elastic textiles that exert pressure on muscles. With a defined tensile strength, it is possible to create the required compression on the given body parts. This work aims to investigate the relationship between woven fabric deformation, porosity, and tensile stress properties of three main types of woven CBs. All bandage samples are applied on human leg using two- and three-layer bandaging techniques. Bandage porosity is calculated for all frames at different weave angles using NIS software. Woven bandage construction parameters which are given by the preparation of warp and weft yarns, twist, count, and density along with woven fabric weave, type of weaving, and finishing process are the main factors that influence the bandage properties. Several methods considering thread distributions have been developed to determine the woven fabric's porosity during the tensile stress. Experimental results confirm that bandage porosity is directly proportional to the bandage extension and weave angle that ranges from 44° to 90°. The novelty of candidate study is to introduce practical remarks to the patient for optimizing the required bandage pressure by suitable extension or applied tension or weave angle for two- and three-layer bandaging systems.

Microbial Barrier Properties of Cotton Fabric-Influence of Weave Architecture.

The subject of the paper focuses on the effect of weave architecture on microbial barrier properties of woven fabrics or more precisely on identifying crucial elements of weave architecture that dominantly influence bacteria penetration in dry condition. For that purpose, 12 samples of cotton fabrics were woven and examined. In their structure, all samples had the same yarns (36 tex) in warp and weft, same densities of warp (24 yarns/cm), two weft densities (24 and 20 yarns/cm) and six different basic weave structures. Microbial barrier permeability was determined according to a previously developed test method in cooperation with University Hospital Center Zagreb. Bacterial endospores of apathogenic species of the genus Bacillus: Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus were used. The effect of weave pattern on microbial barrier properties was significant. Weave patterns, decisively determined the number of influencing pores and its sizes in woven fabrics, as well as the yarn floating which jointly almost perfectly correlated with bacteria penetration through the woven fabric. Multiple linear regression of pore numbers and floating threads produced equations which correspond in 99% to the measuring results for densities 24/24 and 24/20, and more than 98% considering both densities of the set. Among compared weave patterns, satin weave had significantly lower permeability of microorganisms (six–seven times) than basket weave (the highest), for both densities.

Contribution of bending and shear behavior of woven fabrics in the characterization of drape

The drape, bending and shear properties of a group of woven fabrics have been studied along with the effects of fabric structural parameters on these properties. In addition, the influential effect and relative contribution of bending and shear behavior in the determination of drape is also evaluated. The results show that the crossing over firmness factor, which is related to the weave structure and also the weft density, significantly influences the drape, bending and shear behavior of fabrics. With the aid of linear regression analysis of the relationship among drape coefficients, bending and shear modulus, the correlational model for prediction of drape based on bending and shear has also been developed. With regards to this model, it can be claimed that the relative contribution of fabric bending in determination of drape is greater than that of shear.