Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Research Articles

Wearable, Breathable and Waterproof Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Harvesting Human Motion and Raindrop Energy

AbstractSmart textiles capable of harvesting biomechanical energy via triboelectric effect have been well developed in the field of self‐powered wearable electronic products. However, it is still a challenge to manufacture self‐charging wearable electronic products with features of high triboelectric output, breathability and water resistance, simultaneously. Herein, a multifunctional wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (MW‐TENG) is designed with the functions of flexibility, excellent water resistance and air permeability to provide comfort and convenience in practical application. The maximum peak power density of the MW‐TENG can reach 1.03 W m–2 under the frequency of 3 Hz. Moreover, the MW‐TENG can be embedded in clothes and shoes to drive wearable electronic devices by harvesting human mechanical energy and raindrop energy. This work not only presents a kind of MW‐TENG with the functions of flexible, breathable, and waterproof, but also provides a practical strategy to design multifunctional self‐powered wearable electronic devices.

A multi-mode triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and biomedical monitoring

In the field of exercise physiology, it is of great significance to monitor human body motion status and physiological functions for assessing physical quality and training load. However, the wearable electronics as the mainstream monitoring solution have power consumption and bulk-size issues that limit sustainable operation. Here, we present a multi-mode stretchable and wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (msw-TENG) for biomechanical energy harvesting and physiological functions sensing. The msw-TENG fabricated by a liquid metal and silicone achieves stretchable and highly conductive characteristics at the same time, and realizes conformal contact with skin. The msw-TENG mainly includes contact separation/stretch/press modes, which can be randomly transformed according to the actual applications. The device converts the biomechanical energy of limb movement into electrical energy for directly lighting up commercial LEDs. Additionally, the radial artery pulse signal, joint bending angle and limb stability can be detected in real-time. As a multifunctional biomedical active sensor that is exempt from needing an extra power source, the proposed msw-TENG holds great potentials in the future of exercise monitoring and rehabilitation therapy.

Highly Enhanced Triboelectric Performance from Increased Dielectric Constant Induced by Ionic and Interfacial Polarization for Chitosan Based Multi‐Modal Sensing System

AbstractThe coexistence of increasingly severe environmental concerns and bio‐signal sensing systems drives the development of environmental affinity and energy harvesting materials. Chitosan is a richly sourced biodegradable material derived from crustaceans, which provides a new option for environmentally, wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). In this paper, the triboelectric performance of chitosan blends are proposed to enhance the dielectric constant by optimizing the ionic polarization and interface polarization for the first time, which fills in the blank of enhancing the output of chitosan triboelectric by systematically engineering in ionic/molecular and pH effect. Triboelectric output enhanced chitosan film in TENG shows an output voltage 3 times (18 V) higher than that of the initial film and 25 times (200 V) higher after corona charge injection. The chitosan film for wearable devices not only can be used as a unit of a triboelectric device to measure human motion signal, but also can be used as a piezoresistive sensor (ΔR/R0: 0 to 1.5) and an air humidity sensor (relative humidity: 20% to 90%) after mixing carbon black. The study provides a stimulating example that triboelectric nano generator/piezoresistive sensor is made from chitosan and used in the multi‐modal sensing system.

Fabric based wearable triboelectric nanogenerators for human machine interface

Electronic textiles received significant attention with the advancements in materials for wearable electronics. Lack of washing stability and the need for an external power source for wearable electronics are the two major problems that needs to be addressed urgently. Significant portion of the reported solutions fail to propose simple and scalable production steps. In this study, a low cost and scalable design was proposed as a combined solution for aforementioned problems. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film laminated silver nanowire (Ag NW) modified fabrics were utilized as triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) electrodes to self-power wearable devices for human machine interfacing. Electrical resistance changes and Joule heating performances of the fabricated devices were investigated and a washing stability up to 15 washing cycles was demonstrated. From the fabricated TENGs, a maximum power output of 1.25 W/m2 was obtained with an open circuit voltage and short circuit current of -162 V and -42 µA, respectively. In order to demonstrate the true potential of fabricated TENGs, a self-powered e-wristband was developed as a human machine interface and was used as a keyboard to control basic computer operations.

A Flexible and Wearable Textile Electrode-Based Single Electrode Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Harvesting abundant mechanical energy is considered as one of the promising technologies for the development of autonomous self-powered power units, active sensors, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices [1]. Among various energy harvesting technologies, the triboelectric harvesters based on contact electrification have recently attracted much attention because of their advantages such as high performance, lightweight, and simple design [2]. However, obtaining a high-output performance is still of major concern for many applications.In this work, we proposed flexible and wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) where a highly conductive carbon cloth (CC) textile was utilized as an electrode and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were used as an encapsulating triboelectric material to construct a single electrode mode TENGs. Further, sandpaper-assisted microtextures were developed on the PDMS surface via a simple soft-imprint lithography technique, and it was employed as a tribo-negative friction layer of TENGs. Moreover, to enhance the output performance of PDMS-based TENGs titania nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded as a function of weight ratio.As prepared wearable single-electrode-mode TENG devices can efficiently convert the mechanical energy into electricity while making continuous contacts/separations with counter tribo-positive friction objects. Fig. 1 shows the charging profile of a 1 µF capacitor by single-electrode TENG. These devices exhibited robust characteristics even after long-term cyclic operations and also generated an electrical output by gently touching with the human hand and were effectively employed as a power source to directly light 130 LEDs. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the research grants AP08052143 “Development of wearable self-charging power unit” from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan and 240919FD3914 “Self-Charging Rechargeable Lithium-ion Battery” from Nazarbayev University.

Suppressing Thermal Negative Effect and Maintaining High-Temperature Steady Electrical Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators by Employing Phase Change Material.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are newly developed energy-harvesting mechanisms, which can efficiently transmute irregular mechanical energy into scarce electrical energy. However, the electrical performance of TENGs shows a decreasing tendency with the increase in temperature, and the negative effect caused by friction heat and operating environmental thermal stresses for the output performance, durability, and reliability are still a bottleneck, restricting the practical application of TENG electronic devices. Especially for wearable TENG devices, the heat-induced temperature rise evokes extreme discomfort and even hazards to human health. To effectively suppress the thermal negative effect and maintain the high-temperature steady electrical performance of TENGs, a novel thermo-regulating TENG (Tr-TENG) based on phase change materials (PCMs) is designed. The results state clearly that the Tr-TENG can maintain steady output performance without deterioration by the introduction of PCMs, during continuous heating and natural cooling, while the output performance of conventional TENG is decayed by 18.33%. More importantly, the Tr-TENG possesses high-efficiency thermal management ability, resulting in its improved durability, reliability, and thermal comfort. This study creates new possibilities for the development of advanced multifunctional TENGs with attractive characteristics and desirable performances and promotes the application of TENG electronic devices in harsh environments.

Water-resistive and wearable triboelectric nanogenerators based on polyurethane/polyester textiles fabricated utilizing a planarization layer

We report a water-resistive and wearable triboelectric nanogenerator on a polyurethane/polyester textile substrate with a planarization layer. The power generation and reliability of the triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) fabricated utilizing a resin planarization layer were significantly enhanced in comparison with those of TENGs without the resin planarization layer. The planarization layer was deposited on the polyurethane/polyester textile substrate by using spin coating and ultraviolet curing to improve its surface properties and polarity. The output voltages and currents of TENGs based on a resin planarization layer on a polyurethane/polyester substrate were measured in the vertical contact-separation mode by using a counter unit containing Al electrodes and a polyimide friction layer. The TENGs exhibited a peak potential of over 30 V, which is about three times larger than that of the devices without such a planarization layer, and the corresponding maximum power density was 3.16 mW/m2. Furthermore, the results of endurance and water resistance tests carried out on the TENGs with a resin planarization layer on a textile substrate showed that such devices were suitable for use in applications in which the device must be worn.

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators with the reduced loss of triboelectric charges by using a hole transport layer of bar-printed single-wall carbon nanotube random networks

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are considered viable for mobile applications of self-powered electronics operating on human body but limited by relatively low output performance. In this study, the effects of interfacial layers used as hole transport layers (HTLs) which affect triboelectric charge separation on the output performance of TENGs are investigated. Comparative analyses of different interfacial layers prove that the incorporation of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) random networks into TENGs can reduce the loss of triboelectric charges. Improvements in the charge-repelling force and hole-blocking barrier at the interface between the HTL and electrode enabled the wearable TENGs to achieve output voltages of ∼760 V and currents of ∼51 μA at 3 Hz. Such advances can be realized by optimizing SWCNT-based HTL through a simple and effective bar-printing technology in an ambient atmosphere. Moreover, a practical application of the wearable TENG exhibiting a maximum instantaneous power of 19.2 mW and a power density of 0.77 mWcm−2 with a load resistance of 5 MΩ is demonstrated. Mechanical finger-tapping on wearable TENGs enables operation of small electric devices without energy storage. The utilization of SWCNT-based HTLs fabricated by effective and practical bar-printing can stimulate the development of energy-harvesting technologies based on wearable TENGs.

Recent, Bioelectricity-Related Articles Selected by Ann M. Rajnicek, Media Editor of Bioelectricity.

Recent, Bioelectricity-Related Articles Selected by Ann M. Rajnicek, Media Editor of Bioelectricity.

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications.

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have recently attracted great interest because they can convert human biomechanical energy into sustainable electricity. However, there is a need for improvement regarding the output performance and the complex fabrication of TENG devices. Here, a triboelectric nanogenerator in single-electrode mode is fabricated by a simple strategy, which involves a sandwich structure of silicone rubber and silver-coated glass microspheres (S-TENG). The S-TENG exhibits a remarkable performance in harvesting human motion energy and as flexible tactile sensor. By optimizing the device parameters and operating conditions, the maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the S-TENG can reach up to 370 V and 9.5 μA, respectively. The S-TENG with good stretchability (300%) can be produced in different shapes and placed on various parts of the body to harvest mechanical energy for charging capacitors and powering LED lights or scientific calculators. In addition, the good robustness of the S-TENG satisfies the needs of reliability for flexible tactile sensors in realizing human–machine interfaces. This work expands the potential application of S-TENGs from wearable electronics and smart sensing systems to real-time robotics control and virtual reality/augmented reality interactions.

Flexible and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator fabric for biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered dual-mode human motion monitoring

Simultaneous monitoring of human motion and collecting ambient energy are important for the development of personal healthcare monitoring and artificial intelligence. Here, a flexible and stretchable coaxial triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) yarn is designed and fabricated by using coil spring as the inner support layer and mechanoluminescent ZnS:Cu/PDMS composite as the outer friction layer. By weaving coaxial TENG yarns, or mix-weaving with other yarns, a multifunctional TENG fabric can be manufactured for energy harvesting external mechanical energy from human motion or ambient environment. More important, it can self-powered sense human motion in both electrical (through TENG) and optical (from mechanoluminescent ZnS:Cu/PDMS composite) methods. This work provides a new strategy for wearable TENG fabrics with dual-mode sensing and energy harvesting which have potential applications in long-term medical monitoring and human-machine interaction systems. A multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator fabric is manufactured for energy harvesting external mechanical energy from human motion or ambient environment. Moreover, on the basis of coupling effects between the mechanical luminescence and triboelectrification important, it can self-powered sense human motion in both electrical (through TENG) and optical (from mechanoluminescent ZnS: Cu/PDMS composite) methods. • The wearable fiber is fabricated for energy harvesting and monitoring human signals in medical rehabilitation. • A dual-mode strain sensor is designed by triboelectricity and mechanoluminescence. • A fiber-shaped sensor possesses mechanical luminescence performance, which can sense the force variation more intuitively. • The triboelectric fiber exhibit good washing resistance and reusability.

Surface-engineered triboelectric nanogenerator patches with drug loading and electrical stimulation capabilities: Toward promoting infected wounds healing

Skin wounds are commonly seen, while their repair can be severely affected due to bacterial infections. Using the wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as miniaturized electrical stimulation (ES) devices at the wound site is an appealing strategy for infected skin wounds repair. However, the development of an integrated TENG patch to achieve in situ ES as well as controlled drug loading/release remains challenging. Herein, a flexible TENG patch is rationally designed with a surface-engineered electrode possessing Mg-Al layered double hydroxide as a smart drug container and friction layer to accelerate infected wounds healing. The surface-engineered TENG patch exhibits improved triboelectricity-generation performance and effective delivery of minocycline. In vitro results show that such TENG patches can kill almost 100% of E. coli and S. aureus , and greatly promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Upon application to the S. aureus -infected wounds with full-thickness skin defect in mice, the patches can inhibit wound bacteria (~ 96.7%) and facilitate the skin tissue repair process, allowing the infected wound to heal within 10 days. Moreover, a novel antibacterial mechanism of a low-intensity electric field from alternating current is proposed, which can be ascribed to the accumulated electrical breakdown effect and H 2 O 2 produced by ES to rupture the bacterial membranes. This work offers a convenient solution for infected wound treatment and opens a new route for personalized healthcare devices for microbial management. • TENG patch with the surface-engineered electrodes was presented for controlled drug loading/release and locally electrical stimulation. • The patches attached to the infected skin wounds of mice can inhibit bacteria and facilitate infected wound healing. • A novel antibacterial mechanism of a low-intensity electric field from alternating current was proposed.

Self‐Powered Drug‐Delivery Systems Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can convert mechanical energy into electricity via the coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. Due to its advantages of flexible, lightweight, high‐energy conversion efficiency and shape‐adaptive ability, implantable and wearable TENG have shown great potentials in biomedical field for biomechanical energy harvesting, biosensing, and therapy. In this Perspective, recent advances of TENG for self‐powered drug delivery, mainly including controlled drug release as well as drug delivery based on electroporation and iontophoresis are systematically overviewed. Also the significance of self‐powered drug‐delivery system in personalized healthcare is emphasized, and conclude with the open challenges and future perspectives of TENG‐based drug‐delivery systems.

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerator based exercise system for upper limb rehabilitation post neurological injuries

Recent rehabilitation methods for physical impairments utilize various technologies such as robotic devices and gaming software in order to assist, motivate, and facilitate the recovery process. While most of the rehabilitation devices require external power sources, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been proven as a reliable self-powered sensor that can also be used as an energy harvester. In this work, we utilize the TENG as a game controller as well as an exercise device for patients undergoing rehabilitation. We show that since the TENG can store energy, it serves as a motivating factor for the patient, as well as an index to monitor progression of rehabilitation and any improvements they make during rehabilitation. First, we describe the working principle of the TENG-based rehabilitation device (Rehab-TENG) and perform parametric studies to determine the performance of the device. Second, we developed a circuit to digitize the TENG output so that the patient could use the Rehab-TENG to control a computer game via Bluetooth. Third, the Rehab-TENG was employed as an energy harvester in an exercise system, where the patient moved their impaired arm to store energy into a capacitor. Based on the speed of capacitor charging, the level of impairment could be estimated. Finally, the patients were asked to answer a questionnaire where they emphasized the practicability of the device for its use as a home-based rehabilitation system and the harvesting of energy as a motivating factor for them to move their impaired body part more than they normally would. We expect this study will enhance the potential of TENG use in healthcare as a practical tool for patient rehabilitation.

Nanogap and Environmentally Stable Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Surface Self-Modified Sustainable Films.

The advancement of wearable electronics and environmental awareness requires a wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to feature the concepts of sustainability and environmental suitability. While most wearable TENGs are developed based on complex surface modification approaches to avoid the necessity of a physical spacer, herein a nanogap TENG is fabricated based on surface self-modified sustainable polymer films. Compared with poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based and polycaprolactone (PCL)-based TENGs, the polybutylene succinate (PBS)-based TENG shows the highest output performance, representing up to 3.5-fold that of the reported TENGs based on biodegradable materials with a 0-4 mm spacer, due to the higher content of the ester group and surface roughness resulting from the surface self-modification. The nanogap device is demonstrated as a pressure/angle sensor with acceptable sensitivity for use in health monitoring. More importantly, the environmental suitability of the triboelectric films in air, water, and phosphate buffered saline systems indicates their stability in natural water and saline environments. Moreover, the antibacterial property of the triboelectric films indicates future applications in wearable and implantable electronics. This work demonstrates the potential applications of a biocompatible and environmentally stable TENG in wearable electronics and biomedical systems.

High output triboelectric nanogenerator based on PTFE and cotton for energy harvester and human motion sensor

Recently, a novel mechanical energy harvesting method named triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is reported, and it has aroused great repercussions in the academic fields. But, the complex preparation process still limits its wide application. In this paper, the cotton film was used as the triboelectric material to fabricate a novel wearable TENG (W-TENG). The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film and cotton film play the role of triboelectric pair. The W-TENG can be used to harvest low-frequency mechanical energy in our environment, especially for human body mechanical energy, and then convert them to electrical energy. In addition, the cotton coated with conductive ink plays the role of conductive material for TENG. The Voc and Isc of W-TENG can reach 556 V and 26 μA, respectively. As for the maximum power density of W-TENG, it can arrive at 0.66 mW/cm2. Also, a combined W-TENG was proposed to improve the electrical output. Moreover, the W-TENG can play the role of human motion sensor for human walking posture monitoring. This will open up a new path for the preparation of high output TENG at low cost, and promote the TENG devices in the field of sports monitoring.

Design, manufacturing and applications of wearable triboelectric nanogenerators

Amid the rapid flourishment of wearable electronics, the issue of power consumption has become increasingly prominent. With an extremely simple and universal configuration, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged and performed huge advantages in converting low-frequency mechanical energy into electricity. Thus, TENGs in wearable forms are expected to capture the energy in human motions and in-situ drive wearable devices. Moreover, such a type of energy conversion allows us to excavate the rich information behind the output signals. In this review, we first introduce the basic design of TENGs suitable for wearable devices, including material selection, process modulation and optimization of the form factor. Then, we elaborate on three key roles that wearable TENGs play in the current era of smart Internet of Things (IOT), i.e., active sensors, actuators, and human-machine interfaces. Next, we summarize the progress of wearable TENG-powered systems at the performance level and process level. In the end, we make concrete prospects for this technology to move further into the actual market and approach the general public lives. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have built a bridge between human’s daily routine and wearable electronics due to their ability to capture the energy in human motions. Moreover, such a type of energy conversion allows us to excavate the rich information behind the output signals. In this review, we will show the latest progress of TENGs in the wearable field from the basic design to practical applications in detail. Wearable forms and working modes of TENGs. • The basic design of wearable TENGs including materials selection, process modulation and performance optimization. • Three roles played by wearable TENGs at device level, i.e., active sensors, actuators, and human-machine interface. • The progress of wearable TENG-powered systems at the performance level and process level. • The concrete prospects for this technology to move further into actual market and daily life.

A review on real-time implantable and wearable health monitoring sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerator approach

The recent developments in the promising technology, Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) have brought numerous changes in the medical field. The amalgamation of triboelectric effect with electrostatic induction leads to electricity generation in this novel technology, TENG. TENGs can harvest different types of mechanical energies and convert it to electrical energy, thereby enabling self-powered operations for different systems. The recent advancement in the implantable and wearable TENGs plays a vital role in the daily life of humans from in vitro to in vivo treatments. An introduction to nanogenerators (NG),especially focusing on TENG and different modes of TENG operations, is made initially. Besides, a description of the different materials used for device fabrication to create triboelectric effect and criteria to select the materials to enhance the triboelectrification is also done. An overview on TENG applications in different medical fields are explained highlighting mainly on the materials and structure utilized in the device to develop the triboelectrification effect. Here the biomedical fields considered were mainly classified into ten different categories with certain sub-categories which include cell modulation, drug delivery, circulatory system, hair regeneration, neural prosthesis, biodegradable electronics, gene delivery, microbial disinfection, health monitoring and implantable devices. The methods and structures employed in certain devices to enhance the sensitivity are also mentioned and in all the devices considered in this review human body motion and their physical activities is the driving force. An illustration of the existing challenges faced and a futuristic overview of stretchable and wearable sensing platforms based on TENG for healthcare applications is done in this review. • The fundamental modes of operation of triboelectric nanogenerators and materials with triboelectric properties are explained. • Triboelectric materials directly convert mechanical energy into electricity without any external input. • The review is structured by classifying the TENG applications into different fields. • This review is focusing mainly on the sensor materials, device structure and its output for real-time health monitoring. • A viewpoint on existing challenges and future explorations are discussed.

Breathable, washable and wearable woven-structured triboelectric nanogenerators utilizing electrospun nanofibers for biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing

With the rapid advancement in wearable electronics, energy harvesting devices based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been intensively investigated for providing sustainable power supply for them. However, the fabrication of wearable TENGs still remains great challenges, such as flexibility, breathability and washability. Here, a route to develop a new kind of woven-structured triboelectric nanogenerator (WS-TENG) with a facile, low-cost, and scalable electrospinning technique is reported. The WS-TENG is fabricated with commercial stainless-steel yarns wrapped by electrospun polyamide 66 nanofiber and poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) nanofiber, respectively. Triggered by diversified friction materials under a working principle of freestanding mode, the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current and maximum instantaneous power density from the WS-TENG can reach up to 166 V, 8.5 µA and 93 mW/m 2 , respectively. By virtue of high flexibility, desirable breathability, washability and excellent durability, the fabricated WS-TENG is demonstrated to be a reliable power textile to light up 58 light-emitting diodes (LED) connected serially, charge commercial capacitors and drive portable electronics. A smart glove with stitched WS-TENGs is made to detect finger motion in different circumstances. The work presents a new approach for self-powered textiles with potential applications in biomechanical energy harvesting, wearable electronics and human motion monitoring. A brand-new type of nanofiber-based triboelectric nanogenerator with simple woven-fabric structure, remarkable breathability and washability, diversified triggering materials and reliable durability was designed and realized by utilizing novel core-shell yarns composed of functional nanofiber coating layer and core electrode yarn by a versatile electrospinning and scalable weaving strategy for the first time, and its promising potentials for harvesting biomechanical energy and self-powered sensing applications were demonstrated. • A brand-new type of nanofiber-based TENG with woven fabric structure was prepared by an electrospinning and weaving strategy. • The obtained WS-TENGs possess remarkable air and moisture permeability, robust durability and good washability. • The WS-TENGs can be triggered by diverse frictional materials and influential factors on output performance were studied. • Fixed at different positions of human body, WS-TENGs show application potential for biomechanical energy harvesting. • A smart-glove with stitched WS-TENGs was fabricated to demonstrate the capacity for self-powered sensing application.

Mechanically interlocked stretchable nanofibers for multifunctional wearable triboelectric nanogenerator

Abstract Nanofibers with good softness and high surface specific area are excellent choices for wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), despite that the deformability and durability remain challenging in seamless integration with daily textiles/clothes. Herein, we propose a physical interlocking strategy to realize a self-interlocked stretchable, breathable and waterproof nanofibers-membrane by simultaneous electrospinning of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and electrospraying of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS). The electrosprayed SEBS microspheres serve as the elastic binders and hydrophobic modifiers for enhancing stretchability and waterproofness of the electrospun PVDF-HFP fibers network. By means of a printable electrode consisted of liquid metal (gallium indium tin particles) and silver flakes, a stretchable nanofibers-based TENG (SNF-TENG) with high triboelectric output (85 V, 219.66 mW m−2) and electrical durability was demonstrated, capable of harvesting energy from human motions and flowing water, powering 200 commercial LEDs and an electronic watch. The stretchable nanofibers membrane shows favorable mechanical compliance, which can be facilely integrated onto stretchable textile to fabricate textile-TENG, promising for comfortable wearable applications for power sources, smart raincoat, self-powered e-skin and tactile interactive interfaces.