Manufacture Of Weapons Research Articles

AN OVERVIEW ON ROBOTICS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

A robot is a virtual or mechanical agent. In practice, it is often an electro-mechanical system, which looks and speeds as if it were one of its own. The intent and its own agency. The term robot refers to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but often virtual software agents are called bots. There has been no consensus that machines are qualified as robots, but there is a consensus among experts and the public that some or all of the following can be done such as: walking, operating a device or a component of the environment, the environment Understanding and manipulating it and imparting intelligent behavior that mimics human and animal behaveor. The stories of artificial assistants and companions and and the effort to create them have a long history, but fully autonomous machines were the only programmed first robot to run in the digital system since the 20th century, Unimate, In 1971, hot pieces of metal were picked up from the stamp making machine and made to make their stack. Today, commercial and industrial robots are widely used inexpensively and with greater accuracy and greater reliability than humans. They are also employed for tasks which are very dangerous in human terms. , Messy and boring tasks. Robots are being widely used for manufacturing, assembly and bundling, transportation, earth and space exploration, surgery, weapons manufacturing, laboratory research and consumer and industrial production. Domestic robots are generally common around homes for cleaning and maintenance work. Concerns about the economic impact of robotic weapons and automation are generally common. Remains, a concern that is not resolved by the villainous, intelligent, acrobatic robots described in popular entertainment. Real robots are still benign, retarded, and gross compared to their imaginary counterparts.

An Archaeological Experiment to Reconstruct a Compound Bow of the Sintashta Culture Stepnoe Burial Ground

The article presents data from an international experimental study on the reconstruction of the Sintashta culture compound bow. The project is carried out by a collective of researchers from Russia and Greece as part of the grant program of the international association of experimental archeology EXARC. The high role of long-range weapons in the life of the Sintashta society has been repeatedly noted by researchers. The production processes that directly affect the practice of using weapons, as well as the issues of the evolution of weapons, are poorly understood. A complex of horn parts from barrow 4, pit 13 of Stepnoe burial ground (Chelyabinsk region) was chosen as the object for the reconstruction of the Sintashta bow as the most constructively interesting examples. For a reliable interpretation of this category of artifacts, the authors reviewed the global context of the design features of finds of the Bronze Age bows. Analysis of the materials revealed evolutionary trends in the development of long-range weapons, as well as localizing various traditions. Based on experimental studies, the project participants obtained the first conclusions about possible design solutions and the practice of using ancient weapons. Full-scale modeling allowed us to conclude that the Sintashta bow was a hybrid type of long bow, compound type. This type of bow is unique and may reflect the combination of the “steppe” and “european” traditions of the manufacture of long-range weapons. The article is intended to show the main types of bow construction of the Bronze Age and to determine the place of the Sintashta materials in this context, as well as to present the variants of experimental solutions for bow modeling.

Japan’s Poison Gas Legacy: Industrial Disease, Environmental Remediation, and the Challenge of Abandoned Chemical Weapons (ACW) in East Asia

This essay examines two aspects of the legacy of Japan’s manufacture and deployment of chemical weapons (CW) in World War II: the medical issues that arose among workers in Japan’s chemical industry related to weapons manufacturing and the long-term environmental impact of abandoned chemical weapons (ACW) remaining in China and Japan. The essay argues that these subjects have received inadequate attention due largely to three factors: the secrecy imposed upon the matter beginning in the immediate postwar period; the bureaucratic inertia that characterized the Japanese government’s attitude toward industrial workers during and after the war as well Chinese victims who suffered injuries as a result of ACW in China; and political constraints imposed by postwar agreements. Consequently, the victims - both Chinese and Japanese - have not been adequately compensated by either government. Nor has this subject received much attention in Korea, another site of Japan’s industrial manufacturing during the war, largely because the munitions plants in question were predominantly located in what is today North Korea. The issue of ACW related illnesses and deaths remains politically charged and controversial, despite efforts of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1997 to address it.

Laser Technology Applications in Critical Sectors: Military and Medical

This study aims to observe laser technology applications in two critical sectors which are military and medical. These two crucial sectors required a technology that is compatible with the nature of the field; safe, precise and fast (time –saving). A laser is defined as a device that emits a focused beam of light by stimulating the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The characteristics of lasers; coherence, directionality, monochromatic and high intensity are very suitable to be used in the critical sectors. In the military sector, the implementation of laser is commonly used in various types of weapons manufacturing. In this paper, three different military weapon systems namely weapon simulator, laser anti-missile system and navy ship laser weapon system were studied. Meanwhile, in the medical sector, the laser is widely implemented in medical equipment especially in dentistry, surgery and skin treatment. The capability of laser technology to be adapted in the critical sectors can be further investigated and enhanced for future discovery.

Radical Warfare’s First “Superweapon”: The Fears, Perceptions and Realities of the Orsini Bomb, 1858-1896

ABSTRACT This article retraces the forgotten legacy of a percussion triggered shrapnel scattering improvised explosive device (IED), known as the Orsini Bomb. Initially used in an attempt to assassinate Emperor Napoleon III in 1858, in the decades after, the Orsini Bomb was replicated, modified and deployed by regicides, insurgents and terrorists, and mythologised by the press as an omnipresent aspect of such forms of radical warfare. This article presents a “biography” of this unique IED, concluding, firstly, that Orsini’s design was an important point of reference in weapons manufacture for violent radicals even after the advent of dynamite in the 1860s and, secondly, that its reputation as a semiotic reference point for terrorist activity was enhanced by press reportage of its proliferation and use throughout the fin de siècle. In the final analysis, the Orsini Bomb became a transnationally recognised “brand” of weapon, synonymous with both assassination and insurgency. As such, the bomb’s reputation—often dwarfed in the historiography of political violence by dynamite—needs to be reconsidered.

Gravettian ivory ornaments in Central Europe, Moravia (Czech Republic)

In the sense of the gravettian technocomplex of Central Europe in Moravia it is mammoth ivory which was mainly used to manufacture and create personal ornaments. The hunters and gatherers selected and stored mammoth tusks as the raw material for the manufacture of tools, weapons, furniture and ornaments. In Moravia, personal ornaments were found in a great variability of forms and sizes – mostly beads like breast-shaped beads, bilobated beads, bilobated flat beads, tear drop shaped beads and round ornaments – rings, bracelets, discs as well as flat elements – diadems and other pendants (zoomorphs, antropomorphs, geometric forms). Some types of personal ornaments show equivalent forms at other gravettian sites and some are unique in Moravia. This article illustrates the variability of these personal ornaments in the context of the Gravettian in Moravia.

INTERNATİONAL PROTECTION; NUCLEAR RADIATION; ENVIRONMENT.

Man has taken advantage of technological development positively in developing and facilitating his daily life. The environment has also benefited greatly from this development through various devices and discoveries in various fields such as renewable energies and nuclear energy, in which man has made remarkable progress and used it for peaceful purposes such as generating electrical energy or using X-rays in Medicine or for exploration purposes such as space invasion, satellite launching, or military purposes. On the other hand, man took advantage of this rapid development in other negative uses by harming himself and his environment.The competition for armaments led to the deterioration of the ecosystem through pollution caused by industrial sources deliberately through experiments and the manufacture of nuclear weapons, or by mistake such as accidents in nuclear installations due to lack of Take precautions. The effects of environmental pollution by nuclear radiation whether in peacetime or wartime, and its disastrous consequences on both humans and the environment in the short and long term prompted the international community to search for mechanisms to reduce the negative uses of nuclear energy, so it concluded agreements, held conferences and established bodies in order to spare the world another environmental disaster that future generationspay for. Through our intervention, we will try to research these mechanisms and their effectiveness in combating environmental crime resulting from pollution of the environment by nuclear rays, especially with the amazing and accelerating development in the field of nuclear energy, the race towards arms, and the dangers that this energy in particular poses compared to others. In order to address the issue, we decided to adopt a bilateral plan. In the first axis of the study, we deal with the most important dangers that nuclear radiation creates on the natural environment. In the second axis, we deal with the most important international mechanisms that exist to confront environmental crime committed due to the remnants of nuclear radiation. We examine the effectiveness of these mechanisms with a focus on the most important agreements concluded in this regard and even the conferences and establishmentsthat have been held and established by bodies with allocating a partof this study to the role of the ordinary and criminal international judiciary to combat environmental crimes caused by nuclear radiation. We end the intervention with a set of suggestions that we consider necessary to support the existing efforts to preserve the environment and protect it from these risks.

Myth of neutrality and non-performativity of antiracism

ABSTRACT While museums are absorbing the language of social justice by hosting exhibitions on themes like feminism, blackness, accessibility, etc. the same museums are battling with systemic injustice within their own walls. This article discusses how museums are failing to uphold social change in their institutions by drawing attention to two recent cases: the hiring of Kristen Windmuller-Luna as curator for African Arts at Brooklyn Museum and the protests against weapons manufacturer Warren Kanders during the Whitney Biennial 2019. This study finds how the ‘myth of neutrality’ and ‘non-performativity of anti-racism’, creates barriers for social change. The study discusses the belief that museums are neutral and how social justice is treated as a ‘trend’ rather than a social problem that the museum is implicated in. These findings suggest that for museums to stay relevant they must be closely interconnected with the community.

Kao Gong Ji: The World's Oldest Encyclopaedia of Technologies trans. by Guan Zengjian and Konrad Herrmann

Reviewed by: Kao Gong Ji: The World's Oldest Encyclopaedia of Technologies trans. by Guan Zengjian and Konrad Herrmann Jianjun Mei (bio) Kao Gong Ji: The World's Oldest Encyclopaedia of Technologies Translated and commented by Guan Zengjian and Konrad Herrmann. Leiden: Brill and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2020. Pp. 222. Kao Gong Ji: The World's Oldest Encyclopaedia of Technologies Translated and commented by Guan Zengjian and Konrad Herrmann. Leiden: Brill and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2020. Pp. 222. Kao Gong Ji (The artificers' record), the earliest Chinese book on technologies, probably written during fifth to fourth centuries BC, is widely known for the difficulties in understanding it. Except for Joseph Needham, who cited Kao Gong Ji extensively in his monumental Science and Civilisation in China, few scholars in the West have carried out systematic research on it. The first full translation in English appeared in 2013 under the title Ancient Chinese Encyclopedia of Technology: Translation and Annotation of the Kaogong Ji, [End Page 591] translated by Jun Wenren. The publication of Guan Zengjian and Konrad Herrmann's full translation of Kao Gong Ji in both English and German is another valiant effort to do justice to this difficult and important text—and to promote global interest and research in ancient Chinese technologies. Guan and Herrmann's book is composed of an introduction, the text, analysis-commentaries, and bibliography. The introduction provides a concise examination of three issues, namely extant editions of Kao Gong Ji, its historical background, and the location and period of its origin. While the discussion of the editions of Kao Gong Ji and its origin is informative for readers in understanding the transmission history of the text, the survey of its historical background seems somewhat superfluous, since that information can be easily found in general surveys on China's history. The text comprises two parts, with Part One covering such sections as the manufacture of chariots, bronze weapons, measuring standards, and descriptions of the roles of associated craftsmen. Part Two includes other crafts and their craftsmen, such as the manufacturer of chimes, jade polishers, arrow tip manufacturers, potters, weapon carpenters, and construction workers. Compared to Wenren's book, which completely separates the English translation from the original classical Chinese text, the text in Guan and Herrmann's book is organized in sections, with each section comprising of the original text in classical Chinese, then the text translated into modern Chinese, English, and German in that sequence. This presentation provides readers with the great benefit of easily crosschecking a specific part of the text in different languages. It is interesting to compare Guan and Herrmann's English translation with those by Needham and Wenren. Needham's translation put more emphasis on the meaning of the text, while Wenren clearly followed Needham's approach and directly adapted Needham's translation at many points in his book. However, Guan and Herrmann's translation exhibits their own style, which is featured by the translation of almost every sentence in their original order. As a result, Needham's translation appears more fluent, while Guan and Herrmann's translation is better in reflecting the original writing structure and mode of the presentation of arguments of the text. The analysis-commentaries present some detailed discussions in English on ten major subjects, namely the manufacture of carriages, astronomy, bronze technology, bronze objects, metrology, musical instruments, jade, ceramics and porcelain, civil engineering, and the manufacture of bows. These discussions present a comprehensive review of previous studies that have been carried out over the past thirty years. For example, on the six formulas for bronze alloys, scholars have for decades debated over the explanation of the formula "金锡半(copper, tin one half)" for casting bronze mirrors. On the basis of previous studies, Guan and Herrmann have taken the ratio 2:1 as the formula for bronze mirrors, since "a desired silver-like colour of the alloy was achieved because of its high Sn content (ca.30%)" (p. 138). [End Page 592] The bibliography lists nearly all publications in Chinese related to Kao Gong Ji, in particular those of the past thirty years. They are organized into four groups: research papers, editions of Kao Gong...

Method Commission of Illegal Manufacture, Processing or Repair of Firearms or Fraud Unlawful Removal or Changes its Labeling or Illicit Manufacture of Ammunition, Explosives or Explosive Devices

The purpose of the scientific article is to find out ways to commit the illegal manufacture, processing or repair of firearms or falsification, illegal removal or alteration of their markings, or illegal manufacture of ammunition, explosives or explosive devices. The methodological basis of scientific research is a set of methods and techniques of scientific knowledge necessary to achieve a specific goal, the specifics of the object and subject of research. The use of methods ensured the validity and reliability of the research results. The leading method of research is dialectical, with the help of laws and categories which determine the methods of illegal manufacture, processing or repair of firearms or falsification, illegal removal or alteration of its markings, or illegal manufacture of ammunition, explosives or explosive devices. Special research methods were also used, namely: method of system analysis, system-structural, formal-logical, sociological and statistical. The scientific novelty of the publication is as follows: it is established that the main ways of committing the crime under investigation are active actions against firearms, ammunition, explosives or explosive devices: manufacture (for all weapons specified in Article 263-1 of the Criminal Code); reworking, removal of markings, change of markings (only for firearms); most ways of committing crimes are fully structured (have stages of preparation, commission and concealment); actions covered by the features of the crime are often a separate link in the chain of detailed criminal activities related to the illicit trafficking of weapons, ammunition, explosives or explosive devices; the expediency of the definition in Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine of criminal liability for illegal processing of ammunition. Conclusions. Most ways of committing crimes under Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, are fully structured, i.e. have stages: a) preparation: the choice of premises; preparation of necessary materials, devices, tools; use of publicly available information in open sources on manufacturing, making constructive changes in weapons; purchase of tools, metalworking devices; visits to facilities related to their production, storage and use; purposeful survey of military conflict zones; b) committing and c) concealment: non-appearance on call; giving false testimony; refusal to testify; putting forward a false alibi; destruction of traces and tools of crime; influencing witnesses. In addition to the established, typical ways of committing crimes under Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, identified trends to improve, modernize methods of illegal manufacture, processing or repair of weapons: high-tech processing, manufacturing using modern technical means; use of reference information, purchase of separate constructive mechanisms, details to armaments through the Internet sites; application of masking agents. Actions covered by the signs of a crime under Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is often a separate link in the chain of detailed planned criminal activities related to the illicit trafficking of weapons, ammunition, explosives or explosive devices

MICROTRACES IN THE SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORIST NATURE CRIMES

The article is devoted to study of problems of microtraces classification at the general theoretical and scientific forensic level with subsequent extrapolation to microtraces which form a typical trace evidence picture of forensic characteristics in terrorist nature crimes. The analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of microtrace allows us to identify and outline main features typical for this definition, namely: small size; small amount of substances and materials: invisible or faintly visible under normal conditions of observation; peculiarities of their detection, record, seizure and research. The classification of microtraces based on various grounds is provided. Thus, according to organization of matter (form of physical embodiment), microtraces (microparticles) are divided into: single physical formations (individual physical bodies with a stable form); substances (materials) that do not take the from of an individual body (liquids, powdered substances). In accordance with immediate source of origin, micro-objects are classified into two large groups: parts of natural origin (from natural objects); parts separated from objects that are largely processed or man-made. In the first group, four subgroups must be distinguished: microtraces that have separated from the human body; micro-objects from animal; microparticles from plants; micro-objects of mineral nature. When considering micro-objects in conjunction with carrier objects, they are differentiated by a trace-forming object and the type of contact with the carrier: overlay; inclusion; layering.
 It is noted that the most typical ways of committing terrorist nature crimes are the use of firearms, cold weapons and the use of explosive weapons and / or explosives.
 Taking into account the fact that manufacture, possession and use of explosive weapons or explosives for the investigation of crimes of this category affects the criminal law qualification, tactics of individual investigative actions (eg site inspection, search, etc.). Microtraces can be classified according to conditions and time of their formation into the following groups: formation of microtraces that are associated with illegal manufacture, acquisition, storage, sale of explosive weapons or explosives; microtraces of preparation of explosive weapons directly before the explosion; microtraces of explosive weapons. The analysis of the essence of these situations allowed the author to establish and provide an appropriate list of typical microtraces in investigation of terrorist nature crime.

Cumhuriyet Dönemi Sanayi Kentinin Biyografisi: Kırıkkale

It is known that national development efforts in the foundation process of the Republic of Turkey happened within the spatial organization and functional development processes of the settlements that took place both in urban and rural contexts. Thus, the effects of these policies in the rural context had been the design of new ideal villages called the Republican Villages (Cumhuriyet Koyu in Turkish), in order to regenerate and improve the agricultural production and also rural life. As for their reflections in the urban context, it can be said that it was founded in the early industrial towns like Kirikkale, Golcuk, Karabuk, Iskenderun, Batman which were specialized in military and strategic industries which depended on weapon, steel and iron manufacturing. The aim of this study is to analyze the development process of the spatialization, functionalisation and demographic changes of the city of Kirikkale. The city of Kirikkale was founded as an industrial town specialized in weapon manufacturing, which was improved with the development process of the city. The methodological framework of this study consists of three main stages. The first stage is assessing the data from written resources related to the socio– spatial history of the city of Kirikkale. The second stage is examining the statistical data about demographic trends of Kirikkale, and also the interpretation of the migration phenomenon and its effects on the city of Kirikkale in the spatial and functional contexts. The last stage is defining the historical development process of the city of Kirikkale by using schemas which were prepared using the information of spatial and functional analyses. It is considered that this study contributes to the academic context by discussing the spatial, functional and demographic effects of industrial investment decisions on urbanization processes. Also, it is thought that it presents an analytical framework for the Kirikkale case, in terms of planning decisions and strategies for the future in the context of the interaction between the industrialization and urbanization processes

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE PROVISIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TERRORISM TRAINING

Purpose: the article analyzes the problematic aspects of the criminalization of «training in terrorism» and «passing the training of the person of terrorism» in accordance with the requirements of international legal acts, identifies the shortcomings of such criminalization, the reasons and conditions for their occurrence, suggests ways to secure the relevant provisions in the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Research methods: the work used dialectic, comparative legal, systemic and some other general scientific and special methods. Results: a new version of article 258-6 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is proposed. Discussion: the search for ways to improve the implementation of the provisions of international legal acts in the norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. On October 28, 2015, an Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism was signed on behalf of Ukraine. Article 3 of the above Additional Protocol provides for the filling of the Convention with provisions regarding the criminalization of acts for «training in terrorism». The article of the Additional Protocol was proposed at one time to be implemented in the criminal legislation of Ukraine with the help of the new article 258-6 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine «Training in terrorism». This article proposes to criminalize «training in terrorism», that is, receiving instructions from a person, including acquiring knowledge or practical skills from another person regarding the manufacture or use of explosives, firearms or other weapons, or harmful or dangerous substances, or in relation to others specific methods or technical means with the aim of organizing, preparing or committing criminal offenses provided for in Articles 258 - 258-5, 258-7 of this Code. We propose that this article also criminalize «training in terrorism», as recommended by Article 7 of the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism. In the Criminal Code of Ukraine, responsibility for this crime is established in Article 258-4 «Assistance in the commission of a terrorist act», which stipulates responsibility for the recruitment, financing, material support, weapons, training of a person for the purpose of committing a terrorist act, as well as the use of a person for this purpose. We consider the implementation of criminal responsibility for «training in terrorism» unsuccessful. In our opinion, this implementation does not take into account the requirements of the Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism regarding the criminalization of this type of crime in a separate article. The terminology introduced is also not consistent with the terminology of these international legal acts. Based on the analysis, we offer a new edition of Article 258-6 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

Pakistan's Low Yield Nuclear Weapons and Indian Option of Limited War

Since the publication of the Cold Start Doctrine by India in 2004, India had been preparing for launching a limited war against Pakistan. In the face of an Indian threat of limited war, Pakistan had no other option but to go for the manufacture of low yield nuclear weapons. With the introduction of the low yield nuclear weapons by Pakistan with an official announcement in 2015, Pakistan had been able to contain Indians from pursuing the path of limited war against it. This paper has looked into the role Pakistan's low yield nuclear weapons in dealing with the threat of limited conventional war under the Indian Cold Start Doctrine. Firstly, it has explored three Indo-Pak crises with limited war dimensions, which occurred subsequently in 2008, 2016 and 2019 and brought a fear of limited war on Pakistan's side. Secondly, it has explained the changing military doctrines of India and Pakistan and further highlighted the gap which led to the emergence of India's Cold Start Doctrine and Pakistan's low yield nuclear weapons. Third, it has looked at the role of Pakistan's low yield nuclear weapons in creating a roadblock in the Indian Cold Start Doctrine. Finally, it has given a discussion and summary.

Application of Entity Relation Extraction Method Under CRF and Syntax Analysis Tree in the Construction of Military Equipment Knowledge Graph

In the field of military research, manufacturing and management of weapons and equipment are very important. Due to the continuous advancement of science and technology, many military equipment databases have a loose structure, which makes them difficult to be utilized efficiently, resulting in low efficiency, chaotic management, and other issues. In order to solve these problems, an entity-relation extraction method based on CRF and syntactic analysis tree is proposed according to the latest text extraction algorithm. Finally, a military knowledge graph construction method is optimized via massive data training, model comparison and improvement. The ternary data extraction method is significantly better than the single algorithm extraction method, and the accuracy of the extracted training model can reach 72%. Compared with the traditional entity-relation extraction method, the accuracy of the entity-relation extraction method based on the fusion of CRF and syntax analysis tree is improved by 12.6% when the confidence model is added, and the comprehensive evaluation accuracy can reach 78.11%. This result has significant practical value for the construction of knowledge graphs in the field of military equipment.

PHENOMENON OF YOUTH MILITARY GAME IN MILITARIS DOMESTIC CULTURE

Introduction. One of the main areas of educational activity is preparing young generation of our citizens to defend their country, as well as involving them in all types of public affairs during the period of peaceful life. The upbringing system in history of formation of archaic cultures included various types of physical and moral-ethical tests, it had a sacred character, thereby providing a colossal defense resource for their territories. In modern intercivilizational communication, the procedure of forming a "peaceful man" or "Homo humanitatis", whose ancestor was a military man ("Homo militaris") on the example of practical possibilities of the phenomenon of youth military game in the culture of the Ukrainian Cossacks, is undoubtedly a topical issue of domestic socio-philosophical analysis. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis.Studying of the peculiarities of the mentality in the field of military activity begin in the middle of the 20th century in the works by W. Wundt on the psychology of nations, L. Levy-Bruhl's works on the problems of the mentality of archaic society, as well as the works by C. Levi-Strauss, O. Losev, W. Propp, E. Taylor, A. Toynbee, J. Frazer, J. Huizinga, and in the works by S. Huntington we find the analysis of common civilizational values and ways to preserve cultural identity.The aim. The article investigates modern theoretical and methodological approaches to filling the phenomenon of competitive military game in the militaris national culture. The research methodology is based on a system-structural, hermeneutic and activity approach. In turn, the application of comparative analysis, analytical, dialectical, historical-logical and retrospective methods provide an analysis of the relationships and connections of the basic components of the socio-philosophical dimension of social reality.The statement of basic materials.The militaris culture is not only a way of thinking about specific levels of individual and collective consciousness, but it necessarily takes into account social experience, life-affirming complex of national traditions, originality of culturological possibilities of the game phenomenon, therefore, we can say that significant changes in the military sphere of life are due to national territorial affiliation participants in war Game and their personal attitude to humanitarian dimension of war. Gradually, the military sphere of culture becomes the basis for the historical process of formation of certain norms and rules of coexistence of the whole community, due to which the legal and regulatory function of culture is carried out. Newly created empires have always been ready to repel aggressive intentions, but even barbaric military groups quickly master technical advances and learn the art of war. This historical recurrence leads to changes in the social structure itself, when, as a result of the active development of military affairs, a disciplined military class is formed from which the administrative elite of state associations stands out. A gradual change in military conditions in life of society ensures further development of a state as a cultural entity, and the ethnic characteristics of various forms of military art and the sacred nature of weapon manufacture contributed to preservation of community integrity and transition from forms of military activity to processes of state creation. Conclusion. The article proves the position that military culture has always objectively been one of the main components of civilizational development, and the understanding of the cardinal contradiction of military conflicts today must be resolved exclusively in such socio-cultural contexts as science, education, art, etc. It was noted that in this case one can try to change the world tragedy of the destruction of the life of a particular person into a military virtual Game as a component of an intercivilizational dialogue.

Военная лексика в деловых письмах хана Аюки и русских переводах 1714 г.

Vocabulary in the ethnolinguistic aspect is considered as a verbal manifestation of the national culture. A special layer of the lexical system of the Kalmyk language, the formation of which is associated with the conditions of the socio-political life of the Kalmyks, is represented by the vocabulary of military affairs. The study of military vocabulary in the Kalmyk language touches on various aspects: historical lexicology, lexical borrowings, lexicographical description. The military vocabulary of the Kalmyk language at the present stage is considered as part of socio-political vocabulary. As sources of the material for the study of military vocabulary, works of fiction, folklore texts, the epos “Dzhangar”, old Kalmyk business texts, lexicographic publications were used. At the same time, the military vocabulary of the Kalmyk language in synchronous and historical aspects remains insufficiently studied. Materials. The work is based on the material of letters of the Kalmyk Khan Ayuka (1714) and Russian translations of these letters (1714) stored in the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia. The transliteration and transposition to the modern Kalmyk graphics used in the article were made by D. B. Gedeeva. The author analyzes military vocabulary that is specific for that historical period under consideration and relates to several thematic subgroups: 1) names associated with the general concept of ceriq ‘army’; 2) representatives of a certain type of troops; 3) the type of military activity; 4) names of substances that are used for the manufacture of weapons (ammunition). Findings. The elements of the thematic group of military vocabulary analyzed in the article, recorded in business letters of Khan Ayuka for 1714, give a clearer picture of the history of the development of the lexical system of the Kalmyk language and the ethnolinguistic specificity of the business text — original and translated. An analysis of the use of the names of general concepts in business letters, representatives of a certain kind of troops, means for making ammunition reveals the specifics and patterns of functioning of one of the lexical subsystems of the Kalmyk language, confirms the possibility of replenishing existing dictionaries with outdated words and creating a separate dictionary of Kalmyk business letters of the 18th century.

The Influence of Alloying Elements on Surface Hardness of Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Layers of Barrels

The article deals with a chemical composition of saturated layers after ferritic nitrocarburizing process. Experiments are focused on using of gas ferritic nitrocarburizing processes for surface treatment due to increasing of surface hardness with low influence on the dimensional accuracy. Ferritic nitrocarburizing processes were applied to steels 42CrMo4 (sample A4) and 32CrMoV12-10 (sample B4) used for weapon manufacturing, which were subsequently evaluated by electron microscopy due to documentation of surface morphology; GDOES and microhardness methods due to check of the fundamental mechanical properties significant for requiring function of barrel. The results of measurement showed high influence of alloying elements on surface hardness of created carbide-nitride layer after chemical-heat treatment process. Main task was to compare microhardness and morphology after ferritic nitrocarburizing in accordance with chemical composition.

국제법상 환경보호를 위한 핵무기 규제에 관한 연구

In view of past historical experiences, there have been growing concerns that the development, use and proliferation of nuclear weapons can cause widespread and severe damage to the global environment, in spite of differences in the perceptions of environmental risks of nuclear weapons depending on the time period and situation. Thus, the proliferation and use of nuclear weapons has long been one of the major issues in the international community, including environmental aspects. As a result, international legal regulations have been attempted for the manufacture, production, acquisition, possession, transportation, deployment, stockpiling, tests and use of nuclear weapons through multilateral treaties, including international environmental law, and the issue was subjected to judicial judgment by the International Court of Justice (ICJ).BR In light of the potential danger of environmental destruction and damage caused by nuclear weapons, which is more severe and massive than by any other conventional weapons, regulation of nuclear weapons for environmental protection is recognized as a major task in modern international law. The traditional approach to nuclear weapon regulation has been primarily discussed in connection with national security, the prohibition of use of force, nuclear disarmament, and the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, partially establishing relevant international norms in the respective fields.BR However, comprehensive regulation is still a long way off through the traditional approach. In addition, as ICJ indicated in its 1996 advisory opinion, this approach is somewhat inappropriate in obtaining a clear answer as to whether there is an international legal obligation to protect the environment from nuclear weapons, whether in peace or at war. Moreover, it is still questioned whether current international norms on nuclear weapon regulation can be an effective international legal basis for environmental protection.BR The author, based on this perception, reviewed the main relevant provisions of major international treaties in the fields of nuclear disarmament and denuclearization (Chapter Ⅱ), international humanitarian law (Chapter Ⅲ), and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) (Chapter Ⅳ), which have been discussed as the influential legal basis to regulate nuclear weapons for the environmental protection in international law, and respectively analyzed their effectiveness as well. Through these discussions, from the perspective of ‘environmental protection’ in the non-ideological and non-political points of view, the author looks forward to being able to provide helpful motives to establish regional and/or global legal regime to not only protect the global environment, but also realize genuine humanitarianism and human rights protection by permanently removing nuclear weapons and achieving denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula.

The concept of biological warfare and real biological attacks

In the current military-political context, with the Cold War having ended, we find ourselves in full anti-terror war, in which Romania is a direct participant, as a member of N.A.T.O. and the E.U., and the issue of biological warfare and bioterrorism is again highly topical but bearing other valences. There is information that there are still laboratories and plants specializing in the research and manufacture of biological weapons. Most of the results of such research are not intended to be published; however, a number of research guidelines that testify to the trends in the improvement of biological weapons and their means of use can be deduced from the data published by researchers from several research institutes. We believe that the threats posed by bioterrorism are real and that it is mandatory to be prepared at any time to prevent, combat and liquidate the consequences of ""bio-chem"" attacks, respectively the management of the consequences.