Engine Wear Research Articles

Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review

Two main aspects of the transportation industry are pollution to the environment and depletion of fossil fuels. In the transportation industry, the pollution to the environment can be reduced with the use of cleaner fuel, such as gas-to-liquid fuel, to reduce the exhaust emissions from engines. However, the depletion of fossil fuels is still significant. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable fuel that is considered an alternative resource to conventional diesel fuel. Even though biodiesel shows advantages as a renewable source, there are still minor drawbacks while operating in diesel engines. Modern vehicle engines are designed to be powered by conventional diesel fuel or gasoline fuel. In this review, the performance, emissions, combustion, and endurance characteristics of different types of diesel engines with various conditions are assessed with biodiesel and blended fuel as well as the effect of biodiesel on the diesel engines. The results show that biodiesel and blended fuel had fewer emissions of CO, HC, and PM but higher NOx emissions than the diesel-fuelled engine. In the endurance test, biodiesel and blended fuel showed less wear and carbon deposits. A high concentration of wear debris was found inside the lubricating oil while the engine operated with biodiesel and blends. The performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and its blends showed that it can be used in a diesel engine. However, further research on long-term endurance tests is required to obtain a better understanding of endurance characteristics about engine wear of the diesel engine using biodiesel and its blends.

Influence of Sulfur and Additives on Wear of Exhaust Valve Seat of Cylinder Head

In this paper, taking a certain type of high-power diesel engine exhaust valve abnormal wear phenomenon as an example, we conduct research on the exhaust valve surface micromorphology characteristics, contact surface accumulation products, additive transition layer, and combustion test. These passed diesel sulfur content comparative test, diesel additive composition analysis, and high-sulfur-content and low-sulfur-content diesel and diesel oil additive action test. At present, there is no authoritative research on the influence of sulfur content in diesel on valve seat wear of high-power diesel engines, and the protection mechanism of diesel additives on the valve seat is not clear. The sulfur in diesel, like the lead in gasoline, has long been known to resist wear in the valve seats of high-power diesel engines; just as gasoline additives compensate for the loss of lead, diesel oil additives seem to compensate for the loss of sulfur. Tests show that a uniform carbon deposition layer is formed on the contact surface after the diesel is burned, and the carbon deposition layer is more densely and uniformly adsorbed on the contact surface under the action of diesel additives to form an antiwear layer. Tests also show that the sulfur in diesel has no effect on the wear resistance of the valve seat.

Quality Control on Minimizing Defect Product on 20 OE Yarn

Industrial businesses in Indonesia realize that consumer desires have changed over time. Consumers desire that becomes the main priority is quality. PT. Bitrate Industries, as a company that produces yarn in Semarang, always strives to improve product quality to the desires of consumers. The company faces quality control problems: the production process of 20 OE yarn, producing the highest defective products. The Six Sigma approach analyzes the causes of defects, identifies sources of variation, proposes improvements with 5W + 1H, and implements a quality control plan. Most defects occur in the production process in the autocross engine, which is caused by engine wear. Implementation of the kaizen approach can be given proposals in the form of improvements in maintenance, according to the existing scheduling and periodic replacement of parts. This study concludes that the proportion of defects is still in the controlled stage, but the quality control of the product is still needed. A quality improvement project with a Six Sigma approach can benefit any company that needs to find the most efficient way to improve product quality.

Influence of fibre properties and its proportion on filtration behaviour of thermo-bonded multilayer nonwoven

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the influence of fibre properties on filtration behavior. Air pollution is a major threat to human beings due to industrialization and urbanization. Among various particles in the atmospheric air, PM 2.5 causes various respiratory problems to human beings and also causes premature engine wear. The primary importance for the filters is higher filtration efficiency with lower pressure drop.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, nonwoven filters were developed with different diameters of polyester fibres such as 0.8d, 1.2d and 6d fibres and different proportions of fibres were used. The Kuwabara cell model was used to derive certain parameters and its effects were analysed. The effect of basis length, solid volume fraction and porosity on filtration behavior was discussed in detail.FindingsThe filtration efficiency is higher for particle size from 1–3 µm, when different layers of polyester fibres are used with coarser fibres as the top layer and finer as the bottom layer. The filtration performance is better for layered nonwoven than unimodal nonwoven. The higher proportion of micro-denier fibres results in higher filtration efficiency with higher pressure drop.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed research is more suitable for the particle size of more than 1 µm because of the fibre diameters and its achievable porosity. The filtration efficiency can be increased further by increasing the mass per unit area, which also increases the pressure and is not recommended.Originality/valueThe effect of triple-layers with different diameters of fibres on filtration was analysed. Due to the variation in diameters of fibres in different layers, the filtration performance varies.

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at the Kpone landfill site, Ghana: Implication for ecological and health risk assessment

Concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in soils at the Kpone landfill site (Ghana) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Further analyses allowed establishing the degree of heavy metals (HMs) pollution, suitability of the soils for agriculture, sources of the HMs and their ecological and health risks. The site was divided into five zones, A, B, C, D, and E, and in all, seventeen (17) soil samples were collected. Average concentrations of Cu fell within the allowable range for agricultural soils in all the zones while average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Hg, and As exceeded the range in some or all the zones. Concentrations of the HMs generally exceeded their respective background value, with all zones showing very high degree of HMs contamination. The pollution load index (PLI) was 16.48, signifying extreme HMs pollution of the entire site. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed that Cu, Zn, and Pb in the soils originated from the deposited waste materials as well as traffic-related activities (e.g. wear and tear of tyres, brakes, and engines) at the site. Hg also originated from the deposited waste materials as well as cement production and oil and coal combustion activities in the study area, while As derived from industrial discharges and metal smelting activities. All the zones exhibited very high ecological risk. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks posed by the HMs were also above acceptable levels, with children being more vulnerable than adults to these health risks.

Comprehensive assessment of oil degradation patterns in petrol and diesel engines observed in a field test with passenger cars – Conventional oil analysis and fuel dilution

Requirements for modern internal combustion engines are lower emissions, higher power density and longer maintenance intervals. These trends increase the demands on engine components, including lubricants. In a field study of petrol and diesel vehicles, oil condition of 47 engine oils from 12 vehicles are correlated with fresh oil properties and operating conditions, i.e., trip length and speed. Long-range petrol vehicles displayed accelerated chemical oil degradation compared to diesel vehicles. An explanation for this behaviour is assumed to be the difference air-to-fuel ratio. Short-range petrol vehicles showed an even faster oil degradation and significant changes in oil viscosity due to fuel dilution. Diesel vehicles exhibited higher soot loading and more pronounced engine wear indicated by iron content in the oils.

Tribological performance of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as nano-additives in military grade diesel engine oil

In this new era, reducing engine wear and improving fuel efficiency of an engine have made nanotechnology to spread its wings to next level. Furthermore, the usage of nanoparticles as additives in lubricants repels in enhancing the engine properties (performance). In this regards, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with 70 nm particle size has been employed as additives by dispersing (0.025 vol%) of hBN in SAE 20 W50 Military grade diesel based engine oil. The physicochemical properties of the nano additives (hBN) were examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), physical stability observation test and zeta potential analysis. The tribological performance of the hBN as nano additives in SAE 20 W50 engine oil was investigated using ASTM standard four-ball tribotester. From the tribological testing, coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate of the nano additives was determined by measuring the wear scar diameter and smoothness of the worn surface on ball bearings. The tribological results reveal that 20.5% and 9.47% of improvement in Coefficient of Friction (COF) and Wear Scar Diameter (WSD) in hBN as compared with bare engine oil. Thus the outcome of this experiment revealed that, there is a significant rate of reduction in COF and wear rate of engine oil with hBN nanoparticles compared to engine oil without the additives.

Analyses of used engine oils via atomic spectroscopy – Influence of sample pre-treatment and machine learning for engine type classification and lifetime assessment

The analysis of used engine oils from industrial engines enables the study of engine wear and oil degradation in order to evaluate the necessity of oil changes. As the matrix composition of an engine oil strongly depends on its intended application, meaningful diagnostic oil analyses bear considerable challenges. Owing to the broad spectrum of available oil matrices, we have evaluated the applicability of using an internal standard and/or preceding sample digestion for elemental analysis of used engine oils via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES). Elements originating from both wear particles and additives as well as particle size influence could be clearly recognized by their distinct digestion behaviour. While a precise determination of most wear elements can be achieved in oily matrix, the measurement of additives is performed preferably after sample digestion. Considering a dataset of physicochemical parameters and elemental composition for several hundred used engine oils, we have further investigated the feasibility of predicting the identity and overall condition of an unknown combustion engine using the machine learning system XGBoost. A maximum accuracy of 89.6% in predicting the engine type was achieved, a mean error of less than 10% of the observed timeframe in predicting the oil running time and even less than 4% for the total engine running time, based purely on common oil check data. Furthermore, obstacles and possibilities to improve the performance of the machine learning models were analysed and the factors that enabled the prediction were explored with SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP). Our results demonstrate that both the identification of an unknown engine as well as a lifetime assessment can be performed for a first estimation of the actual sample without requiring meticulous documentation.

Formulation and tribological behavior of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels microemulsified with glycerin

The lubricity of diesel is a fundamental parameter, as it has a direct impact on the engine operation, working life and wear of the parts. Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels (ULSD) have low lubricity due to the removal of polar compounds resulted from the desulfurization process. This study evaluated the impact of glycerin addition on the lubrication properties of ULSD microemulsion fuel. Lubricity tests were developed in High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR). The results showed that, when compared to the ULSD reference fuel with 10 ppm sulfur, the addition of glycerin at the highest concentration was capable to double the percentage of lubricant film formation, reduce by 48% the wear scar formed in the steel ball and promote the reduction in the values of roughness parameters by approximately 50%.

Simulation model for predicting reciprocating internal combustion engine wear

The article presents the results of software development, using the Modelica language, designed to create and use simulation models as part of reciprocating internal combustion engines digital twins. The software was created on the basis of component, system and declarative approaches, the theory of a casual bond graphs. The software includes submodels for determining the main engine parts wear rate and allows to predict engine parts life time, to simulate normal and accelerated engine reliability and durability tests. In the course of the study, the well-known model for determining mechanical frictional losses SLM (Shayler, Leong, Murphy, 2005) was adapted to calculate the relative change in the wear rate of engine parts. Universal equations are obtained to determine the friction forces as applied to rotationally and reciprocally moving engine parts. A method is proposed for calculating the relative change in the wear rate of parts and the time of failure due to wear, taking into account the physical properties (hardness), geometric dimensions and the speed of the relative movement of parts in the conjunction.

Effect of Waste Plastic Oil on Engine Performance and Durability

Thailand has had the policies supporting the production and uses of renewable and alternative energies in order to reduce the imports of the fuels from other countries. Producing the fuels from plastic wastes can lower the pollution and energy problems in the country in order to ensure that the fuels can actually be the alternatives. The purpose of this research study is to compare the effects of using the diesel fuel from the plastic wastes on the single cylinder engines by comparing the performances and wears of the engines with the commercial diesel fuel and waste plastic oil. There were two tests: 1) the engine performance test and 2) the engine wear test. According to the results of the engine performance test, it was found that the waste plastic oil resulted in the torque and brake power lower than those of the commercial diesel fuel for about 3% at 2,200 revolutions per minute. However, the waste plastic oil had the lower fuel consumption rate than that of the commercial diesel fuel. As a result, the waste plastic oil had the specific fuel consumption that was lower than that of the commercial diesel fuel for about 2%. Regarding the engine wears, it was found that the waste plastic oil caused slightly more wears than the commercial diesel fuel. It was concluded that the waste plastic oil was an alternative energy that had the potentials of the commercial diesel fuel without modifying the engines.

Calibration of engine parameters and fuel blend for vibration and noise characteristics in CRDI engine fuelled with low viscous biofuel

An increasing number of on-road vehicles have increased the average duration of the engine’s low-load and speed operation. This prolonged status of engine running is called idling and is the source of higher fuel consumption, increased engine wear, and spiked emissions. Also, to address the twin crisis of fossil fuel scarcity and higher engine-out emissions the present-day vehicles need suitable alternate fuels. Blending of Orange Peel Oil (OPO) with diesel is a promising solution to contain the reparations caused by idling emissions and fuel consumption. However, to ensure complete functionality of the OPO-diesel blend during idling, the combustion, vibrations, and sound characteristics need to be analysed. Hence, the present work calibrates the engine operating parameters for vibro-acoustic and combustion characteristics of a commercial vehicle diesel operating under idling conditions for pure diesel and OPO blends (10% and 20%). Vibrations, sound levels, and combustion characteristics were measured for diesel, OPO 10, and OPO 20 fuel blends. Experiments were conducted as per the Design of Experiments determined by Central Composite Design and the engine parameters were calibrated based on the optimised results using Response Surface Methodology. The results revealed that OPO20 performs better than OPO10 compared to pure diesel, as it displayed similar vibration characteristics and improved heat release rate by 8% while maintaining the same noise levels. The only deviation in vibration behaviour is at the engine mount which reported of 77% average increase along all three axes, while vibration in all other test points varied within a range of 5%.

ECU calibration for gaseous dual fuel supply system in compression ignition engines

The dual fuel (DF) combustion mode is proven solution that allows to improve or get at the same level engine performance and reduce toxic compounds in exhaust gases which is confirmed by researchers and end-users. DF combustion mode uses two fuels gaseous fuel as a primary energy source and a pilot quantity of diesel fuel as ignition source. However, in order, to fully take advantage of the potential of the dual fuel mode, DF system must be proper calibrated. Despite the existence of commercial control systems for dual fuel engines on the market, the literature on the important parameters for the engine's operation introduced during calibration is scarce. This article briefly describes a concept of working algorithm and calibration strategy of a dual fuel electronic control unit (ECU) The purpose of calibration is to achieve the greatest possible use of an alternative gaseous fuel without causing accelerated engine wear.

Simulation of deposits effect on cylinder liner and influence on new and worn compression ring of a turbocharged DI engine

Engineers and engine manufactures have known for years that piston rings account as the main source of the friction in internal combustion engines, as much as seventy-five percent in many cases. Excessive engine wear is also, very often caused by poor vehicle operation, and subsequent momentary poor lubrication.The paper presents a numerical methodology and results regarding the wear and deposition effects on an internal combustion engine piston rings as a result of engine lubrication. The deposits can lead to increment of oil consumption and emissions, reducing engine performance and fuel economy.A 2D CFD approach was implemented in order to investigate the characteristics of the top compression ring deposit formation in a diesel engine. The developed pressures, the friction force and the minimum film thickness have been investigated. The variation of the minimum film thickness for new and worn rings at piston reversals, the insufficient minimum film thickness, the thicker films of the increment of the engine speed appeared at worn ring profile in the middle of each stroke, corresponds to a worst sealing behavior due to deposit, are some of major findings of this work.The deposits investigation and hence the paper importance is crucial in combustion engines operation as well as it can covers both axial turbines and their cooling at preliminary design phase.

Mineral Deposit Formation in Gas Engines During Combustion of Biogas from Landfills and Municipal WWTP

Abstract The biogas produced in municipal wastewater-treatment plants (WWTP) should be cleaned before it can be used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Efficient running of such engines is possible only subject to using high quality biogas and lubricating oil. Otherwise, biogas impurities in course of complex chemical reactions may form deposits on various engine parts as well as seriously contaminate the lubricating oil. In this paper, mineral deposits containing high concentration of bismuth, silicon, sulphur, calcium and zinc are studied. Silicon deposits demonstrating strong friction properties are formed during combustion of volatile silica compounds. As these deposits build up, abrasion problems, ignition failure and even engine failure result. The bismuth containing deposits comes from bearings degradation, zinc and calcium were derived from the additives present in commercially available lubricating oil, while lead, aluminium, copper, nickel, iron and chromium were introduced by engine wear phenomena. The highest bismuth content was located at the engine cylinder heads and the lowest at the exhaust elements, whereas highest calcium content was registered on the pistons. Silicon containing deposits are highest in the exhaust and lowest at the engine head. Zinc deposits are highest at the piston.

The potential of heat release rate and cylinder pressure feedback control for conventional and premixed charge compression ignition combustion

Cylinder pressure or heat release rate tracking algorithms for direct-injected compression ignition engines allow to account for various disturbances, such as changes in the fuel characteristics or the effects of engine wear. They are suited for flex-fuel engines and allow the use of multi-injection strategies; hence, they show potential for mobile applications. However, they are based on the assumption that the heat release rate or cylinder pressure correlates well with engine efficiency and emissions and therefore allows a clean and efficient engine operation. With the objective to evaluate the potential of such tracking algorithms, this assumption is investigated for conventional as well as for low-temperature combustion strategies with diesel as fuel of choice. Based on experimental data, exploratory data analysis methods are applied to evaluate how sensitive engine efficiency and emissions are to changes of the heat release rate or cylinder pressure. Furthermore, an extended tracking algorithm is proposed, which can be applied for premixed charge compression ignition combustion concepts.

Влияние интенсивности центробежного сепарирования моторного масла в комбинированных системах очистки на изнашивание судового дизеля

The article considers the rationality of combined lubricating oil cleaning system in the automatically operated marine diesel engines. The system includes a self-recovering filter and 
 a self-cleaning centrifugal purifier. This combination is found to obtain resource-saving oil using coupled with minimum engine wear and increased reliability. The full-flow filtration of oil in a die-sel engine lubricating system is necessary to protect its friction couples (bearings) from abrasive wear. Centrifugal separation contributes deep oil purification i.e. removal of insoluble impurities reducing lubricating oil service life. By means of experimental simulation there has been found 
 a minimum value of centrifugal purifier capacity index, when engine wear reaches the lowest level and keeps stable. The dependence of engine wear on the fuel quality and centrifugal purification intensity represented by centrifugal purifier capacity index is displayed. The adequacy variance was calculated, the adequacy of the found model being checked by using Fisher criterion. The experimental design and processing of the results have been carried out using orthogonal central composite plan of the second order. Specificity of polynomial when all the points of extremum show the minimum value of engine wear was presented. The model is designed to select the proper oil purifier for forced marine diesel engines with average and increased revolutions.

Characterization of biodiesel and soot contamination on four-ball wear mechanisms using electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy

Utilization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel has been increasing nowadays in term of quantity and ratio of bio-resource derived esters from B7 to B100. The tribological characteristic due to biodiesel application has been more interesting. Not only fuel dilution but also soot contamination in engine oil must be taken into account for the effect to the engine wear. This research employed carbon black as soot model and B7, B20 and B100 as contaminated fuel. Two blended grades of diesel engine oils (API CI-4 and CK4) were tested by a four-ball wear tester. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the wear characteristic. Three-dimensional images of wear scars and surface roughness were observed from confocal microscopy technique. The result shows that CK-4 has greater anti-wear performance and can maintain the lubricating performance when the oil is contaminated. For CI-4 cases, soot contamination causes increasing wear, but biodiesel fuel dilution shows wear reduction.

Char-diesel slurry fuels for microgeneration: Emission characteristics and engine performance

Abstract Diesel engine generators are one of the major methods for off-grid and on-demand electricity generation, particularly in the remote areas of some developing countries. However, access to fossil diesel is often limited by supply or price. In many regions, biomass is an abundant source of energy, but many types are not suitable for producing traditional liquid biofuels such as biodiesel. This paper explores the use of so called ‘slurry fuels’ produced by the blending of micron sized particles of carbonaceous material in diesel and assesses whether these ‘slurry fuels’ can be used in a standard diesel engine generator with minimal modification. Two types of micronized carbon chars were added to diesel, produced by either pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. The results indicated that at high engine power, the micronized carbon slurry fuels can be run at a similar efficiency as pure diesel. The major issues identified included high engine wear and the blockage of the fuel injector. Hydrothermal carbonization was found to be the best thermal conversion route for producing micronized carbon in terms of emissions when blended with diesel.

Modeling of piston ring wear

A theoretical study of piston ring wear in large two-stroke engines is presented. Piston rings in combustion engines are manufactured with an initially defined shape of the surface contacting the cylinder liner. Further the ring surface working against the cylinder liner is coated with layers of ceramic materials to accommodate the running-in process. Most rings have a nonflat shape (parabolic) when delivered from the ring supplier. After running in which is typically many hours of operation( >1000 h) the ceramic layers are worn and the ring geometry is typically changed significantly by surface wear. It is shown in the present study that the geometry of the worn ring depends on the operation scheme of the engine. Both the load pattern and the order in which the loads are applied influences the final shape of the piston ring surface.