Virtual World Research Articles

The Journey From Nonimmersive to Immersive Multiuser Applications in Mental Health Care: Systematic Review

Background Over the past 25 years, the development of multiuser applications has seen considerable advancements and challenges. The technological development in this field has emerged from simple chat rooms through videoconferencing tools to the creation of complex, interactive, and often multisensory virtual worlds. These multiuser technologies have gradually found their way into mental health care, where they are used in both dyadic counseling and group interventions. However, some limitations in hardware capabilities, user experience designs, and scalability may have hindered the effectiveness of these applications. Objective This systematic review aims at summarizing the progress made and the potential future directions in this field while evaluating various factors and perspectives relevant to remote multiuser interventions. Methods The systematic review was performed based on a Web of Science and PubMed database search covering articles in English, published from January 1999 to March 2024, related to multiuser mental health interventions. Several inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined before and during the records screening process, which was performed in several steps. Results We identified 49 records exploring multiuser applications in mental health care, ranging from text-based interventions to interventions set in fully immersive environments. The number of publications exploring this topic has been growing since 2015, with a large increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most digital interventions were delivered in the form of videoconferencing, with only a few implementing immersive environments. The studies used professional or peer-supported group interventions or a combination of both approaches. The research studies targeted diverse groups and topics, from nursing mothers to psychiatric disorders or various minority groups. Most group sessions occurred weekly, or in the case of the peer-support groups, often with a flexible schedule. Conclusions We identified many benefits to multiuser digital interventions for mental health care. These approaches provide distributed, always available, and affordable peer support that can be used to deliver necessary help to people living outside of areas where in-person interventions are easily available. While immersive virtual environments have become a common tool in many areas of psychiatric care, such as exposure therapy, our results suggest that this technology in multiuser settings is still in its early stages. Most identified studies investigated mainstream technologies, such as videoconferencing or text-based support, substituting the immersive experience for convenience and ease of use. While many studies discuss useful features of virtual environments in group interventions, such as anonymity or stronger engagement with the group, we discuss persisting issues with these technologies, which currently prevent their full adoption.

Emotional Intelligence and Study Habits as Predictors of Online Learning Motivation of Students in Filipino

The study aims to predict the level of emotional intelligence, study habits, and their significant influence on the online learning motivation of students in Filipino. Analysis was conducted on data collected from 251 STEM students in selected public Senior High Schools who still opted for online learning as delivery of instruction. The study used a quantitative research design and applied a descriptive-correlational technique. Meanwhile, the adopted survey questionnaire was validated and used to gather the data needed for the study. Results revealed through weighted mean that the level of emotional intelligence, study habits, and online learning motivation of students in Filipino were high. With the help of regression analysis, results proved that there was a significant relationship among variables. Thus, the study also showed that learners with high levels of emotional intelligence and study habits significantly influenced their motivation to learn in an online environment, which results in academic success. These findings indicate that a strong foundation in emotion and systematic study habits in learning plays a vital role in sustaining motivation and acquiring knowledge online. Therefore, students will be more engaged in an online learning environment and will be encouraged to learn intrinsically when their emotional intelligence and study habits are well-established. School management, teachers, and institutions can use these findings to understand, support, and make interventions for the development of motivation in the modern way of learning in the online world.

From Chaos to the Absurd: Existentialism for the 21st Century

As Sartre pointed out, philosophical questions are questions that each generation must ask themselves because only this promotes the feeling of being alive, which is especially true for existential questions closely related to time–space, the moment, and our society. Sartre placed his philosophy of existentialism in wartime and the social conditions of the time at the beginning of the 20th century. We can equate these conditions with today’s conditions; we are once again facing threats of war, and once again, we are facing chaotic conditions that increasingly lead to absurdity but are also entirely different. Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, the clarity and disambiguation of the 20th century no longer exist, as the relationships between beings and the world have drastically changed. We can observe that (1) the world is not one; there are two worlds, the physical and the cyber world and (2) being is not one; there are two beings (entities), human and AI-based forms of artificial life (ALF), between which there is a permanent tension. We advocate the thesis that in the society of the future, man must still play a master role; he must still be the being who will guide this society. Also, as Sartre claimed, each era must create its philosophy and consider real time–space. Responses to changes in this time–space also relate to existentialism in the 21st century. In this context, it is necessary to redefine the view of the future and the guidelines for the development of future society.

TECHNOLINGUALISM AND MULTILINGUALISM ON THE WEB 3.0: UBEK ET RICA BLOG

The democratisation of the Internet has given rise to a digital society, the most influential, smart, and cumbersome in the history of humanity. English, the most used language on the Internet, accounts for 49.7% of the linguistic content across all digital platforms. The dominance of English has posed a linguistic challenge to Francophone, Hispanophone, Russophone, Lusophone, Sinophone, Arabophone, and many other linguistic communities for several decades. English continuously enriches itself with emerging technological buzzwords thanks to linguistic content disseminated on websites and digital social network applications such as ChatGPT, Google, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, etc. This research focuses on the sociolinguistic competition between English and French in the virtual world, analysing code-switching (English and French) on the French weblog Usbek et Rica, which adopts this style to convey information to its Francophone audience. Can it be said that this illustrates the linguistic homogenisation of English as the language of the Internet to the detriment of other languages, such as French? This article aims to answer this question by examining articles published on usbeketrica.com from 2016 to 2020, using these publications as a data corpus. It also critiques the programming languages of the blog in comparison with natural languages in society, applying the Marie-Anne Paveau’s ecological linguistic approach, which stipulates that all linguistic and extra-linguistic signs produce symmetrical meanings in the digital ecosystem. The findings show that the impact of English on French, in terms of technological language, is increasingly evident on the blog.

Augmented Reality Adoption: Exploring Security Concerns and Consumer Resourcefulness in the Era of Society 5.0

ABSTRACTSociety 5.0, building its foundation on industry 4.0, defines the concept of super smart cities as places where humans can adapt novel technologies such as augmented reality (AR) in their daily lives. AR brought its consumers an immersive and hybrid experience, blurring the boundaries between the real and virtual worlds. This study explores the user adoption of AR, an interactive technology, in the e‐commerce domain in the present era of Society 5.0. This study seeks to address the question of what factors drive the consumer's adoption of AR while shopping online and how security concern and technostress (TS) impact their intention towards its use and its actual usage behaviour. This research offers a novel perspective and fills a gap in the existing literature by integrating consumers' security concerns and TS, previously unexplored factors, in the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. The ability of the UTAUT model, over the earlier technology adoption models, to incorporate context‐specific factors makes it significantly relevant for studying AR adoption, a technology blending the virtual and real world. A modified UTAUT‐based questionnaire assessed relevant factors influencing this behaviour. This study employed a quantitative, cross‐sectional survey design to apprehend a broad range of users and to investigate consumer perceptions and adoption of AR in online shopping. Purposive sampling ensured that respondents were aligned with the research context and were knowledgeable about the use of AR in the e‐commerce domain and its relevant applications, thereby strengthening the validity of the study findings. A two‐staged partial least square structural equation modelling–artificial neural network (PLS‐SEM–ANN) data analysis approach was used to determine the study's findings. The meaningful responses collected from 457 respondents were analysed using this targeted approach for in‐depth insights. The synthesis of the study's analysis suggests that personal innovativeness towards information technology and security concerns are critical drivers of intention and actual usage. Interestingly, TS and social influence emerged as non‐significant, indicating a nuanced view of the UTAUT model in this context. A possible explanation for their insignificance lies in the present generation's ability to rapidly adapt to new technologies and make autonomous decisions, reducing reliance on peer influence. By understanding these factors, the research seeks to pave the way for the efficacious integration of AR within the e‐commerce domain. It further emphasizes the significance of consumer resourcefulness, a gap in current research, for bridging the intention‐usage gap. This focus on consumers’ personal innovativeness towards IT, security concerns and consumer resourcefulness provides valuable insights for e‐commerce platforms seeking to drive successful AR adoption. The study explores how well AR will be accepted and used, informing scholarly researchers and businesses on making AR‐integrated online shopping successful.

Computation of Outer Inverse of Tensors Based on t‐Product

ABSTRACTTensor computations play an essential role in various fields of science and engineering, including multiway data analysis. In this study, we established a few basic properties of the range and null space of a tensor by using block circulant matrices and a discrete Fourier matrix. We then discuss the outer inverse of the tensors based on ‐product with a prescribed range and kernel of third‐order tensors. We address the relation of this outer inverse with other generalized inverses, such as the Moore–Penrose inverse, group inverse, and Drazin inverse. In addition, we present a few algorithms for computing the outer inverses of the tensors. In particular, a ‐QR decomposition based algorithm was developed to compute outer inverses. It is well known that the confidentiality of information transmitted through the virtual world grows exponentially, and color image and video security have become a significant concern when communicating over the internet. As an application, a ‐QR decomposition based algorithm was demonstrated for concealing secret color images and videos.

Peran Al-Quran dan Hadist dalam Pembentukan Etika Sosial di Era Digital

This article discusses the importance of the Al-Quran and Hadith as the main sources of Islamic teachings in shaping social ethics in the digital era. In the context of continuously developing technology, the main challenge faced is how to integrate moral values ​​originating from the Koran and Hadith into everyday life which is increasingly influenced by digital media. The Koran provides a strong moral foundation, including respecting individual rights and maintaining justice, while the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad SAW provides concrete examples of how to apply these teachings in social life. This article examines the relevance of these teachings in dealing with phenomena such as cyberbullying, hate speech, and other challenges in digital interactions. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a focus on literature study as the main methodology. The research results show that a deep understanding of the Al-Quran and Hadith is important for developing strategies to overcome the complexity of social ethics in the digital era, which allows Muslims to maintain noble values ​​in social interactions in an increasingly connected virtual world.

Kárpátalja egyházi fenntartású iskoláinak virtuális nyelvi tájképe

We live in an age where everywhere we look, thousands of pieces of information are streaming towards us. This fact in itself highlights the importance of the linguistic landscape in our everyday lives, as everything that surrounds us, everything we perceive influences our thinking and therefore our use of language. In the 21st century, we need to pay particular attention to the virtual world, as a large percentage of the younger and even older generations receive a significant proportion of their stimuli through some types of electronic communication tools or social platforms. Schools have a particularly important role in language development and formation, as young people, the future generation, are most shaped within their walls. In the present study, we analysed a sample of posts published in the last few years on the social platforms (official website and Facebook) of the ecclesiastical schools of Transcarpathia. We relied on statistical and comparative analysis of the textual content of these entries. In addition, we examined the meta-linguistic information of the entries. The overall visual appearance of the website was also taken into consideration, i.e., the types of images published were also investigated. In the research, it was assumed that all the official webpages of the schools under investigation contain entries in both Ukrainian and Hungarian. We also assessed whether a higher percentage of entries in Hungarian appeared on the schools’ online interfaces. Results showed that the number of interactions by people who followed the sites was higher for Hungarian language posts, advertisements and articles. We assumed that religious posts and symbols regularly appeared on the websites and Facebook pages, and that a higher percentage of these posts and symbols appeared in Hungarian. It was also hypothesized that the volume of texts in Ukrainian was smaller than the amount of texts in Hungarian. The research has confirmed that both Ukrainian and Hungarian entries are found on the websites, with a higher share of entries in Hungarian. It also confirmed our hypothesis that followers of the websites tend to respond more frequently to posts in Hungarian, due to the fact that the majority of followers use Hungarian as their mother tongue. Last but not least, the research revealed that religious posts and symbols regularly appear on the official websites and Facebook pages of the lyceums, and the language of these posts is mostly Hungarian.

Learning and Teaching Geological Field Skills in a Virtual World: Insights From an Undergraduate Virtual Fieldtrip in Kinlochleven, Scotland

Learning and Teaching Geological Field Skills in a Virtual World: Insights From an Undergraduate Virtual Fieldtrip in Kinlochleven, Scotland

TouchMark: Partial Tactile Feedback Design for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Virtual Reality.

The use of Virtual Reality (VR) technology, especially in medical rehabilitation, has expanded to include tactile cues along with visual stimuli. For patients with upper limb hemiplegia, tangible handles with haptic stimuli could improve their ability to perform daily activities. Traditional VR controllers are unsuitable for patient rehabilitation in VR, necessitating the design of specialized tangible handles with integrated tracking devices. Besides, matching tactile stimulation with corresponding virtual visuals could strengthen users' embodiment (i.e., owning and controlling virtual bodies) in VR, which is crucial for patients' training with virtual hands. Haptic stimuli have been shown to amplify the embodiment in VR, whereas the effect of partial tactile stimulation from tangible handles on embodiment remains to be clarified. This research, including three experiments, aims to investigate how partial tactile feedback of tangible handles impacts users' embodiment, and we proposed a design concept called TouchMark for partial tactile stimuli that could help users quickly connect the physical and virtual worlds. To evaluate users' tactile and comfort perceptions when grasping tangible handles in a non-VR setting, various handles with three partial tactile factors were manipulated in Study 1. In Study 2, we explored the effects of partial feedback using three forms of TouchMark on the embodiment of healthy users in VR, with various tangible handles, while Study 3 focused on similar investigations with patients. These handles were utilized to complete virtual food preparation tasks. The tactile and comfort perceptions of tangible handles and users' embodiment were evaluated in this research using questionnaires and interviews. The results indicate that TouchMark with haptic line and ring forms over no stimulation would significantly enhance users' embodiment, especially for patients. The low-cost and innovative TouchMark approach may assist users, particularly those with limited VR experience, in achieving the embodiment and enhancing their virtual interactive experience.

Assessment of gamified mixed reality environments for upper limb robotic rehabilitation: pilot study on healthy adults

Exoskeletons for rehabilitation have the potential to aid movement and promote intensive, task-oriented, and personalized motor training. However, robotic-assisted training and user experience could be further improve by including Mixed Reality Environments (MREs) and using a gamification approach. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a MR solution based on Microsoft Hololens 2 for robot-assisted bilateral shoulder training. It is based on gamified MREs designed to guide and encourage bilateral synchronous and asynchronous movements of the upper extremities while a 6 Degrees of Freedom (DOF) exoskeleton (FLOAT) provides motor assistance only to the impared limb. The robotic-assisted bimanual tasks involve the use of rehabilitative tools (such as a dowel rod), as a means to interact with the virtual world and to enable the intact limb guide and control the motions of the disable limb. The gamified MR training solution generates meaningful performance metrics from the kinematic analysis of hands movement, captured by Hololens. The subjective evaluation of the gamified MR solution focused on usability, cognitive load, and user experience. Meanwhile, the objective evaluation encompassed the analysis of the robot-assisted movements with and without gamified MREs, a comparative analysis between metrics obtained from Hololens and Vicon data, and the collection of reference data and trajectories. There were twenty-one healthy adults involved in the evaluation of the system. The results with the gamified MREs highlight excellent system usability, low cognitive load, and high user experience. Additionally, integrating gamified MREs into robot-assisted movements enhances shoulder movements. Data collection with Hololens demonstrated to be reliable and consistent. Furthermore, the normal reference values, paths, and velocity profiles obtained from healthy individuals offer a foundation for assessing the performance of individuals with disabilities. In summary, the introduction of gamified MREs for robot-assisted bilateral shoulder movements marks a significant and promising advancement in rehabilitation technology.

The presence of an avatar can reduce cybersickness in Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality (VR) applications are increasingly being utilized for research, healthcare, and education. Despite their benefits, many VR users report motion sickness-like sensations (cybersickness), such as headache, disorientation, or nausea. Previous studies suggest that the sense of presence (“being there”) in the virtual world may contribute to the severity of cybersickness; however, results have been contradictory, with some studies reporting a negative and some reporting a positive relationship between the two. The goal of the current study was to further investigate how presence and cybersickness are related. Participants (N = 54) were exposed to a VR scene presented on a head-mounted display showing a 15-minute-long passive movement through space. The level of presence was manipulated by including an avatar (astronaut suit with hand-tracking) or no avatar in the virtual environment. Results showed that the avatar group reported significantly less severe cybersickness compared to the no-avatar group. We also found significant, negative correlations between some of the presence metrics (immersion, sensory fidelity) and cybersickness, indicating that cybersickness severity decreased as the level of presence increased. These findings suggest that more immersive VR experiences using an avatar may potentially reduce the risk of experiencing cybersickness.

Avatar Detection in Metaverse Recordings

The metaverse is gradually expanding. There is a growing number of photo and video recordings of metaverse virtual worlds being used in multiple domains, and the collection of these recordings is a rapidly growing field. An essential element of the metaverse and its recordings is the concept of avatars. In this paper, we present the novel task of avatar detection in metaverse recordings, supporting semantic retrieval in collections of metaverse recordings and other use cases. Our work addresses the characterizations and definitions of avatars and presents a new model that supports avatar detection. The latest object detection algorithms are trained and tested on a variety of avatar types in metaverse recordings. Our work achieves a significantly higher level of accuracy than existing models, which encourages further research in this field.

The Impact of Social Game Gameplay Design on Players’ Emotional Connection: A Case Study of “Sky: Children of the Light”

With the rapid development of technology, the world is becoming increasingly digital. As new social media asks players to interact to do the quests, social games offer people more possibilities to have an emotional connection with other players in the virtual world. “Sky: Children of the Light” is a popular social game growing up during the pandemic era, with the core of “love and giving”, it provides players positive emotional lead in the game world and encourages players to spread hope and love to other people. The article focuses on the gameplay design of “Sky: Children of the Light”, the study of the impact of gameplay design on players ‘emotional connection by using the way of participatory observation and in-depth interviews, to provide some practical reference for healthy social game gameplay designing. The study found that by designing the interaction method and adding emotional purpose to the story narrative, the players’ satisfaction and empathy about the world will increase, and care more about the environment and people around them.

The Rehabilitation of Texter’s Thumb with Virtual Reality Headsets - A Systematic Review

Rationale– In this day and age, it has become a troublesome task for one to resist video games or avoid texting on computers, tablets and cell phones. The continuous use of cell phones for texting and gaming leads to various injuries and one such injury is the Texter’s thumb. Aim- The aim of this systematic literature review was to determine the effectiveness of using virtual reality headsets for Texter’s thumb rehabilitation. Objective- To discuss the causes, symptoms, conventional treatment options and the latest alternatives provided by Artificial Intelligence (AI), i.e., virtual reality headsets, for the rehabilitation of Texter’s thumb. Methods- The present systematic literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 statement in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases and was limited to the title and keywords. The initial electronic search yielded 105 articles and 41 articles were eventually included in the final review. Results- The analysis of the reviewed articles revealed that patients used virtual reality headsets for the rehabilitation of Texter’s thumb. Many subjects found these headsets easy to understand, easy to use, interesting, motivating, engaging, along with an improvement in hand and thumb function, a reduction in pain and an increase in the pinch and grip strength. A few of the users experienced other problems such as headache and visual disturbances. Discussion- Evaluation of the articles included in the review showed that virtual reality headsets ultimately help to make thumb rehabilitation less painful. They follow the attention-distraction method as the patient gets distracted by the vastness of the virtual world and his attention is shifted from the discomfort caused by the injury to his surroundings in the virtual world. This makes VR, one of the simplest psychological therapies for the treatment of pain. Conclusion- To conclude this systematic review, it can be stated that virtual reality headsets have indeed proved to be a boon for all the youngsters out there as the injury caused by strenuous texting can be rehabilitated through the use of AI. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to further enhance our knowledge and study in this field. Keywords: artificial intelligence; virtual reality; texting injuries; Texter’s thumb; hand rehabilitation

Why is regulation of the online world urgently needed to protect children’s wellbeing?

Abstract Background The online world affords children many benefits, such as connectivity and access to educational and cultural content. Simultaneously, it increases their likelihood of encountering harmful or distressing web-based content and behaviour, such as marketing for harmful products, violent or discriminatory material, and cyberbullying. Yet, there is a dearth of objective research globally on children’s real-time experiences, with current research relying on self-reports or observations made in experimental conditions. This paper reports on the nature and extent of children’s online world. Methods Kids Online Aotearoa is a cross-sectional observational study of children’s real-time experiences of the online world. A strategic sample of 180 12-year-olds from schools in the Wellington region of Aotearoa, New Zealand, used Zoom video conferencing software to record their online world for four days. Recordings were analysed manually and using AI. Results Children spend most of their time online on their phones, often using TikTok. Children spend 25 % of their online phone time gaming or watching games (game time). They encounter many gambling and gambling-like activities while doing so. Of game time, 16% of the time children are exposed to marketing. Preliminary analysis reveals that children are exposed to marketing for alcohol, junk food, tobacco, vapes and gambling. This is counter to national legislation prohibiting or restricting such marketing to children. Conclusions This novel methodology reveals the actual online experiences of children as they go about their daily lives. This includes engaging in harmful behaviours such as gambling and encountering harmful product marketing. While from New Zealand, this study is likely to be relevant for other countries given the global reach of the online world. The research indicates the urgent need for national and global government regulation of the online world to protect the rights of children and ensure their wellbeing. Key messages • Kids Online Aotearoa reveals the nature and extent of children’s online world, including their exposure to harmful product marketing. • National and global regulation of the online world is urgently needed to protect child rights and wellbeing.

Neural Synchrony of Minds and Machines: Hippocampal Mechanisms to Advance AI and Virtual Networks

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) predicts behavior by learning from user data collected through digitally mediated interfaces. Virtual spaces---such as online social networks---extend the physical world into virtual worlds, leveraging AI technologies to transform user behavior into digital assets by mimicking the brain’s reinforcement networks. Social media platforms utilize AI to manipulate user behavior through rewards that can diverge from the user’s intended goals. This misalignment fragments user behavior and cognition, resulting in virtual disembodiment. Presented is a conceptual mechanism based on the hippocampus to synchronize AI and the brain, synthesizing the user’s physical and mental presence in virtual spaces.

Toward a digital twin of a robot workcell: standards and methods

Digital twins are poised to improve the engineering, operation, and management of manufacturing facilities. However, implementing digital twins has been a challenge primarily due to a lack of resources and the absence of standardized digital twin frameworks and methods. This paper describes creating a digital twin of a robot workcell using available standards, tools, and methods. The workcell comprises collaborative robot arms, a computer numeric control (CNC) machine tool, and a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The ISO 23247 standard provides a guideline for building the digital twin. Data are collected from physical devices and the MTConnect standard provides a format for communicating the data between the physical equipment and their digital counterparts. The machine components in the workcell are represented as models in the virtual world. This research shows that the above standards and methods support building a digital twin of a robot workcell. The data collected and communicated can be used to improve workcell functions such as quality management and predictive maintenance.

Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age: Can Hacking Government Websites Be Justified?

In today’s internet era, hacking the official government website has become a controversial event that raises questions about the limits of freedom of expression. This article examines the debate surrounding the hacking of government websites as a form of online expression. In the virtual world, individuals or groups can express their opinions, express their dissatisfaction, or criticize the government. However, the hacking of official government websites has become something interesting to discuss. In situations where groups or individuals convey their messages or protest online, these actions can be regarded as a form of freedom of expression. On the other hand, it can be seen as a threat to cybersecurity and the integrity of government institutions. This research aims to give a better understanding of the complexity of the problem by dealing with it from different perspectives. It also aims to provide a basic understanding for a deeper discussion of the limits of freedom of expression in the virtual world. The results of this research are expected to help the parties involved in making policies, which allow people to speak online while maintaining the cybersecurity and the integrity of government agencies.

Evaluating Layout Dimensionalities in PC+VR Asymmetric Collaborative Decision Making

With the commercialization of virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) devices, there is an increasing interest in combining immersive and non-immersive devices (e.g., desktop computers) for asymmetric collaborations. While such asymmetric settings have been examined in social platforms, significant questions around layout dimensionality in data-driven decision-making remain underexplored. A crucial inquiry arises: although presenting a consistent 3D virtual world on both immersive and non-immersive platforms has been a common practice in social applications, does the same guideline apply to lay out data? Or should data placement be optimized locally according to each device's display capacity? This study aims to provide empirical insights into the user experience of asymmetric collaboration in data-driven decision-making. We tested practical dimensionality combinations between PC and VR, resulting in three conditions: PC2D+VR2D, PC2D+VR3D, and PC3D+VR3D. The results revealed a preference for PC2D+VR3D, and PC2D+VR2D led to the quickest task completion. Our investigation facilitates an in-depth discussion of the trade-offs associated with different layout dimensionalities in asymmetric collaborations.