Wearable Textiles Research Articles

Biomimetic Wearable Sensors: Emerging Combination of Intelligence and Electronics.

Owing to the advancement of interdisciplinary concepts, for example, wearable electronics, bioelectronics, and intelligent sensing, during the microelectronics industrial revolution, nowadays, extensively mature wearable sensing devices have become new favorites in the noninvasive human healthcare industry. The combination of wearable sensing devices with bionics is driving frontier developments in various fields, such as personalized medical monitoring and flexible electronics, due to the superior biocompatibilities and diverse sensing mechanisms. It is noticed that the integration of desired functions into wearable device materials can be realized by grafting biomimetic intelligence. Therefore, herein, the mechanism by which biomimetic materials satisfy and further enhance system functionality is reviewed. Next, wearable artificial sensory systems that integrate biomimetic sensing into portable sensing devices are introduced, which have received significant attention from the industry owing to their novel sensing approaches and portabilities. To address the limitations encountered by important signal and data units in biomimetic wearable sensing systems, two paths forward are identified and current challenges and opportunities are presented in this field. In summary, this review provides a further comprehensive understanding of the development of biomimetic wearable sensing devices from both breadth and depth perspectives, offering valuable guidance for future research and application expansion of these devices.

Wearable textile with laser-induced hydrophilic porous graphene oxide coating for rapid adsorption of volatile organic compounds

As the global epidemic eases today (2023), the high economic and environmental costs brought about by excessive production of masks are further disrupting global society. This study explores a unique approach to endow common commercial surgical masks with efficient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption properties as well as recyclability. A near-infrared laser irradiation method was developed for the formation of laser-induced porous graphene oxide coating on polypropylene masks. Graphene oxide coating can absorb laser energy and “explode”, thus realizing the transition from smooth coating to porous coating. This mask with porous graphene oxide coating can be directly used as an excellent VOCs filter material. The laser irradiation process in the air environment endows the porous coating with rich oxygen-containing groups, which makes the mask highly hydrophilic and breathable. In addition, the excellent absorbance of graphene oxide coating enables it to rapidly heat up under solar, allowing the mask to be desorbed and reused. Compared to traditional powder spraying methods, the coating of porous graphene oxide is more stable as a whole. This method can not only solve the problem of excess masks after the epidemic, but also provide a new idea for wearable protective textiles for VOCs.

A temperature and pressure dual-responsive, stretchable, healable, adhesive, and biocompatible carboxymethyl cellulose-based conductive hydrogels for flexible wearable strain sensor

The study aimed to develop a novel temperature and pressure dual-responsive conductive hydrogel with self-healing, self-adhesive, biocompatible, and stretchable properties, for the development of multifunctional anti-counterfeiting and wearable flexible electronic materials. A conductive hydrogel based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized by simple “one pot” free radical polymerization of CMC, acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AAc). The hydrogel displayed temperature responsiveness and possessed an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) value. In addition, hydrogels also had surprising pressure responsiveness. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, TGA, DSC, and XRD analysis. Importantly, the obtained hydrogels exhibited exceptional mechanical properties (stress: 730 kPa, strain: 880%), fatigue resistance, stretchability, self-healing capability, self-adhesive properties, and conductivity. In addition, valuable insights were obtained into the synthesis and application of flexible anti-counterfeiting and camouflage materials by the temperature and pressure dual-responsive hydrogels. Moreover, the prepared hydrogel, with an electrically sensitive perception of external strain (GF = 2.61, response time: 80 ms), can be utilized for monitoring human movement, emotional changes, physiological signals, language, and more, rendering it suitable for novel flexible anti-counterfeiting materials and versatile wearable iontronics. Overall, this study provided novel insights into the simple and efficient synthesis and sustainable manufacturing of environmentally friendly multifunctional anti-counterfeiting materials and flexible electronic skin sensors.

Conductive cotton fabric fabricated using stable Ag/MXene colloidal solution and PDMS for heating and electromagnetic shielding

Cracking of conductive coatings is a primary cause of the poor durability of conductive fabrics. To address this, an Ag/MXene colloidal solution was prepared, which was stable owing to the evenly dispersed Ag particles on the MXene sheet structure. A cotton fabric sample was then coated with Ag/MXene using a dipping method, which resulted in excellent electrical conductivity. Finally, the Ag/MXene conductive coating on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-covered fabric significantly improved the conductive durability of the fabric. The finished cotton fabric exhibited excellent conductive properties, with a surface resistance of 13.9 ± 0.3 Ω/sq. In addition, the finished cotton fabric exhibited excellent mechanical durability against bending, folding, and strain. Therefore, finished cotton fabrics with excellent electrical conductivity and durability have great potential for application in wearable textiles and flexible sensors.

2D Material‐Based Wearable Energy Harvesting Textiles: A Review

Wearable electronic textiles (e‐textiles) have emerged as a transformative technology revolutionizing healthcare monitoring and communication by seamlessly integrating with the human body. However, their practical application has been limited by the lack of compatible and sustainable power sources. Various energy sources, including solar, thermal, mechanical, and wind, have been explored for harvesting, leading to diverse energy harvesting technologies, such as photovoltaic, thermoelectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric systems. Notably, 2D materials have gained significant attention as attractive candidates for energy harvesting and storage in e‐textiles due to their unique properties, such as high surface‐to‐volume ratio, mechanical strength, and electrical conductivity. Textile‐based energy harvesters employing 2D materials offer promising solutions for powering next‐generation smart and wearable devices integrated into clothing. This comprehensive review explores the utilization of 2D materials in textile‐based energy harvesters, covering their preparation, fabrication, and characterization strategies. Recent advancements are highlighted, focusing on the integration of 2D materials and their practical implementations, shedding light on the performance and effectiveness of 2D‐material‐based energy harvesters in e‐textiles, and highlighting their potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional power supplies in wearable technologies.

Liquid Metal-Based Stable and Stretchable Zn-Ion Battery for Electronic Textiles.

Electronic textiles harmoniously interact with the human body and the surrounding environment, offering tremendous interest in smart wearable electronics. However, their wide application faces challenges due to the lack of stable and stretchable power electrodes/devices with multifunctional design. Herein, an intrinsically stretchable liquid metal-based fibrous anode for a stable Zn-ion battery (ZIB) is reported. Benefiting from the liquid feature and superior deformability of the liquid metal, optimized Zn ion concentration distribution and Zn (002) deposition behavior are observed, which result in dendrite-free performance even under stretching. With a strain of 50%, the ZIB maintains a high capacity of 139.8 mAh cm-3 (corresponding to 83.0% of the initial value) after 300 cycles, outperforming bare Zn fiber-based ZIB. The fibrous ZIB seamlessly integrates with the sensor, Joule heater, and wirelessly charging device, which provides a stable power supply for human signal monitoring and personal thermal management, holding promise for the application of wearable multifunctional electronic textiles.

Porous polypyrrole Nanotube-Based Organohydrogels: Versatile materials for robust electromagnetic interference shielding in harsh environments

Wearable and multi-functional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are an inevitable trend in order to cope with increasingly complex practical applications. In the present work, polypyrrole nanotube (PNT)-based organohydrogels (POGs) with excellent electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) were synthesized through a facile sol–gel strategy. The obtained POGs offer distinct shielding performance, anti-drying, anti-freezing, plasticity and recyclable ability. The POG with a 20 wt% PNTs filling exhibits a SET of 63.6 dB in the X-band at a thickness of 2.0 mm. After being placed at ambient temperature for 30 days and − 40 ℃ for 4 h, its SE values still retained at 50.3 dB and 59.3 dB, respectively. Moreover, after being immersed in the solvents, the POG (left in the air for 30 days) can recover flexibility and 92 % of its original EMI shielding performance. Importantly, crushing the fully dried organohydrogels into the powder and placing it again in the solvents fully restores its flexibility and EMI shielding properties. The glorious shielding and mechanical characteristics can be ascribed to the superior conductivity of PNTs and the highly crosslinked stable network of PVA, as well as the further enhancement of the crosslinked network by cellulose nanofibers. In addition, ​sensors based on POGs can effectively detect human movement and strain deformations. This work thus provides fresh insight into exploring the sustainability of flexible and wearable EMI shielding materials for handling extreme environments.

A Convenient and Universal Strategy toward Solvent‐Tolerant Microporous Structure for High‐Performance Wearable Electronics and Smart Textiles

AbstractMicro/nanostructures can increase effective surface area and enhance the performance of wearable devices, such as the sensitivity of sensors and output of triboelectric nanogenerators. Empowering commercial fibers and fabrics with durable and robust micro/nanostructures has become a major research concern for sustainable wearables. Many technologies are developed to fabricate micron/nanostructures on fibers and textiles, such as breath figure method, electrospinning, and direct imprinting thermal drawing. However, most of these methods have their own limitations toward mass production and real‐life application, including poor solvent resistance, time assuming, requiring expensive equipment, and limited capacity for post‐adjustment of commercial textiles. Herein, a plasma‐enhanced breath figure (PEBF) technique to fabricate solvent‐tolerant microporous structure on existing fabrics with tailored pore size is developed. By combining the wearable nature of fabrics and the surface engineering power of PEBF, the fabricated solvent‐tolerant microporous fabric offers excellent flexibility, washability, breathability, and suitability for large‐scale production, as well as the advantages of cost effectiveness and fast production. Furthermore, wearable triboelectric nanogenerators are fabricated based on solvent‐resistant microporous structured fabrics, revealing the bright future of the PEBF technology in wearable devices and smart textiles.

Interfacial energy barrier tuning in MnO2/MoS2/Carbon fabric integrated with low resistance textrode for highly efficient wearable thermoelectric generator

Wearable thermoelectric (TE), enabling direct conversion of human body heat into electricity have become the most promising alternative for conventional batteries on the Internet of Things based wearable electronic devices. The prime challenge in fabricating a high-performance wearable thermoelectric material is to combine the non-toxicity with high mechanical flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient. This paper proposes a facile approach to fabricate a textile-based wearable thermoelectric generator (WTEG) with outstanding TE properties and exceptional flexibility. Herein, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nanosheets were grown on conductive carbon fabric (CF) via in-situ binder-free hydrothermal technique and manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanorods were decorated on it via dip coating, to form a 1D/2D interface. We investigated the in-plane TE properties of MnO2/MoS2/CF and achieved a superior power factor of 548.7 nW/mK2 which is 49.5 % higher than that of the pristine MoS2/CF. Such behaviour can be explained by the selective transmission of high energy carriers at the optimized MnO2/MoS2 interface. Moreover, this study is the first to employ a textile-based contact electrode in fabrication of WTEG that resulted in ultra-low internal resistance of the fabricated device (30–300 Ω). The lack of rigid contact electrodes leaves more flexibility, which benefits in enhanced wearability of the device. Owing to minimal internal resistance (29.4 Ω), the WTEG comprising of 1 -n/p pair could produce an open circuit voltage, as high as 0.2 mV under the thermal gradient of 15–20 K. Additionally, we demonstrated that increasing the number of modules from 1 pair to 4 pairs systematically improved the device performance. The open circuit voltage and output power generated for WTEG comprising of 4 -n/p pairs is measured to be 1.2 mV and 1 nW, respectively. This work provides a feasible design solution for a low resistance, rigid-free WTEGs with high performance which can significantly support the growth of research in wearable thermoelectrics.

Flexible and efficient MXene/PANI/aramid fabrics with high interface durability for wearable electromagnetic wave shielding

The electromagnetic pollution of electronic equipment has a negative impact on the health of aircrews working in special environments. Yet wearable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials capable of versatility still a challenge. Herein, an effective strategy is developed to construct MXene/PANI/aramid fabric by growing vertically aligned polyaniline (PANI) nanowire arrays on the aramid fabric through impregnating with highly conductive MXene nanosheets to avoid the new accumulation/aggregation of MXene followed by simple polyetherimide (PEI) dipping packaging. In-situ polymerization of PANI solved the problem of weak interaction between inert aramid fiber and MXene to some extent, while PEI packaging solves the existing problem of easy-to-fall MXene nanosheets. The final prepared single-layer composite fabric has suitable highest EMI shielding efficiency value of 31.87 dB, good washing resistance and excellent bending stability (only 4% of the conductivity decreases after 1000 bends). This study provides a simple and easy large-scale method to fabricate multifunctional wearable fabrics to meet the practical application in EMI shielding area.

Highly conductive and elastic multi-responsive phase change smart fiber and textile

Smart fiber, which can sense external environment changes intelligently and response quickly, has become an important building block to weave wearable system. Wet-spinning phase change materials (PCM) into smart fabrics offers great promise to regulate temperature and achieve personized thermal comfort in an intelligent way. However, the intrinsic low mechanical elasticity and stimuli responsiveness of PCM seriously blocking its application in wearable systems. In this work, we developed an ultra-stretchable PCM-based smart fiber for personal healthcare and thermal management, via wet-spinning PCM microcapsules embedded in elastic polyurethanes with dual responsive networks. Organic poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) “glued” inorganic carbon nanotubes/graphene skeleton into 3D hierarchically interconnected responsive and sensitive network along elastic fibers, which not only exhibits high sensitivity to multi stimuli (mechanical/electrical/thermal/light), but also facilitates efficient carrier transfer between PCM microcapsules for rapid response. Elastic PCM-based smart fiber with high mechanical stretchability (>200%) not only could adapt to the intense large movements seamlessly, but also convert these deformations into electrical signals for healthcare monitoring. Furthermore, the stretchable conductive PCM-based smart fiber(1.96×104 S/m) still remains robust stimuli-responsiveness with excellent Joule heating and photothermal effect even under large mechanical deformations, which could convert multi stimuli into latent thermal energy during response process and store it for self-powered personal thermal management. The robust PCM-based smart fiber with outstanding knotting capability can be woven into large-scale breathable textiles. The stretchable multi-responsive PCM-based fiber holds great potential in emerging wearable electronics and smart textiles.

Structure–function relationships for squid skin-inspired wearable thermoregulatory materials

Wearable thermoregulatory technologies have attracted widespread attention because of their potential for impacting individual physiological comfort and for reducing building energy consumption. Within this context, the study of materials and systems that can merge the advantageous characteristics of both active and passive operating modes has proven particularly attractive. Accordingly, our laboratory has drawn inspiration from the appearance-changing skin of Loliginidae (inshore squids) for the introduction of a unique class of dynamic thermoregulatory composite materials with outstanding figures of merit. Herein, we demonstrate a straightforward approach for experimentally controlling and computationally predicting the adaptive infrared properties of such bioinspired composites, thereby enabling the development and validation of robust structure–function relationships for the composites. Our findings may help unlock the potential of not only the described materials but also comparable systems for applications as varied as thermoregulatory wearables, food packaging, infrared camouflage, soft robotics, and biomedical sensing.

Step-by-step assembly of antimony tin oxide/polymer coatings on cotton fabrics for enhanced electrical conductivity and fire resistance properties

To prepare functional cotton fabric with good electrical conductive property, tin oxide antimony (ATO) and polymer was alternately assembled on the cotton fabric for fabricating functional coating by dipping-assisted layer-by-layer assembly technique. The microstructure of ATO/polymer coated fabric was characterized by scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, the electrical conductivity and air permeability were measured by multimeter, four-point resistance tester and air permeability tester. The results showed that the addition of ATO imparted electrical conductive property to the ordinary cotton fabric, and the polyanionic waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was beneficial to the deposition of ATO and polycationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) and thus improving the conductive property of the fabric. With the increase of the number of assembly layers, the quality, thickness and electrical conductive property increased, but the air permeability decreased. When the number of assembly layers increased from 3 to 6 and 9, the resistivity of the fabric decreased from 41.8 Ω·m to 6.1 and 4.7 Ω·m. Meanwhile, the addition of ATO and PEI improved the fire resistance property of cotton fabric. The exploration of the conductive fabric provides a feasible strategy for multi-functional wearable textiles.

Axially Encoded Mechano-Metafiber Electronics by Local Strain Engineering.

Multimaterial integration, such as soft elastic and stiff components, exhibits rich deformation and functional behaviors to meet complex needs. Integrating multimaterials in the level of individual fiber is poised to maximize the functional design capacity of smart wearable electronic textiles, but remains unfulfilled. Here, this work continuously integrates stiff and soft elastic components into single fiber to fabricate encoded mechano-metafiber by programmable microfluidic sequence spinning (MSS). The sequences with programmable modulus feature the controllable localization of strain along metafiber length. The mechano-metafibers feature two essential nonlinear deformation modes, which are local strain amplification and retardation. This work extends the sequence-encoded metafiber into fiber networks to exhibit greatly enhanced strain amplification and retardation capability in cascades. Local strain engineering enables the design of highly sensitive strain sensors, stretchable fiber devices to protect brittle components and the fabrication of high-voltage supercapacitors as well as axial electroluminescent arrays. The approach allows the scalably design of multimaterial metafibers with programmable localized mechanical properties for woven metamaterials, smart textiles, and wearable electronics.

Bio-based phytic acid-induced polypyrrole/silver nanowires coating towards multifunctional nylon/cotton blend fabrics

The functional flexible wearable textiles have a broadapplicationprospect in many areas. However, considering the physical and chemical effects among various additives, it is still a big challenge to prepare wearable fabrics with a balance between different properties. Herein, an eco-friendly and multifunctional nylon/cotton blend fabric was constructed by phytic acid (PA)-induced polymerization of polypyrrole on the surface, followed by dip coating with silver nanowires (AgNWs). A high electrical conductivity of the treated blend fabrics (61 S·m−1) was obtained contributed to the excellent EMI shielding performance of nylon/cotton blend fabric (X-band ∼ 38.8 dB). Meanwhile, the coating maintained the surface temperature of the fabric within a suitable range, resulting in achieving the efficient thermal management. Furthermore, the treated nylon/cotton blends achieved a remarkable reduction (83.3 % and 81.7 %) of peak heat release rate and total smoke production compared to that of the control nylon/cotton blends. In addition, the considerable antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus was also realized. The successful application of this simple and eco-friendly method offered the possibility of preparing safer and more versatile wearable smart textiles.

Design and Fabrication of a Lightweight and Wearable Semirigid Robotic Knee Chain Exoskeleton

Abstract With the population of people affected by lower limb disability and physical impairments continuing to grow, engineers in response have begun to develop exoskeletons designed to assist and rehabilitate those in need. While there have been great strides and advancements in the development of exoskeletons, many of them are still too cumbersome, heavy, and expensive for most people. The project described in this paper aims to design and manufacture a wearable robotic knee exoskeleton that helps solve some of the drawbacks that exoskeletons have today. The exoskeleton is designed with lightweight and durable three-dimensional (3D)-printed PETG, TPU, and PLA components combined with soft, flexible, and wearable materials to achieve improved human–robot interaction while providing support when bending and extending the knee joint. The three main assemblies designed in this project were a 3D-printed semirigid knee chain, a 3D-printed flexible shin brace, and a motor actuator assembly mounted on a carbon fiber back plate. The semirigid knee chain is actuated using a Bowden cable which allows the heavy motor to be relocated onto the user's back. solidworks topology optimization and finite element analysis (FEA) were used to reduce weight while keeping the overall strength of the chain and ensuring the safety factor of 2. The exoskeleton was observed to be able to withstand applied torques of up to 29 N·m during the walking functionality test. This exoskeleton is also designed to be integrated into a larger hip exoskeleton system.

Silver nanowire-infused carbon aerogel: A multifunctional nanocellulose-derived material for personal thermal management

Personal thermal management (PTM) textiles for outdoor activities have become increasingly important for addressing energy consumption and thermal comfortable. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels have emerged as promising candidates for PTM due to the eco-friendliness, lightweight, and low thermal conductivity. However, the singular insulation capability may not be sufficient to accommodate the diverse and harsh outdoor conditions. Herein, we carbonized CNF-based aerogel to fabricate anisotropic carbon aerogels, and then incorporated silver nanowires (AgNWs) upon onside to fabricate the dual-function AgNWs/carbon aerogel. The resulting material inherits high porosity (99.3 %), high surface area (503.2 m2/g), low density (7.08 mg/cm3), and low thermal conductivity (18.2 mW·m−1·k−1 in the axial direction) to act as an ideal thermal insulator. The AgNWs coating side demonstrates low IR-emissivity (17.6 % at 7–14 μm) and the carbon aerogel side has high solar absorptivity (91.97 %). Moreover, the AgNWs/carbon aerogel shows Joule heating performance (∆T = 44.5 °C within 3 min at 5 V). The multi-heating modes enabling self-adaptable thermal comfortable under various harsh environment. Additionally, the material's breathability, permeability, and electromagnetic shielding characteristics also make it suitable candidate for advanced wearable textiles for PTM.

Ferroconcrete-inspired construction of wearable composites with a natural leather matrix for excellent neutron-shielding performance

In various sectors, including medical radiotherapy, aerospace exploration, and nuclear energy, the necessity for advanced neutron-shielding materials has escalated. However, these materials often exhibit poor mechanical performance and limited adaptability. To address these shortcomings, this study introduces a novel approach inspired by ferroconcrete construction to develop wearable neutron-shielding materials. This method utilizes the collagen fiber-supported framework present in natural leather, serving as a flexible skeleton, and employs functionalized B4C nanoparticles and paraffin as fillers. The interconnected voids and the unique hierarchical structure of the collagen fibers work synergistically to enable uniform dispersion of B4C nanoparticles, thus enriching the resultant composites with superior neutron-shielding performance. The composite material prepared through this method exhibits a remarkable neutron-shielding effectiveness of 96.93 % and a high linear attenuation coefficient of 17.46 cm−1, outperforming other shielding materials. Additionally, the three-dimensional (3D) woven network of the collagen fiber-supported framework offers impressive mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 28.59 MPa. This innovative design strategy for creating new wearable neutron-shielding materials paves the way for manufacturing advanced neutron-protective clothing and propels a new structural design with elevated shielding and mechanical performance.

Integrating High-Sensitivity Photodetector and High-Energy Aqueous Battery in All-in-One Triple-Twisted Fiber.

Fiber-shaped photodetectors (FPDs) have attracted special attention to wearable health monitoring due to their 3D absorption capabilities. However, the practical application of traditional FPDs is severely limited by the irreversible degradation of performance caused by vulnerable interface compatibility on complex deformation and a single function. Here, an integrated photoelectrochemical FPD/battery device (FPDB) is designed, consisting of a common electrode, photoanode, anode, and sol-gel electrolyte as an isolation layer, which not only effectively avoids the short circuit problem of FPD but also endows high-efficiency energy storage capacity. As expected, the resulting all-in-one triple-twisted fiber-shaped FPDB simultaneously achieves high responsiveness of 151.45 mA W-1 and excellent volume capacity of 18.75 mAh cm-3. Such a stable architectural design and multifunctional integration of functional fibers accelerate the development of next-generation wearable fabrics.

A breathable and highly impact-resistant shear-thickened fluid (STF) based TENG via hierarchical liquid-flow spinning for intelligent protection

Impact resistant and force-sensitive yarns are the crucial components of intelligent wearable protective textiles. However, it is still a challenge to combine liquid impact resistant materials with yarns. In this paper, shear-thickened fluid (STF) based hierarchical wrapping core-spun yarns were produced by liquid flow spinning for the impact resistance and intelligent monitoring, which exhibited multi-superiority of protectivity, sensitivity, flexibility, breathability and washability. In terms of protection, STF fabric (STFF) performed improved impact resistance and energy absorption capacity, absorbing 73.5 % of the applied force. Numerically simulation analysis indicated that energy dissipation mechanism of STFF could be ascribed to the combination of the yarn surface deformation and STF core shear thickening of STF yarn (STFY). The STFF was still skin-friendly without breakage and leakage after 10,000 times cyclic friction. Its air permeability was up to 189 mm/s. Moreover, a STFF-based TENG was constructed by weaving with Kevlar yarn, which showed self-powered sensing ability to recognize impact force with great durability over 10,000 cycles. For energy harvesting, the fabric exhibits excellent triboelectric performance of 22 V open-circuit voltage (VOC), 225 nA short-circuit current (ISC), and 30 nC short-circuit transferred charge (QSC). In addition, STF-based TENG fabric enables the sensing of various forces, frequencies and different contact materials. Finally, the early warning, protection, motion monitoring and energy harvesting of STFF for intelligent protective applications were demonstrated, opening new avenues for the sensing function integration of protective textiles.