Weeks Of Resistance Exercise Research Articles

Omega-3 Supplementation Improves Isometric Strength But Not Muscle Anabolic and Catabolic Signaling in Response to Resistance Exercise in Healthy Older Adults.

Old skeletal muscle exhibits decreased anabolic sensitivity, eventually contributing to muscle wasting. Besides anabolism, also muscle inflammation and catabolism are critical players in regulating the old skeletal muscle’s sensitivity. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) are an interesting candidate to reverse anabolic insensitivity via anabolic actions. Yet, it remains unknown whether ω-3 also attenuates muscle inflammation and catabolism. The present study investigates the effect of ω-3 supplementation on muscle inflammation and metabolism (anabolism/catabolism) upon resistance exercise (RE). Twenty-three older adults (65–84 years; 8♀) were randomized to receive ω-3 (~3 g/d) or corn oil (placebo [PLAC]) and engaged in a 12-week RE program (3×/wk). Before and after intervention, muscle volume, strength, and systemic inflammation were assessed, and muscle biopsies were analyzed for markers of anabolism, catabolism, and inflammation. Isometric knee-extensor strength increased in ω-3 (+12.2%), but not in PLAC (−1.4%; pinteraction = .015), whereas leg press strength improved in both conditions (+27.1%; ptime < .001). RE, but not ω-3, decreased inflammatory (p65NF-κB) and catabolic (FOXO1, LC3b) markers, and improved muscle quality. Yet, muscle volume remained unaffected by RE and ω-3. Accordingly, muscle anabolism (mTORC1) and plasma C-reactive protein remained unchanged by RE and ω-3, whereas serum IL-6 tended to decrease in ω-3 (pinteraction = .07). These results show that, despite no changes in muscle volume, RE-induced gains in isometric strength can be further enhanced by ω-3. However, ω-3 did not improve RE-induced beneficial catabolic or inflammatory adaptations. Irrespective of muscle volume, gains in strength (primary criterion for sarcopenia) might be explained by changes in muscle quality due to muscle inflammatory or catabolic signaling.

The influence of sex, training intensity, and frequency on muscular adaptations to 40weeks of resistance exercise in older adults.

One-hundred eleven older adults (men: 41, women: 70) completed either: high-intensity RE 2d/week (HI-2D; n=29), low-intensity RE 2d/week (LI-2D; n=32), high-intensity RE 3d/week (HI-3D, n=20), or low-intensity RE 3d/week (LI-3D, n=30). HI protocols completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions with 80% one-repetition maximum (1-RM) while LI completed 3 sets of 16 repetitions with 40% 1-RM. Total and regional bone free lean body mass (BFLBM) were assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and cross-sectional area (mCSA) of the rectus femoris. mCSA was the only muscle quantity parameter to increase (p=0.043). Significant trial effects for upper body, lower body, and specific strength were observed (all p<0.001). Significant sex × time interactions (p<0.001) were observed for upper and lower body strength, however, men and women displayed similar increases in lower body (45.7±29.6 vs 46.4±34.9%), upper body (33.1±21.0 vs 33.4±24.7%), and specific strength (36.5±28.5 vs 40.1±28.7%). A group × time interaction for lower body strength indicated that at 20-weeks HI-2D and LI-3D displayed greater lower body strength than LI-2D (both p<0.009), and at 40-weeks HI-2D, HI-3D, and LI-3D displayed significantly greater lower body strength than LI-2D (all p<0.038). These observations indicate that older men and women display similar long-term RE outcomes. Additionally, regardless of frequency or intensity, the current prescriptions were effective for increasing strength, however these data suggest HI-2D>LI-2D and LI-3D>LI-2D but similar outcomes among HI-2D, HI-3D, and LI-3D. The variety of effective RE approaches provides flexibility among older adults for selecting a lifestyle intervention that would be most sustainable.

The Effect of Eight Weeks of Hand-Selected Strength Exercises and the Cinnamon Supplementation on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis

Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease (arthropathy) and a cause of disability in aging ages. The prevalence rate of the osteoarthritis is different and is related to different indicators. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of hand-selected exercises and cinnamon supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers in elderly women with osteoarthritis. Methods: The participants of this study were 48 women with hand-osteoarthritis. They divided into four groups (strength exercises, cinnamon-honey supplementation, combinatory and control) randomly. The first group underwent the hand-selected strength exercises. The second group used the supplementations for 8 weeks. The third group also applied hand-selected exercises and supplements simultaneously. The fourth group also participated as a control group without any exercise or supplementation. Patients’ TNfα and IL6 levels were measured before and after applying the independent variables and were compared. The dependent t-test was used to compare between pre and posttest and the ANOVA test to compare TNfα and IL6 levels between the four groups. The significance level P ≤ 0.05 was considered. Results: The results showed that by applying variables, the strength exercises and cinnamon-honey supplementary as well as the combination of exercises and supplementary have had a positive effect on inflammatory biomarkers and in fact, 8 weeks of resistance exercises and using cinnamon-honey supplements in women with hand osteoarthritis have led to a decrease in IL 6 and TNfα levels. Conclusions: Therefore, it is recommended to use wrist resistance exercises with supplements (cinnamon and honey) to accelerate the recovery of the disease and improve the wrist inflammatory.

Comparison of Body Composition Assessment Using Air-Displacement Plethysmography and A-Mode Ultrasound before and after a 12-Week Exercise Intervention in Normal Weight Adult Males

ABSTRACT Body composition (BC) is a valuable indicator of health and performance. Air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) is a popular, efficient, and reliable method for assessing BC. A-mode ultrasonography (AUS) is another method, and its affordability, mobility, and practicality make it a plausible device for industry and health professionals. This study assessed the cross-sectional and change relationships and agreements between AUS and ADP from a 12-week resistance exercise intervention designed to increase fat-free mass (FFM). BC was measured by both modalities pre/post-intervention. Twenty-nine normal weight males (age: 20.6 ± 2.2 years) participated. Both modalities tracked changes in FFM and % body fat (%BF) (∆ADP = 1.7 ± 1.5 kg, −0.4 ± 2.5%; ∆AUS = 2.4 ± 1.9 kg, −1.4 ± 2.1%; main effects for time p < .005, respectively), with no differences between modalities (interactions p > .05), and were moderately significantly correlated (r = 0.58 and r = 0.60, p < .01). Bland-Altman plots revealed no proportional biases. These devices tracked changes in FFM and %BF similarly over time. Future research should assess AUS at different levels of adiposity.

A randomized controlled trial of resistance and balance exercise for sarcopenic patients aged 80\u201399\xa0years

We compared a mixed exercise program (i.e., balance exercise plus resistance exercise) with resistance exercise in a single-blind, randomized controlled trial in a post-acute care unit. In total, 60 sarcopenic patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group (12-week mixed exercise) and a control group (12-week resistance exercise). The primary outcomes were the change of the Barthel Index and the number of fallers. The intervention group showed a mean increase of 9.5 points on the Barthel Index (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.9–15.1), while the control group showed a mean increase of 6.3 points (95% CI 2.3–10.4). The mixed exercise program provided a significant benefit over resistance exercise (adjusted mean difference of the change of Barthel Index: 6.8 points; 95% CI 1.4–12.1). The number of fallers was 13.3% and 23.3% in the intervention and control groups, respectively, but the difference was not significant (risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% CI 0.69–1.13, p = 0.506). In conclusion, compared with resistance exercise, the mixed exercise program appears to further improve the activities of daily living and physical performance in our study population. Under the monitoring of experienced physiotherapists, both exercise programs are feasible and safe for this population.

The effect of 12-week resistance exercise training on serum levels of cellular aging process parameters in elderly men.

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on the prevention of cellular aging. The present study investigated the effect of 12-week resistance training (RT) on serum levels of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), Sirtuin-6 (SIRT6), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α), and telomerase enzyme in elderly men. For this purpose, 30 elderly men (age 66.23±0.57years) were randomly divided into two groups: resistance training group (RET, n=15) and control group (CTR, n=15). Participants in RET performed RT protocols with intensity of 60% one-repetition maximum (3×/week, 4 sets of the six exercise circuits). Body composition, physical functioning and, blood samples were assessed before (pre-test) and after (post-test) a 12-week intervention. The results showed that there was a significant increase in serum levels of SIRT1 (P=0.001), SIRT3 (P=0.001), SIRT6 (P=0.02), PGC1-α (P=0.001), and telomerase enzyme (P=0.001) in RET. Also, we found a significant difference between the RET and CTR in serum levels of SIRT1 (P=0.001), SIRT3 (P=0.001), SIRT6 (P=0.037), PGC1-α (P=0.007), and telomerase enzyme (P=0.001). 12-Week RT increased the levels of proteins associated with the biological aging process in elderly men. It seems that the RT may have beneficial effects on cellular senescence and also improved impaired mitochondrial protein and enzymatic functional induced aging.

16주간 체력강화 운동프로그램이 85세 이상 고령노인의 일상생활체력에 미치는 효과

16주간 체력강화 운동프로그램이 85세 이상 고령노인의 일상생활체력에 미치는 효과

Impacts of resistance exercises intervention on thyroid hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone serum concentration level in school children with intellectual disabilities

The effect of resistance exercise on muscular strength with the influence of growth hormone is well known. However, there is little information about its underlying effect on thyroid hormones (T3 &amp;amp; T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormones. Specifically, no research has been done on the effect of a resistance exercise intervention on thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone serum concentration level among school children with intellectual disability in Ethiopian. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sixteen-week of a resistance exercise intervention on serum concentration level of thyroid hormones (T3 &amp;amp; T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in school children with intellectual disabilities. In this study, eighteen school children with intellectual disabilities participated. The participants’ serum concentration level of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) and TSH were measured before and after a sixteen-week resistance exercise intervention and determined using quantitative determination of T3, T4, and TSH respectively. Paired t-test was used to analyze the pre-test and post-test data of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and TSH of the study. Aftersixteen weekof resistance exercise intervention, a significant mean score change was observed in the serum concentration level of thyroid hormones (p &amp;lt; 0.05) in T3 (p= 0.038), T4 (p = 0. 017) and TSH (p = 0.018). Our finding revealed that resistance exercise affects the serum concentration level of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormones in school children with intellectual disabilities.

Effect of 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Serum, Vaspin and Chemerin in Obese Middle-Aged Women

Background: Adipokines, including vaspin and chemerin, have different biological roles associated with body mass index, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance exercises on serum levels of vaspin and chemerin in middle-aged obese women. Methods: In this study, 20 inactive obese women with the mean and standard deviation of age and body mass index of 52.13 ± 10.06 and 30.87 ± 2.01 were divided into two groups of resistance (n = 10) and control (n = 10) exercises. Resistance exercise program included 3 sessions per week for 12 weeks (50% - 75%, one repetition maximun). Anthropometric indices, vaspin, and chemerin levels were measured before and after exercises. Results: The results suggested that changes in serum levels of chemerin and vaspin after 12 weeks of resistance exercises showed a significant difference compared to the control group (P = 0.001, P = 0.002). Conclusions: It can be concluded that 12 weeks of resistance exercise is effective in reducing vaspin and chemerin and reducing body fat percentage in middle-aged obese women, and the response rate varies according to the type and duration of the exercise protocol.

The Benefits of Exercise Effect on Cancer: A Review

PURPOSE: Exercise has been greatly shown to be effective on cancer patients and thus improves functional capacity in cancer patients and lowers a risk of cancer recurrence. The growing numbers of cancer population has been diagnosed and therefore, effect of exercise on cancer should be focused as a great intervention. Therefore, this study reviews the benefits of exercise on cancer and exercise guidelines for cancer population.METHODS: This study reviews 30 previous studies focusing on the benefits of exercise on various types of cancer such as breast, colon, colorectal, liver, lung, ovary, brain, prostate, and melanoma.RESULTS: Improvement in muscle strength, aerobic capacity, body balance throughout optimal exercise would be necessary for cancer patients and survivors for their life-long health by improving overall body function. To reach a healthy life, they need to conduct at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic exercise per week, and also at least 2 days per week of resistance exercise with moderate to high intensity for all major muscle groups. Exercise intervention needs to be safe during and after cancer treatments and results in improvements in physical functioning, cancer-related symptoms, and quality of life. Especially, patients and/or survivors with prostate cancer and melanoma are required to exercise with prescription because exercise may induce unexpected effects on health in those population.CONCLUSIONS: Implications for exercise affects related to cancer are still unknown; however, the benefits of exercise to physical functioning and quality of life are sufficient for cancer patients and survivors.

Effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemia and ectopic fat in black South African women: a randomized controlled trial.

We investigated the effects of a 12-week exercise intervention on insulin sensitivity (SI) and hyperinsulinemia and associated changes in regional and ectopic fat. Healthy, black South African women with obesity (mean age 23 ± 3.5 years) and of isiXhosa ancestry were randomised into a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise training group (n = 23) and a no exercise group (control, n = 22). Pre and post-intervention testing included assessment of SI, insulin response to glucose (AIRg), insulin secretion rate (ISR), hepatic insulin extraction (FEL) and disposition index (DI) (AIRg × SI) (frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test); fat mass and regional adiposity (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); hepatic, pancreatic and skeletal muscle fat content and abdominal s.c. and visceral adipose tissue volumes (MRI). Exercise training increased VO2peak (mean ± s.d.: 24.9 ± 2.42 to 27.6 ± 3.39 mL/kg/min, P < 0.001), SI (2.0 (1.2-2.8) to 2.2 (1.5-3.7) (mU/l)-1 min-1, P = 0.005) and DI (median (interquartile range): 6.1 (3.6-7.1) to 6.5 (5.6-9.2) × 103 arbitrary units, P = 0.028), and decreased gynoid fat mass (18.5 ± 1.7 to 18.2 ± 1.6%, P < 0.001) and body weight (84.1 ± 8.7 to 83.3 ± .9.7 kg, P = 0.038). None of these changes were observed in the control group, but body weight increased (P = 0.030). AIRg, ISR and FEL, VAT, SAT and ectopic fat were unaltered after exercise training. The increase in SI and DI were not associated with changes in regional or ectopic fat. Exercise training increased SI independent from changes in hyperinsulinemia and ectopic fat, suggesting that ectopic fat might not be a principal determinant of insulin resistance in this cohort.

Effects of 12-week resistance exercise and interval training on the skeletal muscle area, physical fitness, and mental health in old women.

This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance exercise and interval training on the visceral fat to skeletal muscle area, physical fitness, cognitive functions, and mental health in old women. The study was conducted among 30 older women enrolled in the National Fitness Center in Seoul. They were randomly sampled into the resistance exercise and interval training group (RI group: n=10, aged 64.10±3.35), the resistance and aerobic exercise group (RA group: n=10, aged 65.20± 5.10), and the control group (n=10, aged 63.20±2.62). Twelve weeks of exercise involving 30-min resistance exercise followed by 30-min interval training or aerobic exercise, 3 times a week, were performed by each group. A computed topography was used to the measure visceral fat area and the thigh skeletal muscle area. For physical fitness, maximum oxygen uptake, knee isokinetics muscle functions, ankle range of motion, and functional fitness of the elderly (muscle strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, balance, and agility) were measured. For blood test, the metabolic syndrome risk factors, growth hormone, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured. A self-administered questionnaire was used to measure cognitive functions and quality of sleep. The 12-week RA and RI groups were effective in changing the thigh skeletal muscle area, IGF-1, knee joint extension and flexion, ankle range of motion, functional fitness, and quality of sleep. In conclusion, resistance exercise, followed by interval training or aerobic exercise, was effective in improving the skeletal muscle function indexes, physical fitness, and quality of sleep for the elderly. However, no difference was found between the two types of exercise.

Effects of a 12-week resistance and aerobic exercise program on muscular strength and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: Study protocol for the EFICAN randomized controlled trial: Erratum.

Effects of a 12-week resistance and aerobic exercise program on muscular strength and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: Study protocol for the EFICAN randomized controlled trial: Erratum.

The Effects of Low Intensity Resistance Exercise on Cardiac Autonomic Function and Muscle Strength in Obese Postmenopausal Women.

The present study examined the effects of a 12-week low intensity resistance exercise training (LIRET) regimen on heart rate variability (HRV), strength and body composition in obese postmenopausal women. Participants were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of either LIRET (n= 10) or non-exercising control group (n= 10). HRV, leg muscle strength and body composition were measured before and after 12 weeks. There were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in sympathovagal balance (LnLF/LnHF) and sympathetic tone (nLF) as well as significant increases (P < 0.05) in parasympathetic tone (nHF) and strength following LIRET compared to no changes after control. There were no significant changes in body composition after LIRET or control. LIRET may be an effective therapeutic intervention for improving sympathovagal balance and strength in obese postmenopausal women. Since obese postmenopausal women are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and physical disability, they could potentially benefit from LIRET.

Twelve Weeks of Combined Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Improves Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Enhances Red Blood Cell Hemorheological Function in Obese Older Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The present study examined the effect of a 12-week combined resistance and aerobic exercise training program on cardiometabolic biomarkers and red blood cell (RBC) hemorheological function in 20 obese older men (mean age: 68.8 ± 0.9 years). Subjects were randomly divided into two groups (exercise intervention [EXP; n = 10] and control [CON; n = 10]). The EXP subjects performed resistance and aerobic exercise training program three times per week for 12 weeks, and the CON subjects maintained their regular lifestyle during the intervention period. Body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis equipment. Cardiometabolic biomarkers (glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA β-cell function, and leptin) and RBC hemorheological parameters (RBC deformability and aggregation) were analyzed. Percent body fat decreased significantly in the EXP group during the intervention period but increased significantly in the CON group. Insulin increased significantly in the CON group over the 12-week period and both insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the CON group than in the EXP group at post-test. RBC deformability (RBC EI_3Pa) and aggregation (RBC AI_3Pa) improved significantly only in the EXP group. The present study suggests that combined exercise training can be useful for improving cardiometabolic biomarkers and RBC hemorheological parameters in obese older men and may help prevent metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GRIP STRENGTH AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS

Background: Decline in both physical function and cognition among older adults has been associated with increased risk of dementia. Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for the improvement of both physical and cognitive function. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between baseline physical function and cognitive function after 12 weeks of resistance training among older adults. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-seven community-dwelling older adults (N=237, 73.7±5.7 years, 58.2% female) participated in a 12-week resistance exercise program (3 times/week; 3 sets, 6-8 repetitions at 75-80% of the 1-repetition maximum), designed to increase strength and muscle mass of major muscle groups. Body composition, physical activity status, grip strength, cardiovascular risk factors, 6 minutes walking distance (6MWD), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were measured at baseline and endpoint. The linear regression model was used to examine the association. Results: Mean MMSE score was 27.5±2.1 at baseline and 28.1±2.2 after the exercise intervention. After the intervention, 57 declined, 55 remained the same, and 120 have improved in MMSE scores. We found that the MMSE score after the intervention was significantly associated with baseline grip strength (beta=.03, P<.05) among healthy older adults, after adjusting basic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and mobility at baseline. Conclusion: Our study found that baseline grip strength was strongly associated with cognitive function after the 12 weeks of resistance training. Muscle power, such as grip strength may play an important role in the effect of exercise intervention on cognition even among healthy independent older adults.

12주간의 저항성운동이 30~40대 마른비만 여성의 근력과 대사증후군 위험요인에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise on muscular strength and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in normal weight obese women, aged 30-40s. Subjects in resistance exercise group (EX: n=13) participated in resistance exercise for 50 min/session, 3 sessions/wk for 12 weeks, whereas subjects in control group (CON: n=12) were asked to maintain their normal life patterns during the same intervention period. The variables regarding muscular strength and risk factors of metabolic syndrome were measured and compared between two groups as well as between two tests utilizing a repeated two-way ANOVA. Main results of the present study were as follows: 1) Regarding muscular strength, 1 RM of leg press, leg extension, leg curl, bench press, lat pull down, and biceps curl increased significantly in EX. 2) Regarding physique and body composition, body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, and waist circumference decreased significantly in EX. 3) Regarding blood lipid profiles, triglyceride (TG) decreased significantly in EX. There was a significant interaction between group and time in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and the HDL-C decreased significantly in CON. 4) Regarding insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin, and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in EX. 5) Regarding blood pressure, interaction between group and time was significant in systolic blood pressure. It was concluded that 12 weeks of resistance exercise would be beneficial for improvement of muscular strength and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in normal weight obese women, aged 30-40s, due to the enhancement of waist circumference, TG, HDL-C, and FPG.

No Evidence for Effect of Exercise on Transcriptome of NK Cells in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Therapy: Results From a Pilot Study.

BackgroundMobilization and activation of natural killer cells (NK cells) have been hypothesized to contribute to observed protective effects of exercise on cancer development and progression. Some evidence exists for acute effects of aerobic exercise on NK cell mobilization and function, i.e., alteration of the gene expression profile of NK cells. Yet, the chronic effects of exercise training, and effects of other modalities than endurance exercise are still understudied. Here, we investigated the chronic effects of a 12-week resistance exercise program on NK cell gene expression in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemo- or radiotherapy.MethodsBreast cancer patients were randomly assigned to either a 12-week resistance exercise program or a relaxation control group concomitant to adjuvant therapy. In a subsample of 19 participants, RNA was extracted from magnet bead isolated NK cells and subsequently analyzed for differential gene expression using microarray Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 before and after the intervention.ResultsAfter chronic exercise intervention several genes showed higher differential expression compared to the control group. However, after correction for multiple testing, baseline-adjusted analyses of covariance indicated no significant differences between the intervention and the control group with regard to the gene expression profile.DiscussionOur findings suggest that 12-week resistance-exercise did not alter the gene expression profile of NK cells in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant therapy on the long term. Further studies with larger sample sizes and specifically designed to investigate whether exercise-induced changes in NK cell function are attributed to acute effects are warranted.

Moderate Increase in Protein Intake Promotes a Small Additional Improvement in Functional Capacity, But Not in Muscle Strength and Lean Mass Quality, in Postmenopausal Women Following Resistance Exercise: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a moderate increase in protein intake on muscle strength, functional capacity and lean mass quality improvements in postmenopausal women following resistance exercise. Forty-seven postmenopausal women were randomized in two groups: Normal protein (NP, n = 25), who received a dietary plan containing ~0.8 g protein·kg−1·d−1 (recommended dietary allowance—RDA recommendations); and higher protein (HP, n = 22), which a moderate increase in protein intake was recommended (~1.2 g protein·kg−1·d−1). Resistance training was performed for 10 weeks, three times/week. Muscle strength (handgrip strength and one repetition maximum test—1-RM), functional capacity and lean mass (LM) quality (muscle strength to lean mass ratio) were evaluated. Dietary intake was assessed by nine 24 h food recalls. After intervention, both groups increased similarly the leg extension 1-RM and handgrip strength. Regarding functional capacity tests, both groups increased the balance test score (SPPB) and 10 m walk test speed, with no differences between the groups. In addition, an increase in speed to perform the 6 min and 400 m walk tests was observed over the time, with an additional improvement in the HP group (time × group interaction; p = 0.007 and p = 0.004, respectively). About LM quality, leg extension 1-RM/leg LM improved over the time in both groups (p = 0.050), with no time × group interaction. All these significant changes had a low effect size. In conclusion, a moderate increase in protein intake promoted a small additional improvement in functional capacity, but it did not induce a greater increase in strength and LM quality after 10 weeks of resistance exercise in postmenopausal women. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03024125.

The effect of cognitive function on mobility improvement among community-living older adults: A 12-week resistance exercise intervention study

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between baseline cognitive function and improvement in mobility after 12 weeks of resistance training (3 times/week; 3 sets, 6-8 repetitions at 75-80% of the 1-repetition maximum) among community-dwelling older adults in Iceland (N=205, 73.5±5.7 years, 57.0% female). Body composition, physical activity status, cardiovascular risk factors, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were measured. The linear regression model was used to examine the association between baseline MMSE and mobility improvement. Mean distance of 6MWT was 462.8±71.6 meter at baseline and mean change after the exercise intervention was 33.7±34.9 meter. The mean MMSE score at baseline was 27.6±1.9. After adjusting for baseline covariates, we found that baseline MMSE score was significantly associated with improvement in mobility among older adults after the exercise intervention. Cognitive function strongly influences the effect of exercise intervention on mobility among older adults.