Weapons Of Mass Destruction Research Articles

Legal Implications of Technology Transfer to Nigeria

Legal implication of technology transfer is fraught with several controversies. Given the unique advantage of technology in the advancement of mankind in general vis-a-vis its destructive negative imperatives, opponents of its ideal usages argued that, in asserting its inherent advantages, its destructive disadvantages is not worth it. Citing cases of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in resolving the impasses of the Second World War, they argued that no sane nation would want to go that way again. The star wars with its attendant control leading to the strategic arms limitation treaty (salt) between the United States and the defunct Soviet Union was fraught with the quietest vigour. But then one cannot underestimate the unprecedented improvement in the livingstandard of man in all spheres of life, occasioned by advancement to technology. This paper examined most of the noble advantages of technology and its transfer in Nigeria with its unprecedented advancement, in the field of medicine, engineering, biomedics, agriculture, aviation, rocket science, production of weapons of mass destruction, etc. at the same time, looks at its limitations as a stop-gap to prevent what happened in history when its destructive operatives and the rat-race between the two super power, almost led to a third world war more than the water argued that technology transfer does not amount to mankind assembling plants to bring together party that were already manufactured in the countries of origin. The position is that technology transfer must translate into engaging the socio-cultural imperatives of a country to source for social raw materials and manufacturing goods and materials that are of immediate need and relevant to the country in question. The final position of this paper is that while its acquisition is central to the advancement of mankind, countries should be the watchword in its acquisition regardless of its inherent advantages.

The Two Faces of Opposition to Chemical Weapons: Sincere Versus Insincere Norm-Holders

Prominent research holds that the use of weapons of mass destruction is taboo. But how strong are these norms? Investigating this question among the mass public, we argue that some citizens actually support taboo policies in private but are unwilling to express counter-normative opinions openly due to fear of social sanction. These insincere norm-holders are difficult to identify empirically because they are observationally equivalent to sincere norm-holders in direct-question surveys. To overcome this challenge, we use a list design, which allows survey respondents to indirectly express sensitive opinions. The results from three list experiments show that between 10% and 17% of Americans falsify their preferences over chemical weapons use when asked directly. Our findings advance a specific debate on the strength of weapons taboos, while our conceptualization of insincere norm-holders and methodological application have broader implications for how scholars might think about and measure norms in international politics.

The transition of people with Intellectual disabilities to independent living

This article analyzes current and potential threats to NATO, such as Russia's nuclear arsenal, as a means of pressure and use, and the risk of weapons of mass destruction. The main source of destabilization is considered to be the policy of the Russian Federation, the internal challenges and those caused by the complicated and dynamic situation in Crimea, the Middle East and North Africa. This, in turn, requires an increase in the Alliance's expertise, but also the need for coordination, cooperation and even possible harmonization on a number of policies with the EU. Only by continuing to maintain its deterrent force, its technological advantage, as well as to remain attractive for democracies around the world, will NATO be able to legitimize not only its strength, but also its very existence and supremacy.

Prospects of legal regulation and use of the digital rouble

This article considers the problems associated with the prospects of central banks issuing and circulating digital currency, in particular the digital rouble. The study found that at present there is virtually no need to issue such a currency as an alternative to cryptocurrency (virtual currency), because cryptocurrency has largely lost its properties as a means of payment with the acquisition of the qualities of an investment instrument. The advantages of a cryptocurrency over non-cash money, which is familiar and also has excellent qualities as a settlement tool, are also not obvious. The positioning of offline payments as a benefit of the digital rouble is questionable given the prospects of full Internet coverage in Russia and the significant technological and legal complexities involved in the organization and control of such payments. Building trust in the new form of the national currency, without which it will not be in demand, will require building a mechanism for legal protection of consumers' rights. There is also a need for a mechanism to address the risks associated with laundering proceeds of crime, financing terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It is difficult to formalise such a mechanism in the absence of international legal regulation

The Khabarovsk process as the most important stage implementation of the Nuremberg Principles and the formation of an international criminal justice

Based on the analysis of a significant array of historical facts, normative legal acts and legal positions of domestic and foreign scientists, the article assesses the Nuremberg Principles in the Tokyo and Khabarovsk process of Japanese war criminals. It is confirmed that it was within the framework of the Khabarovsk process that Soviet prosecutors and investigators first established and investigated indisputable evidence of the criminal activities of Japanese militarists, sanctioned by the emperor, for the development and use of weapons of mass destruction (bacteriological weapons) during the battles on Khalkhin-Gol, as well as during the war of Japan against China. For the first time, the facts of conducting deadly medical experiments on prisoners of war, whose victims were thousands of people, are presented. The article shows the illegal position of the American military leadership, which was expressed in countering justice, harboring war criminals in exchange for the results of their monstrous research. The results of the Khabarovsk process, which served as the basis for the adoption of international legal documents on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin, as well as chemical weapons and on their destruction, are studied. It is demonstrated that the principles formulated in the Nuremberg Code have become the basis for many international and national legislative acts in the field of conducting medical research on humans. Their implementation into the legal system of the Russian Federation and subsequent development in the current legislation are traced.

Quantum Sensing's Potential Impacts on Strategic Deterrence and Modern Warfare

This article examines the impact of quantum sensing on strategic deterrence and modern warfare. It has two related objectives. The first is to highlight quantum sensing as an important area of research for the policy communities considering the role of emerging technologies on strategic deterrence and countering weapons of mass destruction. The second aim is to present the potential warfighting implications of quantum sensing if employed by either the United States or its adversaries. While quantum sensing technologies offer opportunities to transform modern warfare, they also present challenges and risks. The article contends that the quantum sensing investment, research, and development should be prioritized within the Department of Defense's quantum science modernization agenda to ensure that the U.S. military does not cede technological advantage to competitors, such as the People's Republic of China, who are actively investing in quantum sensing applications that could upend the United States’ existing deterrence and warfighting capabilities.

Training of students on civil protection and life safety in the system of out-of-school education in 1970–2020

The article considers the experience of organizing the training of students on civil protection and rules of conduct in emergencies in out-of-school education and during competitions on life safety in the historical retrospective of 1970–2020. The role of clubs and competitions in the direction of young rescuers as an important component of preparing students for activity in emergencies is updated. In the historical context the main approaches to the organization of competitions are determined. It was established that during 1970–1991 in the system of out-of-school activities, an obligatory event during the children's recreation in the summer camp was the conduct of campaigns and militarypatriotic games with the development of civil defense measures. The program of the game provided for the formation of children’s practical skills to perform actions in the use of weapons of mass destruction, actions on the signals of civil defense, radiation protection measures. Since the 90’s the program of group work and competitions is aimed mainly at practicing protection measures in peacetime, fire protection, skills in the use of personal protective equipment, home care. Chapters of preparation for action in emergencies are included in the curricula of group work in tourism, sports, military and patriotic areas. The list of stages that are most often held during the competition for the direction of a young rescuer has been clarified. These include putting on firefighter’s combat clothing, overcoming the obstacle course, extinguishing a conditional fire, rescuing the victim on the water with special means, wearing a gas mask and protective suit, transporting the victim in the area of man-made accident and the natural environment, providing home care. The author offers a variant of supplementing the program of competitions in the direction of the young rescuer – working off of actions at evacuation of the population.

СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРОВАННЫЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЕ СУБЪЕКТЫ ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЯ ЛЕГАЛИЗАЦИИ ИМУЩЕСТВА, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ПРЕСТУПНЫМ ПУТЁМ/SPECIALIZED STATE SUBJECTS OF PREVENTION OF LEGALIZATION OF PROPERTY OBTAINED BY CRIMINAL MEANS/ՀԱՆՑԱՎՈՐ ՃԱՆԱՊԱՐՀՈՎ ՍՏԱՑՎԱԾ ԳՈՒՅՔԻ ՕՐԻՆԱԿԱՆԱՑՄԱՆ ԿԱՆԽԱՐԳԵԼՄԱՆ ՄԱՍՆԱԳԻՏԱՑՎԱԾ ՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՍՈՒԲՅԵԿՏՆԵՐԸ

The article examines the system of specialized state entities for preventing the legalization of property obtained by criminal means (money laundering) operating in the Republic of Armenia (RA), their structure, functions and powers. No research on this topic has been published in our country before. We think that the specialized state entities that provide anti-money laundering in the RA are: the central bank, reporting entities, internal monitoring bodies, the RA interagency commission on the fight against money laundering, terrorism financing and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the National Security Service, the police, Special Investigation Service, Anti-Corruption Commission, Investigative Committee, State Revenue Committee and RA prosecutor's office. From the point of view of compliance with international standards for combating the legalization of property obtained by criminal means and the legislation of the Republic of Armenia, the provisions of the charter of the financial intelligence unit-financial monitoring center of the central bank of the Republic of Armenia, related to the prohibition of interrogating its employees as a witness in criminal proceedings, are also considered․

A Model of Resource Allocation for Intercepting the Missile of Mass Destruction Considering Detection Contest

With the development of military technology, missiles have played an essential role in modern war. Particularly, missiles have become main carriers of the weapons of mass destruction to strike the objective in a long distance. Thus, it is essential for the defender to intercept the missiles launched by the attacker. However, the intelligence about the attacking missiles obtained by the defender is usually incomplete, which depends on the detection contest where the defender tries to detect the attacking missile and the attacker tries to disturb the detection. This raises a problem about how to balance a certain amount of resources onto the interception missiles and detection contest for the defender in order to minimize the damage caused by attacking missiles. Therefore, considering detection contest, a model of resource allocation for missile interception is proposed in this study. The results show that the defender can obtain the strategy with the lowest damage by adjusting the allocation of resources. This provides an analytical method to calculate the damage caused by missiles of mass destruction under the missile interception considering detection contest.

Concerning prevention and counteraction to legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, financing of terrorism and financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

Concerning prevention and counteraction to legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, financing of terrorism and financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

Sanacija područja kontaminiranih municijom sa osiromašenim uranijumom

Introduction/purpose: The consequences of the NATO aggression on the Republic of Serbia (then part of FR Yugoslavia) in 1999 are still being considered, especially from the aspect of the use of illicit means such as cluster and graphite bombs, depleted uranium ammunition (DUA), etc. There is no doubt that the use of depleted uranium, as a type of weapon of mass destruction (radiological weapon) is mostly in the focus of public interest. The amount of DUA used and the consequences of its use have not yet been fully proven (even after 20 years), but it can be said with certainty that it has caused certain side effects. The units of the Yugoslav Army at that time were mostly the target of this type of ammunition and certainly suffered the greatest consequences. However, DUA also targeted infrastructure facilities, base stations, television transmitters, and agricultural land. Methods: Special scientific methods (mainly analysis and synthesis methods) and empirical methods (content analysis method and observation method) were used in the paper. Results: The consequences of the effect of DUA on people, material goods, and environmental degradation are considered as well as the directions of further work in this area. Conclusion: The paper presents the results of the radiological reconnaissance and radiological decontamination of the contaminated DUA areas, which were carried out by ABH service units (then ABHO) with the help of other branches and services of the Serbian Army, as well as the institutions of the Republic of Serbia (INS "Vinča", MMA, etc.).

Императивы устойчивого развития в тени и в свете пандемии

The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily overshadowed all the previous concerns of the world community, and among them even existential challenges. The attitude towards sustainable development issues has moved into the “deferred demand” zone. The pandemic pushed the offensive and exacerbated the effect of another crisis in the global economy. At the same time, it is symptomatic that during the pandemic a significant improvement in the environmental situation was felt as a result of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the release of other harmful production wastes. At the same time, the pandemic has accentuated the biomedical safety imperative and will inevitably make a corresponding adjustment to the list of top priorities for moving towards sustainable development goals. After the pause of the pandemic, the imperative of transition to a sustainable development regime will begin to act with significant intensification, bearing in mind the need to compensate for the loss of time and pace. Ensuring biomedical safety will be a special priority. The lessons of the pandemic convincingly confirm the understanding that real success in moving towards sustainable development goals in accordance with the 2030 Agenda cannot be imagined without the normalization of international relations and the establishment of broad cooperation in a global format. At the same time, the author proceeds from the integral perception of the concept of sustainable development. Summing up the pre-pandemic stage of the formation of the concept of sustainable development, its essence can be expressed as follows. Development will be sustainable if it is economically balanced, socially inclusive and balanced, environmentally responsible, biologically safe, institutionally oriented to the interests of the majority and respect for the rights of the minority. If at the same time it is assumed and guaranteed that the use of weapons of mass destruction will be excluded if the urge for military solutions to international conflicts fades. And, of course, on such a platform, debt to the future is unacceptable, as it was said. This, of course, is the ideal, and practice is determined and will be determined by a greater or lesser approximation to it.

The Problem of Countering Unauthorized use of Various Types Mass Destruction Weapons by the Potential Enemy in Peacetime

The Problem of Countering Unauthorized use of Various Types Mass Destruction Weapons by the Potential Enemy in Peacetime

Preparation and Volunteering Level Determination for CBRN: The Case of Gümüşhane Province

The term CBRN refers to situations that are harmful and dangerous for humans and the environment caused by the deliberate or accidental spread of chemical, biological, radioactive, nuclear materials. CBRN agents used as weapons of mass destruction since ancient times; As a result of being active in the wars that have been going on for a long time and the development of weapon technology, it has been an extremely deterrent force for the countries of the world and terrorist organizations. These agents, which may cause harm to living things, the environment, even future generations, are important risk factors for each of us. Health teams and all organizations involved in rescue operations are expected to be ready for these agents to respond to any CBRN exposure. In this study; the risk perceived by the health workers and university students associated with CBRN during emergency preparedness, rescue, readiness to respond to a CBRN event were investigated. As a result, the perceived risk (3,71) in a five-point Likert rating was found to be slightly higher than willingness-volunteering (3,41) and use of personal protective equipment (3,36). It was concluded that people who are expected to participate in the CBRN intervention team should receive CBRN training and that their expected use of personal protective equipment and volunteerism should be increased.

The Use of Chemical Weapons on the Eastern Front of World War One (1915) and its Material and Discursive Remains – the Challenge and Stimuli for Attentive Travel, Systematizing, Storage, Connecting, in situ Preservation and Making Public Real Virtual and Digital Heritage of Weapons of Mass Destruction

The article includes a theoretical and practical proposal for perceiving and treating material and discursive remains of using chemical weapons – wherever they still exist – as stimuli for reflection on weapons of mass destruction and as warnings. Based on the specific example of the outcomes of the archaeological and historical research conducted in the historic battlefield – the section of the Eastern Front between Sochaczew in the north and Skierniewice in the south, the following more general appeals have been formulated: – for inalienability of collecting, systematizing and interpreting source information and studies that could together make up a real and digital repository of knowledge on material and discursive remains of historical uses of chemical weapons (CW) and potentially further on of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); – for documenting, digitalising and protecting in situ remains of the past that, despite representing a challenge for contemporary people, constitute a part of important, however difficult, transnational painful heritage; – for undertaking more intense, systematic and coordinated activities to disseminate knowledge about past use of CW and about the mission and activities of individuals and organisations involved in the process of minimizing the threats of weapons of mass destruction in the modern world (such as the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons – OPCW).
 It is worth exploration, as well as documentation and protection (with the aid of archaeology, history, memory studies, ethnology, landscape studies, educational studies – especially on Peace Education, tourism studies etc.) e.g. by means of transdyscyplinary research and working on establishing real and virtual repositories of knowledge on CW, OPCW, outreach, education on transnational painful heritage, reflective cultural tourism, attentive travel etc.
 The historical gasscapes (landscape marked with gas attacks) – such as an element of the landscape of today’s central Poland, sketched in this article, that bore witness to the very first mass use of gas shells in January 1915, as well as wave attacks with poisonous chlorine (possibly combined with phosgene) in the battlefield, has been presented as particularly predestined to serve as a symbols of CW painful heritage, triggers for reflection on BMR and carriers of even though weaker and disappearing living memories. Additionally, the attention was drawn to the fact that certain activities aimed at documenting, consolidating, systematizing and disseminating knowledge about the experiences related to CW (or more broadly, WMD) should be undertaken immediately. Some disappearing material remains prove it. The area (in present days Poland) of a former battlefield, where the army of the German Empire repeatedly used chemical weapons in 1915, still conceals the bodies of – until recently – almost completely forgotten victims of CW. Hence the emphasis put on the significance of that area and other similar places as destinations for attentive travel (real and virtual) following evocative remains will not leave us indifferent and uninterested.

Issues of the legal concept on the mechanism for controlling the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their financing

Issues of the legal concept on the mechanism for controlling the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their financing

COVID-19 AS A FORM OF HYBRID WAR

The article presents a comparative analysis of the Great Depression of the 1930s and the current global financial and economic crisis. It is emphasized that overcoming the first great depression and eliminating imbalances in the economy was achieved only during the Second World War, and the modern crisis, which has been raging for 11 years, has not yet ended. This crisis was not followed by the elimination of all imbalances accumulated in the economy. After the acute phase (recession) ended in 2009, stagnation (depression) occurred, which needed to be restored. We have been waiting for a revival for many years, now 2020, but it is not visible. Comparing the crisis of the 30s of the last century and the current global financial and economic crisis, the following differences are obvious: stagnation in the 1930s lasted from 1933 to 1939, or six years that ultimately ended in World War II. After the crisis of 2007-2009, stagnation continued for 11 years, with depression almost two times longer and more delayed. Despite the fact that in a sense, the situation in Western countries is better in the 21st century than in the 1930s, since there is no longer the Soviet Union with its dynamically developing economy, but China has unprecedentedly high rates of economic growth. The thirty-year economic dynamics of China can definitely be called a boom phase. Not a single country in the West has experienced such a long boom in the history of capitalism. It is clear that in such a situation the West must do something. Of course, the West, through war, has repeatedly overcome the accursed resistance of the capitalist rule of production. But with the help of war, overcoming the contradiction of capitalism today is deadly dangerous. The first two world war occurred without the use of nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction. The third world war, of course, will be accompanied by the inevitable use of weapons of mass destruction. And therefore, it is necessary to change something in the world war, which will magically help correct the imbalance of the capitalist economy, revive it, and maintain the status quo of the ruling elite. An alternative to a hot war can be the Cold War, which today they prefer to call hybrid. It involves the use of financial, commercial, economic, psychological and information resources. However, all this is not enough to provide the authorities with powers that would allow them to move from market methods to administrative-command methods of managing the economy. It is with the help of the latter that the imbalance that has accumulated in the economy can be overcome. It is in this context that Coronavirus “appears” as an alternative to the global war to eliminate the imbalances accumulated in the leading economies of the world.

DEFENSE FINANCING FEATURES WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW CHALLENGES

The beginning of the third millennium was marked by the desire of the leader countries (USA, China, and Russia) to geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic redistribution of spheres of influence. The collapse of the USSR, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Organization, the end of the Cold War did not bring the world closer to stability and security. Military force capabilities continue to be considered as one of the most powerful factors in world politics. Proof of this is the intensification of the struggle of the world›s superpowers for regional and global leadership, control over oil, gas and energy flows. It is worth mentioning the Transnistrian conflict, Russia-Led wars in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the Russian-Georgian war in August 2008, the civil war in Syria, the intensification of Islamic extremism within the ISIS, Russia›s annexation of Crimea, the hybrid war unleashed and continues to wage by the Russian Federation against Ukraine. In this connection, it is becoming increasingly important to provide corresponding levels for the defense budget funding. Thus, the study of the peculiarities of defense financing in Ukraine and powerful military superpowers is of considerable scientific, practical and political interest. Comparing the defense expenditures of different countries makes it possible to identify key problem issues in the defense financing of Ukraine and bring the corresponding costs to international standards. This indicator is one of the most important criteria that characterize the state›s desire for development, relevant combat readiness of the armed forces and other military forces in the face of new challenges. The last years of the previous century were characterized by global geopolitical changes and growing contradictions, which resulted in: the transformation of the bipolar model (USA - USSR) into a multipolar (powerful military superpowers - the USA, Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, France, Japan, Germany, India, Brazil)); globalization of world economic processes; erosion through «hybrid wars», which are a new kind of global confrontation in today›s destabilized international security environment, the facets of the division between war and peace. The availability of weapons of mass destruction and high-precision weapons in the third millennium, the growth of their capacity, the complexity of military equipment and combat assets, the use of new methods and means of warfare have led to significant changes in the functions and tasks of the armed forces, increasing their number and government spending on defense purposes. Today there are about 200 armies in the world with a total number of 24-25 million people (about 0.4% of the world›s population) (Military..., 2002). The state of the troops of any state must correspond to its economic capabilities and at the same time ensure the implementation of national security tasks.

Organization and Methodological Support of Financial Monitoring in an Auditing Firm: New Requirements

The requirements to implementation of financial monitoring by auditing entities, as specified by the Law of Ukraine “On prevention and counteraction to legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, financing of terrorism and financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction” from 06.12.2019 No 361-ІХ, enforced on 28.04.2020, are analyzed. The existence of unclear interpretations of some notions in the this Law of Ukraine or heavy financial sanctions that may be imposed on auditing entities call for elaboration and introduction of internal firm documents concerned with financial monitoring. While in the previous edition of the above Law of Ukraine the features of financial monitoring organization were specified for auditing entities in case of rendering certain categories of services to a client (realty transactions; asset management; raising funds to establish legal entities, support to their operation and management, buying and selling of corporate rights), they are not found in the updated edition of this Law of Ukraine. Therefore, auditing entities need to rely upon general norms of the Law of Ukraine in organizing financial monitoring. A series of administrative documents were elaborated for this purpose: the order on assignment of a person responsible for carrying out financial monitoring; the conclusion of business character test for the candidate on the position of the responsible person, the Rules for financial monitoring of an auditing entity, and the monthly fact sheet of the responsible person about the results of carried out measures on financial monitoring. 
 The developed Rules of financial monitoring cover all the regulatory requirements for the implementation of financial monitoring, with the possibility of making change in case of need. The Rules must be informed to the staff of an auditing entity, engaged in rendering auditing and non-auditing services, through the involvement in internal training on financial monitoring issues. Apart from the Rules, it is proposed to supplement the working documents supporting the financial monitoring procedures by the following sections: (i) “Documentary support to financial monitoring of auditing entities”; (ii) “Personnel and personnel training on financial monitoring issues”; (iii) “Documentary support to interactions with the State Service of Financial Monitoring of Ukraine, ministries and administrative departments”, which are supposed to help auditing entities to fully observe the regulatory requirements and avoid heavy financial sanctions on the part of controlling and regulatory bodies.

Проблеми правового регулювання боротьби з тероризмом та запобігання терористичним актам

The article addresses to the study of problematic issues of legal regulation of combating terrorism and the prevention of terrorist acts. The current state of crime prevention by terrorist groups is comprehensively analyzed. It is established that the range of subjects of anti-terrorist activity is not provided by the current legislation and the corresponding shortcomings that arise during the combating terrorism. It is established that the legal basis for the fight against terrorism is the Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On Combating Terrorism", other laws of Ukraine, the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism of 1977 year, the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings of 1997 year, the International Convention on the Fight against Terrorist Financing in 1999 year, other international treaties of Ukraine approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, decrees of the President of Ukraine, resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, as well as other regulations adopted to implement the laws of Ukraine. Among the normative legal acts regulating relations in the field of counter-terrorism, one of the prominent places has the Law of Ukraine "On Prevention and Counteraction to Legalization (Laundering) of the Proceeds of Crime, Terrorist Financing and Financial Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction" dated 14 October, 2014. It is proved that among the factors that negatively affect the effectiveness of the investigation of terrorist crimes, the leading place is taken by insufficiently balanced and unfounded state criminal law policy, which over the past few years has gradually lost its state character, becoming hostage to permanent political confrontation. There are many cases of unsystematic and scientifically unsubstantiated changes in certain provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Key words: terrorism, terrorist act, terrorist operation, crimes, subjects, criminal liability.