Wear Process Research Articles

Dry wear and corrosive wear behavior of laser-cladded Co19.6Cr19.6Fe19.6Ni19.6(B13.72Si5.88)19.6Y2 and Fe43.6Ni17.4Cr9Co6B17.5Si1.5Nb5 coatings

Corrosive wear is a key factor affecting the safe operation of offshore engineering equipment. In this study, Co19.6Cr19.6Fe19.6Ni19.6(B13.72Si5.88)19.6Y2 and Fe43.6Ni17.4Cr9Co6B17.5Si1.5Nb5 coatings were prepared on the surface of 304 stainless steel using laser cladding technology. Dry wear and corrosive wear behavior of both coatings and 304 stainless steel were comparatively studied under different loads. The results show that both coatings are mainly composed of FCC solid solution, boride, and Laves phases. The average microhardness of Co19.6Cr19.6Fe19.6Ni19.6(B13.72Si5.88)19.6Y2 and Fe43.6Ni17.4Cr9Co6B17.5Si1.5Nb5 coatings are 578.6 HV0.2 and 632.5 HV0.2, respectively. The dry wear resistance of Fe43.6Ni17.4Cr9Co6B17.5Si1.5Nb5 coating is approximately 3 times that of 304 stainless steel under all friction load conditions. It can be found that the Fe43.6Ni17.4Cr9Co6B17.5Si1.5Nb5 coating with high hardness is less sensitive to friction load changes during dry wear process. In 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the corrosive wear resistance of CoCrFeNiBSiY coating under friction loads of 30 N and 50 N is 2.68 times and 2.83 times that of 304 stainless steel, respectively. The excellent corrosive wear resistance performance of the CoCrFeNiBSiY coating is mainly attributed to its superior corrosion resistance and repassivation ability. During the corrosive wear process, a dense passivation film is formed on the surface of both coatings, which significantly reduces their friction coefficient and volume loss rate.

Thermal accumulation effects modelling of investigate radial shaft seal wear and lubrication transition mechanism

A radial shaft seal (RSS) model is established to reveal mixed thermal lubrication (MTL) and wear performance at speeds ranging from 3000 r/min to 7000 r/min. The model takes into account the initial temperatures of the oil medium and the running time of the RSS to investigate the transition limit of lubrication. Then a thermal fluid-solid method was developed to simulate the lubrication performance of RSS, which shows lubrication transition boundaries through rough micro convex bodies for wear deformation. The RSS deforms wedge-shaped during the wear process and a localized fluid pressure is created on the convex bodies. Considering the wear deformation of the convex bodies due to the wedge effect, the micro performance of the RSS can fully describe the mechanism of the leakage rate. As the dynamic pressure decreases and the leakage rate increases with the temperature of the medium, the RSS lubrication gradually transitions from MTL to EHL. Thus, the initial medium temperature should be considered to maintain the RSS under the mixed lubrication regime with low friction.

A Comparative Analysis of the Bayesian Regularization and Levenberg–Marquardt Training Algorithms in Neural Networks for Small Datasets: A Metrics Prediction of Neolithic Laminar Artefacts

This study aims to present a comparative analysis of the Bayesian regularization backpropagation and Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithms in neural networks for the metrics prediction of damaged archaeological artifacts, of which the state of conservation is often fragmented due to different reasons, such as ritual, use wear, or post-depositional processes. The archaeological artifacts, specifically laminar blanks (so-called blades), come from different sites located in the Southern Levant that belong to the Pre-Pottery B Neolithic (PPNB) (10,100/9500–400 cal B.P.). This paper shows the entire procedure of the analysis, from its normalization of the dataset to its comparative analysis and overfitting problem resolution.

Analysis of tool wear of TiAlN coated tool, machined surface morphology and chip during titanium alloy milling

TiAlN coated tools, known for their excellent resistance to high-temperature and low friction coefficient, are widely used in the processing Ti-6Al-4 V alloy. This study conducted a systematic analysis of the wear phenomenon of TiAlN coated tools during the dry milling of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy. Based on molecular dynamics (MD) and experiments, the interaction mechanism between diffusion wear and other wear mechanisms was investigated. The study further investigated the influence of tool wear on the machined surface morphology and chips. The results revealed tool diffusion wear was identified as the outward diffusion of Co and W elements. Ti element diffusion was more responsive to changes in temperature and pressure. During the tool wear process, a synergistic effect was observed between diffusion wear and adhesion wear. The combined impact of diffusion wear and oxidation wear weakened the tool's strength. The main forms of defects on the machined surface were grooves, pits, surface tears, and adhesion. As tool wear increased, the aggravation of grooves was the main reason for the reduction of roughness of machined surface. Additionally, as tool wear increased, the chip transitioned from a conical spiral chip to an arc-shaped chip, and an increase in the sawtooth degree of chips.

Modelling Wear Phenomena Specific to Mixer Blades in Concrete Production Plants

In the cement concrete manufacturing industry, mixers are critical pieces of equipment that play an essential role. Mixers ensure, by mechanically mixing the materials that make up the concrete, the homogeneity of the mixture. Since the active elements of the mixer in the concrete industry—the mixing blades—come into permanent contact with the mineral aggregates in the mixture formed by water and cement, they are permanently subjected to a strong abrasive–erosive wear process. The authors of this article were concerned with the establishment of tribological models for studying the wear of mixing blades, in order to identify the influence of their constructive parameters on the wear intensity. A complex model (Kraghelsky–Nepomnyashchi model) was adopted for the study. The modeling results revealed that the wear intensity decreases with an increasing blade angle of attack and increases linearly with increasing speed, as well as with an increasing friction coefficient. The modeling results confirm that the wear intensity is lowest when the mixing blade is inclined at a 60° angle, while the highest value is recorded for 30°. By identifying the angle at which the greatest wear of blades occurs, interventions can be made in the design of a more durable mixer (with the optimal installation angle of the mixer blades), thus requiring fewer corrective maintenance interventions. Based on these findings, we conclude that the complex model used in the experiment can provide a convenient and efficient tool for the study of erosive–abrasive phenomena.

Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Experimental Low-Cost Titanium Alloys

The high cost and potential toxicity associated with the common commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy are major concerns against its continued use in the biomedical industry. Low-cost, less toxic titanium alloys have been developed as a possible alternative to Ti-6Al-4V. Because of the various wear processes that take place in the human body, it is imperative to have a good understanding of the wear properties and wear resistance of these alloys. This study, therefore, investigated the resistance to wear of the low-cost Ti-3Fe, Ti-4.5Al-1V-3Fe, and Ti-4.5Al-1V-3Fe alloys under dry sliding conditions in contrast to the common commercial alloy, Ti-6Al-4V. The findings revealed that among the tested alloys, Ti-3Fe exhibited the lowest resistance to wear as it displayed the highest coefficient of friction (0.55) and wear rate (5.55E-06 mm3/Nm). The Ti-4.5Al-1V-3Fe alloy demonstrated superior wear resistance compared to the rest of the alloys, including Ti-6Al-4V, as it had the lowest wear rate (4.27E-06 mm3/Nm) and wear volume (0.0026 mm3). Overall, the experimental alloys displayed very similar wear resistance to Ti-6Al-4V, making them promising commercial alloys that can replace Ti-6Al-4V in bioimplant applications.

Effect of Impact Force on the Impact-Sliding Wear of Titanium Alloy Drill Pipes against Steel Casings

Titanium alloys have been widely used for drill pipes in complex structural wells and ultra-deep wells because they can provide great benefits in cost and operation in drilling systems due to their excellent properties such as high strength, low density, exceptional corrosion resistance and inherent flexibility. However, their wear behaviors during drilling have not been well understood by the communities. In this work, the effect of the impact force on the wear performance of titanium alloy drill pipes against steel casings was investigated through using a modified wet impact-sliding pin-on-disk test system, in which ZSA-3 titanium alloy was used for the pins and J55 steel was for the disks. The tests were conducted under simulated drilling mud conditions. As the impact force increases, the coefficient of friction tends to become stable and fluctuates slightly, and thus the wear rate of the tribo-pairs decreases gradually. The wear mechanism of J55 steel disks presents a transition from plastic deformation to plastic deformation accompanied by adhesive wear, while that of the titanium alloy pins changes from the plowing effect with adhesive wear to plastic deformation and adhesive wear. In addition, complex oxides will be formed on the surfaces of the tribo-pairs due to the oxidation of Ti and Fe during the wear process. The present results could provide as a fundamental guide for the drilling engineers in related industries for reducing casing wear in the drilling environment.

Laser cladded Co08–xTi3AlC2 coatings: Microstructure, corrosive–wear and electrochemical corrosion

MAX phase played the positive role during the corrosive–wear process of metal coatings, and Ti3AlC2 was added into Co08 coating by laser cladding to improve its corrosive–wear and electrochemical properties. The effects of Ti3AlC2 mass fraction on the corrosive–wear and electrochemical properties of obtained coatings in 3.5 % NaCl solution were investigated using a reciprocating wear tester and electrochemical workstation, respectively. The results show that the Co08–xTi3AlC2 coatings are composed of Co (Ni, Cr, W, Mo), AlFe and Ti3AlC2 phases, and their hardness is increased with the Ti3AlC2 mass fraction. The average coefficients of friction of Co08–5 %Ti3AlC2, –10 %Ti3AlC2 and –15 %Ti3AlC2 coatings are 0.56, 0.47, and 0.41, respectively, and the corresponding wear rates are 418.99, 389.67, and 339.33 μm3 N−1 s−1, respectively, showing that the Co08–15 %Ti3AlC2 coating has the best friction reduction and wear resistance among the three kinds of coatings. The wear mechanism of Co08–5 %Ti3AlC2, –10 %Ti3AlC2 and –15 %Ti3AlC2 coatings are abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and abrasive wear/adhesive wear, respectively. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of Co08–xTi3AlC2 coatings is increased by the Ti3AlC2 mass fraction, which is attributed to the protection role of corrosion products by the addition of Ti3AlC2.

Understanding DLC system failure influenced by progressed wear

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are among the toughest and most effective measures for preventing wear on critical surfaces. Due to its high wear resistance, the deterioration of the protective coating only occurs upon failure. Understanding the events leading to failure and identifying a mild-abrasive wear process is crucial for sustainable application. We implemented a ‘Wöhler-like’ test matrix on a tribometer with oscillating tribocontact, employing radioactive isotopes for continuous wear measurements. This method allows to analyse the relationship between load and cycling or test time. When combined with friction coefficient changes, it enables the distinction between mild and severe wear, ultimately pinpointing the point of DLC deterioration. This approach was employed to compare different diesel lubricants, and its effectiveness was demonstrated. The relationship between loading condition and remaining DLC thickness illustrates that mild-abrasive wear is the critical factor for DLC lifetime, ultimately leading to coating system failure.

Influence of Interfacial Tribo-Chemical and Mechanical Effect on Tribological Behaviors of TiN Film in Different Environments

A series of experiments has been conducted to investigate the tribological properties of a TiN film sliding against GCr15 steel balls in ambient air, low vacuum and high vacuum environments. Various friction loads and sliding velocities were also applied. The TiN film displays a steady-state friction stage after the running-in stage in all the above environments, while the durations of running-in stages are different. The steady-state friction coefficients of the TiN film were around 0.56 in ambient air and 0.3 in the high vacuum environment (1 × 10−5 mbar). In the low vacuum (1 × 10−2 mbar) environment, a low friction coefficient (around 0.19) was attained for all the friction tests on TiN film, irrespective of the applied load and sliding velocity. In the meantime, it was noticed that the applied loads and the sliding velocities would change the duration of the running-in stage before reaching the low friction coefficient. It is revealed by the analysis of wear tracks that the metal oxides induced by the tribo-chemical effect at the friction interface play an important role in affecting the tribological behaviors of the TiN films in different environments. The Raman results show that the main component of the metal oxides is hematite (α-Fe2O3), and the amount of iron oxide is related to the friction environment. The composition and quantity of iron oxides produced by the interfacial tribo-chemical effect affect the tribological behavior. The results also show that the mechanical wear process at the friction interface displays a polishing effect, which would reduce the surface roughness. The mechanical wear performance varies under different loads and velocities. The tribological tests results indicate that the interfacial tribo-chemical effect and mechanical wear process should be considered together rather than individually to interpret the tribological behaviors of TiN films in different environments.

Effects of two-step austempering processes on the wear resistance and fatigue lifetime of high-carbon nanostructured bainitic steel

The previous research on two-step austempering processes have been mainly focused on the bainitic transformation kinetics, with few details the relationships between the parameters of two-step austempering process and the wear properties and fatigue lifetime. In this paper, the effects of two-step austempering process on wear resistance and fatigue life of high carbon nano-bainite steel were investigated. The results show that the first-step bainite with high volume fraction prolongs the total bainite transformation time. The two-step austempering samples contain finer bainitic ferrite plate and higher volume fraction of retained austenite, as well as resent excellent hardnesses, tensile properties, wear resistance and fatigue lifetime. In particular, the wear resistance of the 50%-290 °C sample is better than that of the 210 °C sample, this is caused by the transformation of the high fraction of retained austenite in the two-step austempering samples into hard martensite and the microstructure refinement zone that forms on the surface of the sample during the wear process. The 50%-290 °C sample have better fatigue properties at low total strain amplitudes (0.7% and 0.8%). When the total strain amplitude is 0.7%, the fatigue life of the 50%-290 °C sample is 57.5% higher than that of the 210 °C sample, which is because of the higher yield strength and finer microstructure of the 50%-290 °C sample. These results support the later study of controlling two-step austempering process for high-carbon nanostructured steels.

Effect of N2 partial pressure on ZrN coating orientation and tribocorrosion behavior and mechanism

The ZrN coatings were prepared using multi-arc ion plating (MAIP) under different N2 partial pressures ranging from 10 % to 80 %. A comprehensive analysis of the microstructure, electrochemical behavior, and tribocorrosion properties of these coatings showed a gradual deposition rate decrease with rising N2 partial pressure. Analysis using GIXRD revealed higher N2 pressure led to a shift in crystal orientation from (111) to (200), initially increasing corrosion resistance but later declining. At 70 % N2 pressure, the ZrN coating exhibited the lowest values of capacitance Cpo (8.89 μF cm−2) and double-layer capacitance Cdl (1.14 × 10−7 F cm−2), with the highest values for the two-time constants τ recorded as 0.274 s and 5.749 s. The tribocorrosion behavior correlated closely with the corrosion performance, with the ZrN-70 % coating demonstrating superior tribocorrosion resistance and a minimal wear rate of 4.25 × 10−5 mm3/Nm. While the ZrN-80 % coating exhibited the lowest wear rate of 2.67 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, but was more susceptible to friction and corrosion synergy, causing localized failure. The outcomes reveal crystal texture significantly affected on the electrochemical and tribocorrosion characteristics of the coatings, primarily attributed to the robust passivation tendency and stability of the passivation film associated with the (200) crystal orientation. The dominant wear mechanism identified involves the interplay of adhesive, abrasive, and corrosion-erosion wear processes. Based on these results, ZrN coatings prepared using MAIP are expected to emerge as candidate materials for critical friction components in marine equipment or other corrosion-erosion environments.

Structural and Tribological Analysis of Brake Disc–Pad Pair Material for Cars

The study of the tribological behavior of the braking system in auto vehicles requires knowing the characteristics of the material in contact and, in the work process, the friction pair brake disc pads. Material structural analysis is necessary because the wear process depends both on the friction-pair chemical composition (brake disc pads) and on the work process parameters (pressing force, rotational speed, traffic conditions, etc.). The material of the brake discs is generally the same, gray cast iron, and the brake pads can be semimetallic (particles of steel, copper, brass, and graphite, all united with a special resin), organic materials (particles of rubber, glass, and Kevlar, all joined with the help of a resin), composite materials that contain different constituents, and ceramic materials (rarely have small copper particles). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the crystalline structure, tribological behavior (at friction and wear), and the mechanical properties of the materials of the brake disc–pad friction pair specific to the field through study and analysis.

Optimization of wear parameters for ECAP-processed ZK30 alloy using response surface and machine learning approaches: a comparative study

The present research applies different statistical analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches to predict and optimize the processing parameters on the wear behavior of ZK30 alloy processed through equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique. Firstly, The ECAPed ZK30 billets have been examined at as-annealed (AA), 1-pass, and 4-passes of route Bc (4Bc). Then, the wear output responses in terms of volume loss (VL) and coefficient of friction (COF) have been experimentally investigated by varying load pressure (P) and speed (V) using design of experiments (DOE). In the second step, statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3D response surface plots, and ML have been employed to predict the output responses. Subsequently, genetic algorithm (GA), hybrid DOE–GA, and multi-objective genetic algorithm techniques have been used to optimize the input variables. The experimental results of ECAP process reveal a significant reduction in the average grain size by 92.7% as it processed through 4Bc compared to AA counterpart. Furthermore, 4Bc exhibited a significant improvement in the VL by 99.8% compared to AA counterpart. Both regression and ML prediction models establish a significant correlation between the projected and the actual data, indicating that the experimental and predicted values agreed exceptionally well. The minimal VL at different ECAP passes was obtained at the highest condition of the wear test. Also, the minimal COF for all ECAP passes was obtained at maximum wear load. However, the optimal speed in the wear process decreased with the number of billets passes for minimum COF. The validation of predicted ML models and VL regression under different wear conditions have an accuracy range of 70–99.7%, respectively.

Effects of various proportions TiB2p-TiCp reinforced Al–Cu–Mg composites in high-temperature mechanical properties and sliding wear behaviors

Synergistic reinforcement of dual-phase particles with different sizes was always considered superior to single-phase reinforcement in composites, but there were few studies to investigate the role of each part in enhancing properties. In this work, 40 vol% (TiB2p-TiCp)/Al–Cu–Mg composites with different proportions of TiB2p and TiCp (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3), were fabricated by the combustion synthesis to contrast the strengthening effect of dual-phase particles from the interface stability and the characteristics of dual-phase particles. Calculated by the first principle, TiB2 (3.12 J/m2) presented better interfacial stability with Al matrix than TiC (1.61 J/m2). Under the circumstance of the same volume fraction, the composites with a higher proportion of TiB2p usually show higher yield and maximum compressive strength and effectively prevent the crack growth of composites. However, excess submicron sized TiB2p tends to produce cracks at the hexagon edge when the loads were applied and formed crack loops delaminating materials. When the TiB2p/TiCp proportion was 1:1, the plasticity and strength were beneficially balanced at the elevated temperature. Otherwise, the composite with TiB2: TiC = 3:1 possessed the best wear resistance (coefficient of friction: 0.22) at a sliding velocity of 0.32 mm/s, 30 N load) among other composites (AR12, AR11, AR21, and AR31) at 473 K, which reduced 45%, 64%, 73% and 86%, respectively. The main wear mechanism was abrasive wear when the TiB2 proportion was dominant. Submicron sized TiB2p with better interface bonding can keep the rigidity of the composites to resist the plastic flow, while TiC nanoparticles are easier to be extracted during the wear process.

Ni-Cu Alloyed Austempered Ductile Iron Resistance to Multifactorial Wear

The paper provides a discussion on the results of studies of the effect exerted by combined degradation factors typical of four types of wear: abrasion, impact–abrasion, tribocorrosion, and impact–abrasion–corrosion, conducted for chain wheels made of Ni-Cu alloyed austempered ductile iron. The studies consisted of determining the content of retained austenite in the structure of the cast irons in question, establishing the measures of wear following wear testing, and identifying the basic surface degradation mechanisms observed in the chain wheels tested following multifactorial wear processes. The chain wheels made of ADI were found to have sustained the greatest damage under the impact–abrasion–corrosion (three-factor) wear scenario, while the wear was least advanced in the abrasion (one-factor) wear case. Another observation derived from the studies is that the combined effect of dynamic forces, corrosion, and quartz sand-based abrasives causes increased surface degradation in the cast iron grades taken into consideration compared to processes characterised by a reduced number of degradation factors (i.e., one- or two-factor wear processes). Additional hardness tests and XRD analyses revealed that a distinctive effect attributable to combined degradation factors on the surface hardness increased value and implied that bench testing was followed by phase transition.

Research of the Wear Rate of Elements of the Flow Part of Centrifugal and Axial Pumping Units

The paper presents the results of a theoretical and experimental study of the wear rate of the elements of the flow part of centrifugal and axial pumps. Theoretical formulas recommended by various authors, obtained for models with flat samples based on energy theory, do not take into account the features of hydraulic machines. Considering the movement of solid particles in the inter-blade channels of the impellers of centrifugal and axial pumps, calculation schemes were chosen that correspond to the hydraulic and physical wear processes. The analysis shows that the influence of centrifugal and inertial forces in the inter-blade channel of the impellers of centrifugal and axial pumps causes separation and redistribution of solid particles in the flow. As a result, in centrifugal pumps in the end part of the blade and axial pumps in the end gap of the impeller, the local concentration of solid particles increases compared to the average. The work also provides dependencies for calculating the intensity of water-abrasive wear of pump working parts.

Tribological analysis of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) hybrid metal matrix composite through the use of Taguchi’s method and machine learning classifiers

The preparation and tribological behavior of the titanium metal matrix (Ti-6Al-4V) composite reinforced with tungsten carbide (WCp) and graphite (Grp) particles were investigated in this study. The stir casting procedure was used to fabricate the titanium metal matrix composites (TMMCs), which had 8 weight percent of WCp and Grp. The tribological studies were designed using Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array technique and were carried out as wear tests using a pin-on-disc device. According to Taguchi’s analysis and ANOVA, the most significant factors that affect wear rate are load and distance, followed by velocity. The wear process was ascertained by scanning electron microscopy investigation of the worn surfaces of the composite specimens. Pearson’s heatmap and Feature importance (F-test) were plotted for data analysis to study the significance of input parameters on wear. Machine learning classification algorithms such as k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, and XGBoost algorithms accurately classified the wear rate data, giving an accuracy value of 71.25%, 65%, and 56.25%, respectively.

Mandible microwear texture analysis of crickets raised on diets of different abrasiveness reveals universality of diet-induced wear.

Animals have evolved diverse comminuting tools. While vertebrates possess mineralized teeth, insect mandibles often bear metal-inclusion-hardened serrated cusps. Microscopic dental enamel wear (microwear) is known to be caused by contact with ingesta. To test if insect mandible microwear is also diet-dependent, we kept newly moulted adult two-spotted crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) for four weeks on alfalfa-based rodent pellets with and without added mineral abrasives (loess, quartz, volcanic ash). Six crickets per diet were examined after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. All diets induced progressive mandible wear, affecting specific locations along the distal tooth cusps differently. The depth of furrows increased on most abrasive-containing diets until day 21, while wear mark complexity increased from day 1 to 3 and 14 to 21. After 28 days, these parameter values for large volcanic ash and large quartz diets significantly exceeded those for the control diet. These results are comparable to observations from guinea pig feeding experiments with the same diets. Cricket mandible wear was affected by all abrasives. Notably, large volcanic ash and large quartz induced the deepest, most complex lesions, akin to observations in guinea pigs. This suggests a universal wear process, supporting that microwear analyses are suitable for inferring invertebrate diets.

Tribological and corrosion behavior of hydrided zirconium alloy

Zirconium alloys (Zr-alloys) are used for the core components of nuclear reactors due to their exceptional properties, which make them suitable for the given applications such as low neutron absorption cross-section, good corrosion resistance, good wear resistance, good mechanical stability at high temperatures etc. The coolant water that flows inside the pressure tube contains LiOH to control the pH value of the coolant water, which can cause corrosion. The flow of coolant water produces low amplitude vibration, which can cause fretting wear of the components. Further, the coolant water at high temperature causes the hydride formation in the material, degrading the properties of zirconium alloys. The safe working of nuclear reactors is the prime objective, and the corrosion and wear behavior of the core components must be explored to prevent possible failure. Fretting wear or tribo-corrosion experiments were conducted on Zr‐2.5Nb alloy against SS-410 for varied fretting duration to understand the tribological response. Electrochemical corrosion experiments were performed under the aqueous solution of LiOH (10.4 pH) using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization technique. The comparison was made between the tribological and corrosion response of unhydrided‐Zr‐2.5Nb alloy (Zr‐2.5Nb) and hydrided- Zr‐2.5Nb alloy (Zr‐2.5Nb‐H). The hydride formation causes the reduction in corrosion resistance of Zr‐2.5Nb alloy. The oxide layer is formed during the wear and corrosion process which protects the material from further wear and corrosion respectively.