Web Sources Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence in Graphic Design: the Case of Generative Neural Networks

The purpose of the article is in finding out the level of influence of Artificial Intelligence on the graphic design on the example of operationalization of neural networks, which made generative graphics possible, allowed for a high variability of parameters, as well as adjusting the color scheme, contrast, and geometric proportions of the objects being created. Research methods. The empirical method, the method of analysis and synthesis, as well as qualitative research methods were used, which, in particular, include the study of scientific, popular and web sources on the use of generative networks and AI in graphic design; the features and functional parameters of individual neural networks in the context of the topic of the article were analyzed. In addition, along with a review of the latest research on the topic, the relationship between experimental and scientific research in graphic design today and the development of generative design as a promising technology with a wide range of applications and a method for designing functional structures of graphic design, UI/UX design, animation, etc. is clarified. Scientific novelty. The article presents for the first time a comprehensive approach to the problem of applying AI and generative neural networks in graphic design, and considers, in particular, the potential, advantages, and disadvantages of specific neural networks, such as DALL-E, DALL-E 2, Stable Diffusion, MidJourney, and Craiyon, when generating compositional and graphic solutions. Conclusions. It was found out that generative neural networks are one of the most popular types of AI in the design industry in the first quarter of the twenty-first century. Neural networks such as DALL-E, DALL-E 2, Stable Diffusion, MidJourney, and Craiyon, or professional programs such as InDesign or Illustrator, have definitely become indispensable for many graphic designers today, who use them to reproduce, transform, and synthesize images, manipulate elements according to the needs of users, improve and edit variations of generated images, as well as adjust geometric proportions, color and contrast of objects, and use a high variability of parameters.

Healthcare support for ukrainian refugees in the Czech Republic: a literature review

The article focuses on the analysis of "most common methods providing health care to migrants and refugees and on the other hand on the analysis of "most common health problems" of refugees and migrants especially in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine. Stemming from the conflict since 2014, it has triggered the most significant wave of refugees in contemporary history. The method of analysis is a "literature review" created from available sources in Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, focusing on data systematization within the GAJU 101/2022/S project funded by the South Bohemian University in České Budějovice, Czech Republic. The search strategy included keywords such as "Ukrainian migrants," "refugees," "health data," "central registry," "healthcare crisis," and "aid provision," employing logical operators. We examined 41 literary sources from both Czech and international publications, as well as official institution websites. The study identifies the complex interplay between migration and health, revealing diverse needs among migrants and refugees. It emphasizes the necessity of developing effective healthcare policies, particularly in crisis situations. Understanding the implementation of legal provisions for healthcare access is crucial for adapting healthcare systems in Europe. Upholding the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights during information gathering ensures equal access to medical assistance regardless of individuals' status or financial standing. Therefore, further research in this direction should not only deepen our understanding of the migration-health relationship but also translate knowledge into policies for improving healthcare conditions for migrants and refugees in Europe.

Emerging and reemerging human fungal pathogens that affect people with weakened immune systems: a systematic review

BACKGROUNDEmerging and reemerging human fungal pathogens are becoming more closely associated with morbidity and mortality, with 13 million infections and 1.5 million deaths per year. They are most often associated with critically ill and immunosuppressed patients. Therefore, this systematic review focused on emerging and reemerging human fungal pathogens that affect immunosuppressed individuals. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other sources (Google engine and manual search using a reference list). The data were extracted in a structured format prepared using Microsoft Excel. RESULTSCryptococcus neoformans, Candida auris, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Nakaseomyces glabrata (Candida glabrata), Histoplasma spp., Mucorales (Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Lichtheimia spp., and others), Fusarium spp., Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei), Talaromyces marneffei and Pneumocystis jirovecii were emerging and reemerging fungal pathogens reported among critically ill and immunocompromised patients including but not limited to HIV patients and patients with infectious diseases such as influenza, COVID-19, and tuberculosis as well as chronic conditions or co-morbidities such as asthma, hepatic cirrhosis, cancer, diabetes, cystic fibrosis (CF), transplant recipients, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Climate change, agricultural activities, occupational hazards, deforestation, migratory trends of people, soil dispersion, decreased immunity of patients, biofilm development, medication tolerance, and resistance to antifungal therapies are all factors that contribute to the emergence of fungal diseases. CONCLUSIONThis review makes recommendations for policymakers, public health experts, and other stakeholders to improve the response to these fungal infections, including laboratory capacity and surveillance, fostering sustainable research and innovation, implementing public health initiatives, and limiting the development of antifungal drug resistance.

Cognitive Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Neurobiology of Empathic Process

IntroductionAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is diagnosed when an individual displays irregularity in three key domains: social development, communication, and repetitive behavior/obsessive interests.The theory of mind-blindness in ASD suggests that individuals on the autism spectrum exhibit deficiencies in the typical empathic process, relative to their mental age.Empathy comprises two primary components: firstly, the capacity to attribute mental states to both oneself and others, and secondly, experiencing an emotional response that aligns with the mental state of the other person.ObjectivesThis study aimed to synthetase the latest evidence about the neuropsychiatric basis of empathy in ASD.MethodsA review was conducted, drawing on reputable sources (PubMed and Web of Science databases).Results A neural basis of empathy has built on a model first proposed by Brothers. It was suggested that social intelligence was a function of three regions: the amygdala, the orbitofrontal and medial frontal cortex, and the superior temporal sulcus and gyrus - the “social brain”. Abnormalities in autism have been found in the amygdala, the orbito and the medial frontal cortex.Amygdala has been implicated primarily in fear perception of facial expressions, as well as in the recognition of other emotions such as sadness and “social” emotions. In addition to fear perception, the amygdala has also been implicated in related processes including eye gaze, affective memory, olfactory learning, and social judgment.To date, findings on amygdala structure in autism have been mixed, with studies indicating reduced and increased volumes, as well as nonsignificant differences.ConclusionsASD is one of the most heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders, and cognitive theories as well as structural findings have linked likely frontal lobe abnormalities to the social and cognitive profiles of autism.Future studies may elucidate existing data by taking advantage of new and infrequently used data acquisition technologies such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Impulsivity-Compulsivity Spectrum: Understanding Brain Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

IntroductionImpulsivity and compulsivity are natural behaviors controlled by brain mechanisms that are essential for survival in all species. Understanding these brain mechanisms may lead to targeted treatment strategies for these symptom domains when impulsivity and compulsivity become dysfunctional.Pathological impulsivity and compulsivity characterise a broad range of mental disorders.ObjectivesThis study aimed to synthesise the latest evidence about the conceptualization of the impulsivity-compulsivity spectrum.MethodsA review was conducted, drawing on reputable sources (PubMed and Web of Science databases).ResultsThe concept of impulsivity can be defined as a predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli without regard to the negative consequences of these reactions to the impulsive individual or to others. However, impulsivity is not always unplanned. Impulsive behaviours can be conceptualised as the core symptoms of a broad range of psychiatric disorders.In contrast, compulsivity refers to repetitive behaviours that are performed according to certain rules or in a stereotypical fashion. Compulsivity is a tendency to repeat the same, often purposeless acts, which are sometimes associated with undesirable consequences.Impulsivity and compulsivity may be viewed as diametrically opposed, or alternatively, as similar, in that each implies a dysfunction of impulse control. Each involves alterations within a wide range of neural processes, including attention, perception, and coordination of motor or cognitive responses.ConclusionsThe neurobiology of impulsivity and compulsivity may involve inhibitory neurotransmitters, excitatory neurotransmitters, the prefrontal cortex, and/or limbic dysfunction.Impulsive and compulsive features may present at the same time or at different times during the same illness. Although both compulsive and impulsive disorders may be related to prefrontal cortex dysfunction, compulsive disorders would be related to hyperactivity and impulsive disorders to hypoactivity of the prefrontal cortex. Compulsiveness appears to be associated with increased frontal lobe activity, while impulsiveness may be associated with reduced frontal lobe activity.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Unlocking the future of space resource management through satellite remote sensing and AI integration

This scientific study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) and satellite remote sensing could work together to transform space resource management. As human activity in space continues to expand, the effective and sustainable utilization of celestial resources is of paramount importance. It begins by highlighting the evolution of space exploration and the growing interest in resource extraction beyond Earth's boundaries. It emphasizes the critical role of resource management for the success of future space missions.Advances in technology in recent times, including the implementation of in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) and self-governing mining systems, have significantly enhanced the possibility of extracting resources from celestial entities. While the economic feasibility of space mining is compelling, environmental concerns, sustainability, and intricate governance challenges necessitate careful examination.An approach for comprehending the complex field of space resource management is presented in this research. It delineates a clear roadmap of its content, offering a succinct summary of key objectives and sections, facilitating reader comprehension. The methodology includes a literature review of relevant research materials from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar sources. It investigates celestial bodies' resource potential, main challenges, and environmental implications.Preliminary contributions include one analysis of the potential applications of satellite remote sensing and AI technologies in mitigating these challenges, highlighting their pivotal roles in resource identification and management, proposing terrestrial solutions applicable to space resource management. The integration of AI into space resource management is discussed, emphasizing its potential to enhance safety protocols, resource allocation, and overall efficiency. Furthermore, it discusses international agreements and treaties governing space exploration and resource utilization while advocating for cooperation among space-faring nations and stakeholders. It concludes discussing the implications, benefits, challenges, areas requiring further attention, and future directions of integrating these technologies in space resource management.

Advances in the Pharmacological Management of Chronic Hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B, a vaccine-preventable liver infection, remains a global public health problem. Dedicated groups of experts and funding are focusing on achieving a functional cure to eradicate this disease by 2030. With more than 40 molecules available or under investigation as new treatments for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, none of them is curative so far. Available treatments are effective in suppressing HBV replication and in decreasing the risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death, but do not eliminate the virus, and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma remains. Nucleoside/nucleotide analogs are recommended as first-line therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B infection to inhibit viral replication and lower the HBV DNA values, but long-term therapy is usually needed to maintain suppression. Cessation of the therapy in accordance with clinical guidelines can result in virological and clinical relapse. PubMed, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov , and gray literature sources were searched for articles discussing HBV management and new therapies. With current nucleoside/nucleotide analog therapies, fewer than 5% of patients lose hepatitis B surface antigen after 12 months, which underscores the need for new drugs that can achieve a functional cure. New therapies are being developed, including small interfering RNAs. Bepirovirsen, a modified antisense oligonucleotide, shows promising results and a good safety profile, but requires further exploration in larger number of patients to determine whether a functional cure is possible. Eradication of HBV infection with currently available therapies is not yet possible. Experts are developing innovative treatments, such as bepirovirsen, to achieve functional cure for this disease and to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Brief Overview on Rabies: A Fatal and Preventable Virus

Rabies is a fatal and acute infection of the brain. The virulence factor of this infection is the Rabies virus, which belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family. It is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. The common ways of transferral of Rabies in humans are the transmission of rabies by the bite of a rabid animal and transmission due to saliva and consumption of meat and milk of rabid animals. Some wild animals, e.g., skunks, dogs, raccoons, foxes, and bats, can also transfer rabies in humans, mammals, and other animals. The incubation period of Rabies is at least 2 weeks to a maximum of 6 years, with an average duration of 2 to 3 months. Given its status as a significant zoonotic disease, it is crucial to have an accurate and prompt diagnosis to facilitate early treatment and implement effective measures for prevention and control. This study comprehensively analyzes epidemiology, transmission, etiology, advancements in diagnostics, immunization, therapy methods, and effective prevention and control techniques. The main objective of this study is to brief the threat of rabies and its management along with providing some brief knowledge related to rabies. The web sources (e.g., Google Scholar, Pubmed) were used to collect data regarding Rabies and briefly explained. As a result, it is clear that rabies is a big threat to the whole world so management strategies are required to target and overcome this threat. This study concludes that the Rabies virus can be managed by following the preventive and managemental strategies.

Disability Research in Zambia: A Scoping Review

Background: Globally, people with disabilities experience exclusion from health, education, employment, and other aspects of daily life. Evidence on lived experience across key life areas (such as education, health, and employment) is necessary to promote disability-inclusive policy and practice, but there is often limited evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and there is no current synthesis in Zambia. Objectives: This scoping review aimed to synthesise evidence relevant to the lived experience of people with disabilities in Zambia across key life areas, in order to support national disability policy and practice. Method: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Global Health, Africa-Wide Information and grey literature sources were searched from database inception until June 2023, although after the database search, we included only articles published from 2007, after adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Articles of any study design that were relevant to disability in Zambia were included, although prevalence studies were excluded to keep the focus on lived experience. Search results were independently screened by two reviewers, first by title/abstract, then by full text. Study characteristics and key findings were extracted, with findings narratively synthesised across key topic areas, such as health, education, and family support. Results: From 10,327 search results, 122 articles were included. Over a third of included articles focused on education for children with disabilities (n = 41, 34%) and the majority were conducted in Lusaka Province (n = 73, 60%). The included research demonstrated a number of challenges experienced by people with disabilities in Zambia that impinge on their human rights, including inaccessible environments, stigma and discrimination, and limited support. Evidence is relatively limited in some key areas, including healthcare and employment, and there is need for up-to-date research. Conclusions: People with disabilities in Zambia experience daily challenges. There is need for action to improve disability inclusion in Zambia in line with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Using Cloud Services to Improve Weather Forecasting Based on Weather Big Data Scraped From Web Sources

Using Cloud Services to Improve Weather Forecasting Based on Weather Big Data Scraped From Web Sources

THE EFFECT OF VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT ON PERFORMANCE OF HOSPITAL IN ASIA : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Introduction: Few studies evaluate hospital mission, vision, and values. Just one reveals how hospital managers view their mission statements. According to study, the hospital's purpose, vision, and values stimulate employee dedication and improve staff performance and operational efficiency. The aim: This study demonstrated the effect of vision and mission statement on performance of Hospital in Asia. Methods: Comparing itself to PRISMA 2020 standards showed that this study met all requirements. Therefore, the specialists were able to keep the study current. This search method considered 2010–2024 publications. This was done using Google Schoolar and other web sources. Review pieces, previously published works, and unfinished works were excluded. Result: In the Google Schoolar database, the results of our search brought up 512 articles. The results of the search conducted for the last year of 2010 yielded a total 162 articles. In the end, we compiled a total of 3 papers. Conclusion: There will be a connection between the organizational culture and the vision and mission of a health service providing agency. The level of performance that will be achieved as a result of this will be both effective and efficient.

EHealth Literacy and Web-Based Health Information-Seeking Behaviors on COVID-19 in Japan: Internet-Based Mixed Methods Study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, much misinformation and disinformation emerged and spread rapidly via the internet, posing a severe public health challenge. While the need for eHealth literacy (eHL) has been emphasized, few studies have compared the difficulties involved in seeking and using COVID-19 information between adult internet users with low or high eHL. This study examines the association between eHL and web-based health information-seeking behaviors among adult Japanese internet users. Moreover, this study qualitatively shed light on the difficulties encountered in seeking and using this information and examined its relationship with eHL. This cross-sectional internet-based survey (October 2021) collected data from 6000 adult internet users who were equally divided into sample groups by gender, age, and income. We used the Japanese version of the eHL Scale (eHEALS). We also used a Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI) adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic to assess eHL after we translated it to Japanese. Web-based health information-seeking behaviors were assessed by using a 10-item list of web sources and evaluating 10 topics participants searched for regarding COVID-19. Sociodemographic and other factors (eg, health-related behavior) were selected as covariates. Furthermore, we qualitatively explored the difficulties in information seeking and using. The descriptive contents of the responses regarding difficulties in seeking and using COVID-19 information were analyzed using an inductive qualitative content analysis approach. Participants with high eHEALS and DHLI scores on information searching, adding self-generated information, evaluating reliability, determining relevance, and operational skills were more likely to use all web sources of information about COVID-19 than those with low scores. However, there were negative associations between navigation skills and privacy protection scores when using several information sources, such as YouTube (Google LLC), to search for COVID-19 information. While half of the participants reported no difficulty seeking and using COVID-19 information, participants who reported any difficulties, including information discernment, incomprehensible information, information overload, and disinformation, had lower DHLI score. Participants expressed significant concerns regarding "information quality and credibility," "abundance and shortage of relevant information," "public trust and skepticism," and "credibility of COVID-19-related information." Additionally, they disclosed more specific concerns, including "privacy and security concerns," "information retrieval challenges," "anxieties and panic," and "movement restriction." Although Japanese internet users with higher eHEALS and total DHLI scores were more actively using various web sources for COVID-19 information, those with high navigation skills and privacy protection used web-based information about COVID-19 cautiously compared with those with lower proficiency. The study also highlighted an increased need for information discernment when using social networking sites in the "Health 2.0" era. The identified categories and themes from the qualitative content analysis, such as "information quality and credibility," suggest a framework for addressing the myriad challenges anticipated in future infodemics.

Completeness, Recall, and Negation in Open-world Knowledge Bases: A Survey

General-purpose knowledge bases (KBs) are a cornerstone of knowledge-centric AI. Many of them are constructed pragmatically from web sources and are thus far from complete. This poses challenges for the consumption as well as the curation of their content. While several surveys target the problem of completing incomplete KBs, the first problem is arguably to know whether and where the KB is incomplete in the first place, and to which degree. In this survey, we discuss how knowledge about completeness, recall, and negation in KBs can be expressed, extracted, and inferred. We cover (i) the logical foundations of knowledge representation and querying under partial closed-world semantics; (ii) the estimation of this information via statistical patterns; (iii) the extraction of information about recall from KBs and text; (iv) the identification of interesting negative statements; and (v) relaxed notions of relative recall. This survey is targeted at two types of audiences: (1) practitioners who are interested in tracking KB quality, focusing extraction efforts, and building quality-aware downstream applications; and (2) data management, knowledge base, and semantic web researchers who wish to understand the state-of-the-art of knowledge bases beyond the open-world assumption. Consequently, our survey presents both fundamental methodologies and the results that they have produced, and gives practice-oriented recommendations on how to choose between different approaches for a problem at hand.

Corporate interest groups and their implications for global food governance: mapping and analysing the global corporate influence network of the transnational ultra-processed food industry.

A major challenge to transforming food systems to promote human health and sustainable development is the global rise in the manufacture and consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). A key driver of this dietary transition is the globalization of UPF corporations, and their organized corporate political activity (CPA) intended to counter opposition and block government regulation. UPF industry CPA and the corporate interest groups who lobby on their behalf have been well described at the national level, however, at the global level, this network has not been systematically characterized. This study aims to map, analyse, and describe this network, and discuss the implications for global food policy action on UPFs, global food governance (GFG), and food systems transformation. We conducted a network analysis of the declared interest group memberships of the world's leading UPF corporations, extracted from web sources, company reports, and relevant academic and grey literature. Data on the characteristics of these interest groups were further extracted for analysis, including year founded, level, type, and headquarter location. We identified 268 interest groups affiliated with the UPF industry. The UPF manufacturers Nestlé (n = 171), The Coca-Cola Company (n = 147), Unilever (n = 142), PepsiCo (n = 138), and Danone (n = 113) had the greatest number of memberships, indicating strong centrality in coordinating the network. We found that this network operates at all levels, yet key actors now predominantly coordinate globally through multistakeholder channels in GFG. The most common interest group types were sustainability/corporate social responsibility/multistakeholder initiatives, followed by branding and advertising, and food manufacturing and retail. Most corporate interest groups are headquartered where they can access powerful government and GFG decision-makers, nearly one-third in Washington DC and Brussels, and the rest in capital cities of major national markets for UPFs. The UPF industry, and especially its leading corporations, coordinate a global network of interest groups spanning multiple levels, jurisdictions, and governance spaces. This represents a major structural feature of global food and health governance systems, which arguably poses major challenges for actions to attenuate the harms of UPFs, and to realising of healthy and sustainable food systems.

Re-activating “feel-good” effects as an intangible hosting vision

ABSTRACT Purpose This article connects conceptual discussions of “legacies” and intended “feel-good” effects in the case of the men’s UEFA 2024 European Championship (Euro 2024) that Germany will host. Approach The article draws upon insights from the existing literature, bid documents, and other web sources to explore the re-activation of feel-good effects and social impacts of hosting. Findings Euro 2024 helps us understand how feel-good effects from the standpoint of mega-events offer insight into propositions of collective pride, passion, and joy. Event promoters then can focus on re-activating this notion of feel-good for socio-political effects. This remains crucial because the pre-event discourse which facilitates a celebration and festivity takes up a political and social significance. Practical Implications The article can provide lessons for event stakeholders and organizers on the ideas of “legacies” and “feel-good”. Research Contributions The article contributes with new insight into the persuasive use of promoting social and intangible impacts. It speaks to considerations event organizers are taking to make efforts to socially engage people during the pre-event phase. It launches a number of future considerations that help us think about the intended event experience as destinations seek to deliver events that are more meaningful for locals and visitors.

An Overview on Naturally Occurring Phytoconstituent: Lithospermic Acid

Abstract: Lithospermic acid is a phenylpropanoid oligomer isolated from an aqueous extract of dried roots of various Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae plants and used as a folk medicine to treat cardiovascular disease and to improve body functions. The manuscript has been written to provide valuable insights into naturally occurring phytocomponent, Lithospermic acid, and even explore its therapeutic potential. The data have been gathered from books and web sources, including Science Direct, Publons, Web of Science, and Scopus of the latest year. Lithospermic acid is a conjugate of rosmarinic and caffeic acid with a dihydro benzofuran nucleus and possesses a high antioxidant potential and prevents the production of superoxide radicals and lipid peroxidation and protects the tissue from deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species. In addition, it also possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, including reducing atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, HIV-1 integrase, and hyaluronidase inhibition, aldose reductase inhibition and improvement in uremic symptoms guanidino succinic acid level. Due to its anti-HIV activity, LA has gained much attention among the scientific community. Moreover, it is widely distributed to all the peripheral tissue in rats, and its metabolites undergo enterohepatic circulation and are excreted through biliary excretion. In this review, we concluded LA with its phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities.

Digital Versus Classical Teaching-Learning: Role of Library in Pre and Post Pandemic Era, A Case Study from Rammohan College

Abstract: This research work emphasizes the importance of libraries in the digital age, both before and after pandemics. According to the report, in the post-pandemic age, libraries simply cannot afford to stop fulfilling their official obligation to provide people with information. Through a variety of online and web sources, the libraries gave teachers, students, and researchers access to vital information and knowledge sources during the lockdown. According to the study, the function of libraries is unchanged from the pre-pandemic to the post-pandemic period.

Specyficzne słownictwo kulinarne. „Diabelskie” nazwy ciast, ciastek i deserów

The object of description in this paper are names of cakes, cookies and desserts, excerpted from culinary recipes published in Internet sources (Internet cookery books, web portals and blogs, Youtube channel), which are motivated by a semantic reference to the demon of evil – devil. Apart from the semantic motivation of terms (which is more complex than the motivation of other “devilish” names of dishes), their form and status in the Polish language have been analysed.

Accumulated experience and future prospects of <i>in vivo</i> hepatitis B virus research

Nowadays, an estimated more than 300 million people live with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally. One of the main goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to eliminate viral hepatitis by the year 2030. The study of the pathogenic and immunologic properties of HBV, as well as therapeutic substances and treatment regimens, is significantly complicated by the insufficient number of susceptible biological test subjects (animal models) and the lack of zoonotic reservoirs of the virus. In this regard, researching the properties of HBV and related hepadnaviruses provides invaluable material for understanding the biology of the pathogen and the developing methods of prevention and control of this chronic infectious disease, leading to severe hepatopathies (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma).
 Furthermore, prolonged HBV viremia leads to depletion of the immune system, reducing resistance against pathogens of other infections, especially those with a chronic course and socially determined spread.
 The aim of this research is to evaluate existing animal models of HBV infection in the context of pathogenesis, immunologic and pathomorphological features. For the first time, the hypothesis of the possible use of certain models for the research of HBV-associated socially significant infections is considered from the point of view of the development of pathomorphological features.
 To complete this review, we analyzed the information about the features of HBV infection models in vivo, published over the last 25 years in open sources (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springer). The main criteria for literature selection were the type of infecting agent, the observed immunologic features of the course of the infectious process and the availability of a description of the pathomorphological features in model organisms.

Good Governance in Western and Islāmic Traditions: A Comparative Study

The issue of effective governance stands as an enduring and global concern, and international organizations play a vital role in assisting nations in reforming their bureaucracies and public services while championing the cause of sound governance. The application and evolution of principles underpinning good governance hold paramount significance for both countries and organizations, serving as the bedrock for proficient leadership and administration. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that enhancing the efficacy of good governance requires more than just the mere establishment of structures and regulations. This study seeks to juxtapose Western concepts of good governance with those of Islāmic governance, aiming to identify commonalities and distinctions. By doing so, it aspires to furnish practitioners and policymakers with insights into cross-cultural learning and the formulation of inclusive governance frameworks, with a particular emphasis on those advocated by UNESCAP. The research methodology employed in this article relied on a library-based approach, incorporating references from the Holy Qur’an, Hadith, significant literary works, and web sources. Data were meticulously gathered and analysed through a narrative qualitative method. In conclusion, the tradition of Islāmic governance is characterized by principles such as Sharīʽah, Itqān (precision), tawazun (balance), ta’awun (collaboration), ‘adl (justice), bayān (transparency), Shūrā (consultation), and mas’uliyah (accountability), as well as at-Tabāyun (explanation). This scholarly investigation aims to explore the parallels and disparities in the classification and comprehension of attributes associated with good governance between Western perspectives and Islāmic governance principles. The primary focus of this study centers on the examination of governance perceptions and models within Western and Islāmic contexts.