Wear Morphology Research Articles

Temperature-dependent friction coefficient and its effect on modeling friction stir welding for aluminum alloys

In friction stir welding (FSW), heat input and material flow characteristics are determined by the contact behavior between the tool and workpiece. Accordingly, calibrating the friction coefficient of the tool–workpiece interface is consequential to understand the joining process fully and achieve reasonable modeling. In the present study, the variation of friction coefficient with temperature between a steel tool and three aluminum alloys are obtained by experimental tests. As the temperature increases, the friction coefficient first slightly decreases, rapidly increases, and finally rapidly decreases until it approaches zero. The variation in friction coefficient during the three phases is further analyzed and explained using plowing and adhesive friction models based on examining the microscopic wear morphology and mechanism. A butt FSW test for AA5A06-H plates is also implemented. Subsequently, a fully coupled thermo–mechanical numerical model in which different friction coefficient schemes are used is developed based on the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method for simulating the FSW process. The results show that the numerical model considering the temperature-dependent friction coefficient can well reproduce the temperature field and material flow in the welding process.

Analysis of diamond wear morphology and segment wear evolution during the process of hard granite sawing

Diamond circular sawblade has been widely used in hard granite processing. In this study, the wear mechanism and wear evolution of the diamond segment were investigated. The wear morphologies of diamond grits were classified as emerging diamond, whole diamond, crack diamond, blunt diamond, micro-fractured diamond, macro-fractured diamond, wear flat diamond, and pull-out diamond, which is based on sufficient observation data. The main form of diamond wear is fracture. The fracture morphology of diamond grit dominates by cleavage, which is brittle transgranular fractures, and the microscopic features are fracture steps and river-like patterns. Since the {111} crystal plane has the largest interplanar spacing among all the crystal planes, cleavage fractures tend to occur on this crystal plane. Through the scratches and pitting on the diamond grit surface, it proved that the wear process is a mixed type of two-body wear and three-body wear. However, some diamond grits exhibit special fracture morphology and are without the typical characteristics of cleavage fracture. Combined with internal factors (including microstructures and internal defect) and external factors (including chip flow, thermal load and mechanical load), the mechanism of various diamond wear morphologies and segment wear phenomena observed in the sawing experiment is clarified. Finally, the evolution process of the diamond failure and segment wear are described. The research systematically revealed the mechanism of segment wear and the fracture morphology characteristics of diamond grits in the sawing granites, which can further improve the understanding of segment wear and provide theoretical guidance for segment design.

Investigation of microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behavior of aluminum A380 nanocomposite reinforced with graphene nanosheets produced by spark plasma sintering technique

The study reports the development of graphene nanosheets reinforced aluminum A380 matrix nanocomposites using powder metallurgy. Nanocomposites are fabricated by a mechanical alloying process and the bulk nanocomposites are prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique in a vacuum at 540 °C. 0.25 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.75 wt%, and 1 wt% of graphene nanosheets are used as a refinement for nanocomposites. Microstructural, mechanical properties, and wear behavior of the Al A380–graphene nanocomposites were investigated. Testing and analysis of fabricated composites revealed an improvement in hardness (59.96%) and wear rate (108.57%). Grain refinement action caused by graphene, high hardness, and graphene's self-lubricating nature is reasoned for these improvements. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to investigate microstructures of the nanoparticle distribution in the nanocomposites of the SPS samples. The wear resistance of resultant composites is reported at a higher side, decreasing friction coefficient owing to graphene's self-lubricating nature. Moreover, the incorporation of lubricant graphene nanosheets significantly reduced the wear rate and the friction coefficient in comparison with the Al A380 matrix composites. Wear morphology is characterized using SEM. In the end, the Al A380–0.5% graphene nanocomposite sample represents the greatest hardness and wear behavior, and good microstructure to compare with the other experimented samples.

Effect of Laser Surface Texturing on the Tribological Properties and Scuffing Mechanism of CKS Piston Ring Against Cast Iron Cylinder Liner Under High Intensifying

The objective of this study is to characterize and understand the evolutionary processes that the effect of surface texture has on the tribology properties of the Chrom-Keramik-Schicht (CKS) piston ring/cast iron cylinder liner system under high intensifying. Surface dimple textures with an area density of 3–9% were prepared on the CKS piston ring by YAG laser, and the antifriction and antiscuffing properties were tested on a reciprocating test rig at 200 °C and 80 MPa. The minimum friction coefficient and wear loss were both obtained at the area density of 5%, compared with the untextured cylinder liner–piston ring (CLPR). The friction coefficient decreased by 0.013 to 0.086, and the wear loss for the piston ring and cylinder liner decreased by 41% and 46%, respectively. The sharp decrease of the friction force induced by surface polishing of the cylinder liner is taken as a sign to indicate the cylinder scuffing under starved lubrication. The scuffing time for the piston ring/cylinder liner system reached a maximum value of 18 min at an area density of 3%, which is extended about 41% compared with that of the untextured piston ring. The dimple surface texture on the piston ring could extend the scuffing time by delaying the occurrence of polishing behavior on the surface of cylinder liner. It is found that the retarded surface polishing played a major role for the modification of the antiscuffing property of the friction pairs according to the friction curves and wear morphologies.

Fretting corrosion-induced microstructural evolution of Alloy 690TT tube in high temperature pressurised water

The friction-induced microstructural evolution of Alloy 690TT tubes submerged in a high temperature pressurised water was investigated. Two typical local regions characterised by significantly different worn morphologies (resulting from the stress field and material couple) were investigated in detail. A thin third-body layer and a thick Fe-rich layer were observed and their oxidation behaviour was analysed. Moreover, the main oxide was spinel, whereas the amorphous band was only observed in the Fe-rich layer. The tribologically transformed structure is formed by the mechanism of discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation. Finally, the microstructural evolution of the two areas during fretting corrosion is discussed.

Effect of ultrasonic vibration characteristics on mechanical properties of stainless steel laser weld

The laser welding efficiency of stainless steel is high, but the welding quality is still insufficient. In order to improve the welding performance of stainless steel, a controllable ultrasonic laser welding system was designed in the paper. Through numerical simulation and experimental test, the influences of ultrasonic vibration on the mechanical properties of weld were obtained. For the simulation study, the sound vibration coupling scheme was applied to the welding model. The closed environment model was established, and the characteristic frequency and sound pressure distribution of ultrasonic were simulated and analyzed by COMSOL software. In the aspect of performance test, through the real-time monitoring of the welding system, the effect of ultrasonic on the molten pool area, molten pool flow rate and metal vapor pressure is obtained. Under different ultrasonic excitation frequencies, the changes of weld microstructure, wear morphology, hardness and oxidation were studied. The results show that ultrasonic vibration can significantly improve the wear resistance, hardness and corrosion resistance of stainless steel welds. The ultrasonic energy efficiency at the second-order characteristic frequency is higher, the flow rate in the molten pool is low, and the joint quality is better.

Effect of laser cladding Ti/B4C/dr40-based composite coatings for the surface strengthening of shaft part

In-situ synthesized TiB2 and TiC particles reinforced dr40-based composite coatings are fabricated on shaft parts via laser cladding. The effects of the various contents of Ti and B4C in dr40 coating on the phase component, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the composite coatings are investigated. The Ti/B4C/dr40 composite coating primarily contains the evenly distributed phases of γ-Ni, CrB, TiC, TiB2, CrCX, NiTi, and [Fe, Ni] solid solutions. Precipitated hard phases weak the temperature gradient during the solidification process, and play a key role in dendritic cell refinement and increment of matrix supporting capacity. After evaluating the performance of the samples with different Ti and B4C contents, the 10% Ti/10% B4C/80% dr40 composite coating shows the highest microhardness of 632.66 HV0.3, which is about 1.4 times and 2.5 times higher than dr40 coating and 45# substrate, respectively. This composite coating has a clean wear surface with shallower and more uniform scratches. Besides, wear morphology is closely related to the size and distribution of strengthening phases and property of the matrix. As the 10% Ti/10% B4C/80% dr40 composite coating reveals high metallurgical bonding quality with the substrate, it is subsequently selected for strengthening material. The post-treated shaft part is evaluated in terms of its surface wear resistance and interface. The wear resistance reduces 50% of the strengthening shaft surface, and the machining quality meets the requirements. Thus, the strengthening process using laser cladding provides a basis for the application of Ti/B4C/dr40 composite coating for shaft part surface strengthening.

The Microstructural Properties and Tribological Performance of Al2O3 and TiN Nanoparticles Reinforced Ti–6Al–4V Composite Coating Deposited on AISI304 Steel by TIG Cladding

Abstract This investigation presents the tribological performance of (Al2O3 + TiN)/Ti6Al4V cladding deposited on AISI304 steel substrate by the tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding approach. The microstructural characterization by SEM confirmed claddings with visually crack-free and sound metallurgical bonding at the clad layer—substrate interface. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the presence of matrix and reinforcement phases as major elements with the clad layer and with considerably no oxidation during their deposition. The XRD spectra revealed that matrix and reinforcements are dominant phases in the clad layer. The formation of compounds reflected considerably a lower dilution of reinforcement phase with Ti6Al4V matrix during melting and deposition. Higher the microhardness of the (Al2O3 + TiN)/Ti6Al4V clad layer in the cladding zone compared with other clad layer compositions such as Ti6Al4V, Al2O3/Ti6Al4V, and TiN/Ti6Al4V, it is varied from 1130HV0.2 to 1222HV0.2, and the average microhardness is about 990.57HV0.2 which is 175% improvement compared with the substrate. The cladding with dual reinforcement composition has shown a superior wear resistance compared with all other clad layer composite compositions. The improvement in the wear resistance achieved with (Al2O3 + TiN)/Ti6Al4V composite clad layer deposition at 2.5 m/s, 3.5 m/s, and 4.5 m/s sliding velocities is 56.60%, 63.26%, and 68.53%, respectively, compared with the substrate. The wear morphology of the composite claddings is relatively smoother and the wear furrows are shallower compared with the substrate, especially for the composite clad layer with (Al2O3 + TiN) reinforcement phase.

Study on machinability characteristics of novel additive manufactured titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) fabricated by direct metal laser sintering

The pressing demand of Ti-6Al-4V (grade 5) in aerospace, medical, marine, and chemical processing industries has gained momentum in recent years due to its excellent properties such as high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance, bio-compatibility and a common material for additive manufacturing. Additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V have higher mechanical properties as compared to wrought alloys due to difference in microstructure that negatively influences the machinability characteristics and also lacks ductility. The main limitation of fabricated additive manufactured (AMed) component is the poor surface quality, staircase effect and adhering of non-melted powder particles to the fabricated components. Again, fatigue life of components increases with decrease of surface roughness. Therefore the need of machining of AMed titanium alloys in recent years are gaining importance to eliminate these problems so that desired surface quality and tolerances can be achieved. Therefore the objective of the study is to develop additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V through direct metal laser sintering process and investigate its machinability characteristics under flood cooling environment with respect to responses as tool wear, surface roughness, cutting temperature, and chip morphology. As most of the heat generated at the interfaces has been carried away through flood cooling, the rate of growth of tool wear, cutting temperature, surface roughness, and degree of serration decreases and thus makes the performance of AMed Ti alloys are comparable with wrought Ti alloys. The dominant tool wear mechanism during machining AMed Ti alloy have been found to be abrasion, chipping, adhesion, BUE, chemical interaction between titanium and cutting tool materials, coating delamination. Optimal parameters for multi-responses are 0.1 mm depth of cut, 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, and 70 m/min cutting speed and improved. Mathematical models are said to be significant and fitted well. Because of the improved machinability, AMed Ti alloys find itself suitable in industrial applications.

Effects of Streptococcus mutans and their metabolites on the wear behavior of dental restorative materials

The wear behavior of dental restorative materials is highly related to the biolubricating medium in the oral environment. Bacteria, along with their metabolic products, are essential substances in the oral cavity and have not been studied as a potential factor affecting lubrication performance during mastication. In this study, the effects of the Streptococcus mutans bacterial cells and their metabolites were investigated on the wear behavior of resin composites, polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks and zirconium-lithium silicate glass-ceramics. A reciprocating friction test and quantitative analysis of the wear morphology were utilized to determine the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear resistance of the test materials. The results showed that the bacterial metabolite medium significantly reduces the COF and wear rate of the three restorative materials and provide better protection against superficial abrasion. When tested under lactic acid medium, a key acid production in bacterial metabolites, similar wear reduction results were observed in the three materials, which confirmed that lactic acid should be accountable for the excellent lubricating property of bacterial metabolites. Furthermore, the resin composite with lower wettability exhibited a more significant wear reduction than the other two materials when lubricating with a bacterial metabolite medium. These findings provide novel insights into the biological basis of lubrication mechanisms in the oral cavity under high-loading and low-velocity conditions.

The Effect of The Machining Process UHMWPE on The Wear Behaviour of Acetabular Cups for Hip Implants

Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been consumed in human hip implants for the last decades. Improving the reliability of hip joint implants can reach by the understanding of wear behavior and morphology of the polyethylene. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of the manufacturing process UHMWPE on the wear behavior of acetabular cups for hip implants. Tribological tests of UHMWPE acetabular liner on AISI 316L stainless steel femoral head were carried out with a tribometer test configuration in a dry condition. In this study, wear testing was examined with constant applied load of 800 N. The superficial injures that occured during the test were assessed by coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and roughness measurements. A correlation between the surface roughness from machining process and wear mass loss was assessed and discussed. Based on the results of the test data and observations on the specimens it can be concluded that the machining UHMWPE acetabular cups using milling CNC significantly affected the UHMWPE surface roughness developing its wear act, in terms of, the rate of wear depth and wear coefficient produced. The results show high linearity.

Tribological properties and lubrication state transitions of textured CSS-42L bushing filled with Sn-Ag-Cu-Ti3C2 of oil-film bearing

To improve the antifriction and vibration reduction performances of oil-film bearings in hydroelectric generating set, textured CSS-42L surfaces filled with Sn-Ag-Cu-Ti3C2 (TSs-SACT) were prepared, and the friction and vibration experiments under oil lubrication were carried out. The results showed that TSs-SACT with texture pitch of 600 μm and MXene of 5 wt.% (TSs-SACT(5%)-600) had the best antifriction, which reduced the fluctuation amplitudes of frictional forces and suppressed the friction-induced vibrations. The wear morphologies were improved by the synergistic effects of oil, grooves and Sn-Ag-Cu-Ti3C2, and TSs-SACT(5%)-600 with uniform profiles had the excellent wear resistance. The complexity of surface profiles could be characterized by fractal dimension, which can be enhanced by Sn-Ag-Cu-Ti3C2. TSs-SACT(5%)-600 with complex profiles keeps good antifriction during lubrication state transitions, which effectively improves the operation reliability of oil-film bearing in hydroelectric generating set.

Effects of different temperatures and loads on the tribological behavior of foamed iron-reinforced SiCp/A359 composites

Purpose To improve the high-temperature wear properties of the SiCp/A359 composite, foamed iron-reinforced SiCp/A359 composite (A359–SiCp/Fe) is prepared. The purpose of this study is to investigate the tribological behavior and mechanism of the A359–SiCp/Fe composites at different temperatures (100–500 °C) and loads (7 N, 10 N and 12 N). Design/methodology/approach The A359–SiCp/Fe composite was fabricated by vacuum-assisted infiltration. The dry sliding tribological behaviors of A359–SiCp/Fe composite were investigated using the ball-on-disc-type tribometer. The worn surface and wear morphology of the longitudinal section were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy and metallographic microscope. Findings The critical transition temperature for severe wear in A359–SiCp/Fe composite was 50–100 °C higher than in SiCp/A359 composite. Foamed iron prevents exfoliation cracks from penetrating deeper into the matrix. The friction coefficient stability of the A359–SiCp/Fe composite was higher than the unreinforced composite at elevated temperatures. With the increase in temperature, the friction-affected layer was severely worn, and the wear mechanism transferred from abrasion and delamination to oxidation and plastic flow, respectively. Originality/value The preparation procedure for aluminum matrix composites reinforced with foamed metal has been less reported, and the research on the tribological behavior and mechanism of A359–SiCp/Fe composite at various temperatures is insufficient. The foamed iron structure considerably enhances the wear properties of SiCp/A359 composite in elevated temperature conditions.

Effect of Cutting Parameters on Tool Chipping Mechanism and Tool Wear Multi-Patterns in Face Milling Inconel 718

Tool wear behavior is mainly influenced by cutting parameters for a given tool–workpiece pair and cutting process. Rapid tool wear increases production costs and deteriorates machining quality in manufacturing industries. Inconel 718 is prone to severe tool wear in the milling process due to its high strength under elevated temperature and being prone to work hardening. The effects of cutting speed and feed rate on the tool chipping mechanism and tool wear multi-patterns in face milling Inconel 718 with cemented carbide tools are investigated in this research. Firstly, the face milling experiments of Inconel 718 were conducted with various cutting speeds and feed rates. The experimental results show that the tool wear morphology, especially the tool edge chipping on the flank face, is changed with the cutting parameters. Secondly, the tool chipping mechanism in the milling process is discussed. The effects of cutting speed and feed rate on the chipping and wear patterns of cutting tools are clarified. Finally, the ANOVA analysis is conducted to verify the effects of cutting parameters on cutting force, tool life, and tool edge chipping. This work provides an experimental basis for process parameter optimization to alleviate cutting tool wear in machining processes.

Analysis on wear patterns and mechanisms of carbide tool for face-hobbing of spiral bevel gear

Spiral bevel gear is widely used in the automotive and aerospace manufacturing industries, and the machining process is complex and the material is difficult to cut. The characteristics of high hardness, strong chemical reactivity and poor heat dissipation make the machinability of 20CrMnTi poor for face-hobbing machining of spiral bevel gear. In the process of cutting, there are some problems such as severe tool wear, poor machining quality and low machining efficiency caused by higher cutting force and higher cutting temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze the wear experiment of the cutting tools of spiral bevel gear for face-hobbing deeply. Firstly, under the single factor experimental conditions, the wear patterns of inside blade and outside blade are observed and analyzed at different rotational speeds, and the tool wear conditions are detected and measured analysis. Secondly, the tool wear morphology and element distribution of rake face and flank face of inside blade and outside blade are analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer, and the tool wear mechanism for face-hobbing of spiral bevel gear is discussed in depth. The results demonstrate that chipping and fracture are the main patterns of tool wear; the tool wear mechanism are mainly embodied in adhesive wear, diffusion wear and oxidation wear. The tool wear is mainly distributed on the main cutting edge, top edge and corner radius, and the top edge and corner radius are more seriously worn. The research results can provide an effective basis for exploring the tool wear mechanism and improving the tool life, and provide technical support for the design and development of gear machining tools.

The impacts of retained austenite on the microstructure and property changes of carbide-free bainite during sliding wear

With the rapid development of Chinese railway industry, there is an increased demand for better toughness, wear resistance and fatigue resistance of wheel/rail materials, and the development of carbide-free bainitic wheel/rail materials with stable and outstanding comprehensive properties is of great significance to the acceleration of railway development. This paper conducts sliding wear experiment on the currently developed FCB bainitic wheel steel (abbreviated as FCB in the following content) and AB1 bainitic rail steel (abbreviated as AB1 in the following content), and investigates the impacts of retained austenite (RA) on the microstructure and property changes of carbide-free bainite. During the process of sliding wear, the wear morphology of FCB is chiefly featured by abrasive wear; As wear rotations increase, adhesion wear and fatigue wear gradually appear. Compared with AB1, FCB with similar chemical composition has more RA, which causes it to undergo plastic deformation more easily during sliding wear. The deformation gives rise to higher strain in the surface layer and makes the grains caused by it much smaller, leading to white etching layers (WELs) with higher thickness and hardness more easily. Meanwhile, more RA means that more martensite phase with high thickness will be generated during the wear process, which increases the hardness of FCB. These two factors work together to make wear resistance of FCB better.

Accelerated deterioration mechanism of 316L stainless steel in NaCl solution under the intermittent tribocorrosion process

In this research, the tribocorrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in simulated seawater was investigated under continuous and intermittent sliding at open circuit potential. The tribocorrosion mechanism was discussed in terms of wear morphologies, mechanical property as well as chemical composition. Meanwhile, microstructure evolution inside the wear track and open circuit potential recorded after sliding were analyzed to quantify the repassivation kinetics and evaluate the impact of the regenerated passive film on wear. The results showed that the wear rate increased under intermittent sliding when the pause time is long enough to repassivate after sliding. Repeated sliding promoted the refinement of the grain inside the sliding area, which was beneficial to the generation of the thicker and more compact passive film inside the wear track. The ruptured passive film often acted as abrasives during subsequent sliding. Therefore, the accelerated material loss under intermittent sliding was attributed to the periodic mechanical removal of the thickened passive film and the enhanced abrasive wear inside the wear track.

Effect of Micro-Textures on the Surface Interaction of WC+Co Alloy Composite Coatings

The surface properties of alloys can be improved by coating their surfaces and adding a micro-texture. The effect on the surface properties of alloy composite coatings of adding a textured surface has not been addressed in previous studies. In this study, a micro-texture was added to the surface of a WC+Co alloy AlCrN/AlTiSiN composite coating. The influence of the micro-texture’s geometric parameters on the surface properties of the composite coating and its lifespan were studied in detail. First, the surface hardness and phases of various micro-textured composite coatings were analyzed to explore the effect of different micro-texture parameters on the surface properties. Then, a friction and wear test was conducted to establish a model that can predict the lifespan of a micro-texture and the influence of different micro-texture parameters on the surface friction of the composite coating. After that, the wear pattern of the composite coating and the relative action of the micro-texture were analyzed on the basis of the visible wear morphology. The results show that using a laser to add a micro-texture to the surface of a composite coating creates a hardened layer that increases the coating’s surface hardness. Analysis of the surface phases of the composite coating showed that there are three principal types of grain on the surface, namely WC, CrN and TiN, with WC having the largest grain size. The main kind of wear on the surface of the composite coating was found to be abrasive wear, which can be reduced by the addition of a micro-texture.

INFLUENCE OF WEDM-TEXTURED TOOLS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF TITANIUM GRADE-23 ALLOY

This study has been carried out to understand and reveal the efficacy of using surface-textured tools in the dry turning of Ti grade-23 alloys. The textures have been fabricated nearer to the primary cutting edge (in the rake face) and the secondary cutting edge (in the flank face) of the tool. The method used for texture fabrication is a nonconventional machining technique, Wire Electro-discharge Machining (WEDM). Micro-grooves/channels have been fabricated in the tools (rake face and flank face). The study also aimed to reveal the influence of texture pattern as well as its position on the cutting edges. The rake face-textured tools had four varieties: vertically textured (VT-R), diagonally textured (DT-R), horizontally textured (HT-R) and cross-textured (CT-R). On the other hand, the flank face had three varieties: cross-textured (CT-F), horizontally textured (HT-F) and vertically textured (VT-F). The cutting performance was measured and compared among the aforementioned different textured tools and nontextured (NT) ones in terms of the forces ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]), temperature, tool wear and chip morphology. The study revealed that the textured tools performed better and the VT-R tool performed the best followed by the DT-R and VT-F tools as compared to NT ones for the dry turning of Ti grade-23 alloys.

Study on thermal-mechanical characteristics and crater wear of cemented carbide tools during the milling 508III steel

The water chamber head is made of 508III steel with high strength and hardness. The cemented carbide tool bears a large thermal-mechanical load during the cutting process, which leads to severe insert wear and damage as well as low tool life. Firstly, the milling experiments and finite element (FE) simulation were carried out to study the thermal-mechanical characteristics of tools. Secondly, the thermal-mechanical coupling simulation was carried out to explore the temperature field, strain, total deformation of the milling cutter, and the deformation and strain of the rake face of the milling insert respectively. Finally, the tool wear experiment was carried out, and the form, morphology, and energy spectrum of tool wear were analyzed, and the parameters of the crater wear were measured. The proposed crater wear rate was used as the characterization variable of tool wear, and the crater wear rate model was established to explore the wear evolution process of inserts preliminarily. The research results can provide theoretical support and experimental basis for the in-depth study of the tool failure mechanism and tool optimal design of the high-efficiency milling water chamber head.