Weapons Industry Research Articles

An Anatolian Type Metal Hammer-Axe from Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology and Some Remarks on the Development, Production and Symbolic Value of This Type

Anadolu'da Erken Tunç Çağında çok sayıda örnek ve farklı tiplerle temsil edilen sap delikli baltalar bu dönem metal silah endüstrisinin en önemli gruplarından birini oluşturmakta ve gerek kronolojik gerekse bölgelerarası ilişkiler açısından önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Bodrum Sualtı Arkeoloji Müzesi'nde bulunan ve daha önce yayınlanmamış bir çekiç balta, sap delikli metal baltaların özel bir tipini temsil etmektedir. Bu çalışma, Bodrum örneğinden hareketle bu tipin köken ve gelişim çizgisini ortaya koymak yanında olası üretim teknikleri ve kullanım biçimlerine yönelik soruları da cevaplamayı amaçlamaktadır. Benzer örneklerin bir bütün halinde değerlendirilmesi, bu tipin Batı Anadolu'ya özgü bir form olarak MÖ 3. Binyılın ortalarından sonra geliştiğini ve kısmen diğer bölgelere de yayıldığını net bir şekilde ortaya koymaktadır. Kimi örneklerin sağlam kontekstlerinden elde edilen bilgiler de bu tip eserlerin, toplumda belirli bir statüdeki bireylerin sahip oldukları güç ve iktidarın bir yansıması olarak sembolik anlamlara sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

Precision forging technology for aluminum alloy

Aluminum alloy is a preferred metal material for lightweight part manufacturing in aerospace, automobile, and weapon industries due to its good physical properties, such as low density, high specific strength, and good corrosion resistance. However, during forging processes, underfilling, folding, broken streamline, crack, coarse grain, and other macro- or microdefects are easily generated because of the deformation characteristics of aluminum alloys, including narrow forgeable temperature region, fast heat dissipation to dies, strong adhesion, high strain rate sensitivity, and large flow resistance. Thus, it is seriously restricted for the forged part to obtain precision shape and enhanced property. In this paper, progresses in precision forging technologies of aluminum alloy parts were reviewed. Several advanced precision forging technologies have been developed, including closed die forging, isothermal die forging, local loading forging, metal flow forging with relief cavity, auxiliary force or vibration loading, casting-forging hybrid forming, and stamping-forging hybrid forming. High-precision aluminum alloy parts can be realized by controlling the forging processes and parameters or combining precision forging technologies with other forming technologies. The development of these technologies is beneficial to promote the application of aluminum alloys in manufacturing of lightweight parts.

أثر النهضة الصناعية الأندلسية في تغير وجه الحضارة الغربية : تطور صناعة الأسلحة = The Impact of the Andalusian Industrial Revival on the Western Civilization : The Development of Weapons Industry

مع التحول الرقمي العالمى في جميع المجالات واجهت الصحف في شتى أنحاء العالم أزمة حادة في التحرير وتقنيات الإنتاج ، مما هدد استمرار الصحيفة المطبوعة في الإصدار ودعى إلى ضرورة التغيير. حيث تفتقد الصحيفة المطبوعة إلى عنصري الصورة المتحرکة والتفاعلية المباشرة، الذين يمثلان عنصرين أساسيين في العملية الإتصالية الرقمية وهما ما يدفع الجمهور إلى الإقبال على الصحافة الإلکترونية والإعلام الرقمى بصفه عامه. وبالرغم من ان الثورة الرقمية هي من هدد وجود الصحيفة المطبوعه إلا انها هي أيضا من أوجدت فرصا جديدة للبقاء. حيث ظهرت استراتيجية جديدة للصحف المطبوعة تتمثل في دمج تقنية الواقع المعزز Augmented reality داخل صفحاتها، لتصبح الصحيفة المطبوعة أحد أنماط الوسائط المتعددة الهجينة. فمن خلال تلک التقنية يحدث تراکب رقمي على الصفحة المطبوعة بإضافة محتوى متعدد الوسائط ، يشمل ملفات الفيديو والصوت ووصلات للربط مع وسائل الاعلام الاجتماعية، وأکثر من ذلک. وتعمل هذه التقنية على تحويل الصورة الثابتة التي نشاهدها في الصحيفة المطبوعة إلى صورة متحرکة وفيديو نشاهده عبرالأجهزة الذکية بمختلف أنواعها واشکالها.وينظر إلي الواقع المعزز (AR) على أنه تکنولوجيا المستقبل والمصدر الرئيسي للدخل في وسائل الإعلام المطبوعة. تعرض هذه الدراسة وصف ومناقشة تطبيقات الواقع المعزز في الصحف المطبوعة لتحليل وتقييم استخدام التقنية المستحدثه لتحسين فعالية وکفاءة الصحيفة المطبوعة الأتصالية،ولتحديد کيف يمکن لتقنية الواقع المعزز (AR) کتقنية هجينة مع تقنية الطباعة تغيير مفهوم الصحافة المطبوعة والأستفادة من مميزات دمج تقنية الواقع المعزز لرقمنة الصحيفة المطبوعه وتحسين تفاعليتها. حيث أنتهجت الدراسة المنهجين الوصفي التحليلي والمسحى الميدانى،عن طريق تحليل دمج تقنية الواقع المعزز مع الصحف المطبوعة، ثم إجراء دراسة ميدانية من خلال مجموعة من المقابلات الشخصية المقننة باستمارة استبيان مع عدد خمسين من المتخصيين والخبراء في مجال الطباعة والإعلام المصرى من أساتذة الجامعات والمسؤليين والعاملين في المؤسسات الصحفية (کجهات فاعلة في اتخاذ قرار التطبيق والتنبأ بمدى فاعليته). بغرض مسح آراء النخبة حول تطبيق الواقع المعزز لرقمنة الصحف المطبوعه المصرية وتحسين فاعليتها الأتصالية ، والوقوف على أهم التحديات التقنية والمؤسسية والجوانب البشرية والمجتمعية التي يمکن أن تواجه تطبيق تلک التقنية ، ثم تحديد فرص نجاحها في ظل تلک التحديات. وکانت أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة أنه بالرغم من أن مدى فوائد دمج تقنيه الواقع المعزز مع الصحف المطبوعة مازال غير واضح المعالم وخاضع للمناقشة والبحث،إلا أن تقنية الواقع المعزز تمثل أحد أفضل الخيارات الأستراتيجية المتاحة لتحسين فاعلية اتصال الصحيفة المطبوعة وجعلها أحد وسائل الإعلام الهجينة.

Back to Hobbes?

Back to Hobbes?

후속군수지원 데이터 분석을 활용한 무기체계 품질향상 방법론

첨단화된 무기체계는 화력이 증가하고 다양한 기능이 추가됐지만, 무기의 결함은 치명적인 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 군은 무기체계 개발 혹은 운용 시 발생하는 결함을 최소화하기 위해 품질향상의 필요성을 제기하고 있다. 최근 제조업에서는 품질 향상을 위해 품질 데이터를 활용한 빅 데이터 분석에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 방위산업도 품질향상을 위해 다양한 시도를 하고 있지만, 무기 체계 개발 단계에서는 데이터 수집이 어려운 특성으로 인해 합리적인 품질분석이 불가능하다. 따라서 본 논문은 후속군수지원 단계의 데이터를 활용하여 무기체계와 부대에 대한 결함 유형을 분석한다. 후속군수지원 데이터는 전력화 이후에 수집되는 데이터로써 무기체계를 사용하는 부대들의 정비 요청에 관한 정보를 포함한다. 이러한 정보를 통해 본 연구는 무기체계의 결함에 영향을 미치는 변수들을 선택하고, 선택된 변수들에 대한 분석을 수행한다. 이러한 분석 결과는 무기개발 시 고려해야할 중요한 요인들을 찾고, 이를 반영한 무기체계 품질향상 방법론을 제안한다. 이 방법론은 무기체계 개발 기간을 단축시키고, 결함을 줄여 품질향상에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다. Although advanced weapon system weapons with high-performance and various functions have been developed, weapon defects can be fatal in the weapons industry. Therefore, the army requires quality improvement to reduce the number of defects which occur during both the development and operation of the weapon system. Recently, many manufacturers, including weapons manufacturers, have conducted analyses using defect related big-data in order to improve the quality. However, there have been few data analyses, because it is difficult to obtain the data required for the analysis of the development phase. Therefore, this study summarizes the pattern of the weapon system, military organization, and defect types using the actual data of the Post-Logistics Support (PLS) phase. The PLS data, which is referred to as the data collected after force integration, includes information on requests for maintenance. Through this information, this study selects key variables and analyzes the selected variables. The analysis results show the critical factors to be considered during the development phase. Finally, this study proposes a framework for advanced PLS systems using the PLS data. The proposed framework enables the development time of weapon systems to be further shortened and their quality to be improved.

Quantifying technology–industry spillover effects based on patent citation network analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies have been fast developing over the past 20years and are expected to generate extensive spillovers into other industry sectors. However, no previous studies have investigated such spillover effects. In this study, we propose the framework of two-mode network analysis to quantify the spillover effects of UAV technology into various industries using patent citation data of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. A two-mode matrix consists of rows corresponding to UAV technologies and columns corresponding to beneficiary industries, and the value depicts the spillover probability obtained using International Patent Classification codes and the technology/industry concordance table. The out- and in-degree centralities of the spillover network are used to identify strong spillover-generating UAV technologies and strong spillover-receiving industries, respectively. We observed that the weapon industry received extensive spillover effects during the period 2005–2009. Based on Mann–Kendall tests, the spillover effects of UAV-related software technologies exhibited a consistently upward trend during both the last 10 and 20years. The past significant trend of spillovers can help us to forecast future trends. The proposed quantification method can be readily applied to investigate other specific technology–industry spillover patterns.

Ethical Responsibility for the Social Production of Tuberculosis.

Approximately one in two hundred persons in the Marshall Islands have active tuberculosis (TB). We examine the historical antecedents of this situation in order to assign ethical responsibility for the present situation. Examining the antecedents in terms of Galtung's dialectic of personal versus structural violence, we can identify instances in the history of the Marshall Islands when individual subjects made decisions (personal violence) with large-scale ecologic, social, and health consequences. The roles of medical experimenters, military commanders, captains of the weapons industry in particular, and industrial capitalism in general (as the cause of global warming) are examined. In that, together with Lewontin, we also identify industrial capitalism as the cause of tuberculosis, we note that the distinction between personal versus structural violence is difficult to maintain. By identifying the cause of the tuberculosis in the Marshall Islands, we also identify what needs be done to treat and prevent it.

The Change of Surface Parameters of 42CrMo4 Steel Treated by Surface Technologies

Plasma nitriding is widely used in many technical applications as a final operation to improve the mechanical and surface properties of steel. Recently, many studies have been investigated combination of plasma nitriding and other surface treatments. This work is focused in study of structural and mechanical properties of 42CrMo4 steel, which was treated by the technologies of plasma nitriding, tenifer and combined with others surface treatment technologies used in the weapon industry: manganese phosphate and blackening. Plasma nitriding was carried out under different nitriding gas mixture at 500ºC for 10h. The results of GDOES layer composition profile, microhardness (HV 0.05), surface hardness measurement and microstructure evaluation were supplemented by the parameters of surface texture. The experiment showed that the change of structure resp. parameters of layer and surface texture after thermochemical treatment depends not only on type of treatment but also on the substrate.

Fracture assessment of inclined U-notches made of aluminum 2014-T6 under prevalent Mode II loading by means of J-integral

Abstract In this paper, the J-integral has been evaluated for specimens with inclined U-notches loaded under a prevalent Mode II (i.e. K II /K I ratio greater than 1). Finite element analyses using ABAQUS software have been applied for evaluation of the J-integral. J = J cr criterion has been used to predict the critical fracture load. The value of J cr has been determined by means of some useful formulas available in the literature. Some specimens have been produced by aluminum 2014-T6 with inclined U-notches. The aim of selecting aluminum 2014-T6 is that this material has several applications in aerospace industries such as in aircraft for fittings and wheels, as well as applications in machinery, military and weapons industries. The produced specimens have been tested under prevalent Mode II loading. The results of the critical fracture load predicted numerically are in good agreement with the results obtained experimentally for Al2014-T6.

Industry in the city of Tennis (230-588 AH / 845-1192 AD) - a historical study -

Tennis is one of the most prominent industrial cities in Islamic Egypt during the period extending from the third century AH until the end of the sixth century AH, as it was characterized by many industries, especially shipbuilding, ceramics, pottery and glass industries, metallurgy, weapons industry, and industries based on agricultural products. Its industries at all are the textile industry, as Tennis was known as an industrial city through its famous textiles, especially linen textiles such as drinking, dubiqi, and poklamoun.

Modeling fragmentation with new high order finite element technology and node splitting

The modeling of fragmentation has historically been linked to the weapons industry where the main goal is to optimize a bomb or to design effective blast shields. Numerical modeling of fragmentation from dynamic loading has traditionally been modeled by legacy finite element solvers that rely on element erosion to model material failure. However this method results in the removal of too much material. This is not realistic as retaining the mass of the structure is critical to modeling the event correctly. We propose a new approach implemented in the IMPETUS AFEA SOLVER ® based on the following: New High Order Finite Elements that can easily deal with very large deformations; Stochastic distribution of initial damage that allows for a non homogeneous distribution of fragments; and a Node Splitting Algorithm that allows for material fracture without element erosion that is mesh independent. The approach is evaluated for various materials and scenarios: -Titanium ring electromagnetic compression; Hard steel Taylor bar impact, Fused silica Taylor bar impact, Steel cylinder explosion, The results obtained from the simulations are representative of the failure mechanisms observed experimentally. The main benefit of this approach is good energy conservation (no loss of mass) and numerical robustness even in complex situations.

Development of a Model Considering High-Speed Sliding Wear

AbstractWear is defined as “the removal of material volume through some mechanical process between two surfaces.” This paper focuses on the steps necessary to evaluate wear due to dry sliding between two surfaces at high velocity. Currently, there is a need to identify and compare materials that can endure sliding wear under severe conditions such as high velocities. The high costs associated with the field experimentation of systems subject to high-speed sliding have prevented the collection of the necessary data required to characterize this phenomenon. Simulating wear through finite elements (FEs) would enable its prediction and would reduce experimentation. In the aerospace, automotive, and weapon industries, such a model can aid in material selection, design, and/or testing of systems subjected to wear.

Arms, Exports, Influence: Institutional Corruption in the German Arms Export Regime

The present article analyses the role of the arms industry in the German arms export control regime, and examines the claim that the illegitimate influence of industry interests has diverted the regime from its original restrictive function. The article applies the concept of institutional corruption, which is defined as a systemic or strategic influence that undermines an institution’s effectiveness by diverting it from its purpose. The article discusses the German arms export regime, examines the characteristics of the German weapons industry, and then goes on to analyze the strategic influence exerted by the German arms industry through the lens of the concept of institutional corruption. It discusses a range of practices associated with this concept, for example the so-called revolving door phenomenon and contributions to political parties, and their consequences for the regime’s trustworthiness. Finally, this article discusses the role of secrecy in making the German arms export regime more vulnerable to institutional corruption, and lays the basis for reform proposals.By using the concept of institutional corruption, this article sheds light on aspects of the issue that have long been ignored and connects the dots between lack of parliamentary control and of political transparency, and insufficient regulation of lobbying activities and other forms of interrelationships between politics and the industry. This article comes to the conclusion that both secrecy within the authorization regime and lack of transparency regarding corporate attempts to exert influence are causing the arms export regime to be extremely vulnerable to institutional corruption, since supervision and control by political and civil society actors are effectively limited.

Effect of High-Temperature Alloy Cutting Speed on Tool Wear

High-temperature alloy is an important material in making critical aerospace engine parts, it is also used in weapons industry, energy, chemical, power, etc. In this article, DEFORM-3D software applications to establish a three-dimensional cutting model of high-temperature alloy GH4169. Combined with cutting experiment analysis the characteristics of the tool wear and cutting temperature by change cutting speeds, and optimized cutting parameters combined with experimental on tool wear.

이스라엘의 안보환경과 국방정책

This paper is to analyze Israel``s security environment and defense policy. For the purpose of that, this paper searches for Israel``s history and changing security environment, Israel``s defence policy and military strategy, its implications and lessons for Korea, and conclusion. Israel borders Lebanon in the North, Syria in the Northeast, Jordan in the East, Egypt in the Southwest, and the Palestinian territories(or State of Palestine) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip on the east and southwest respectively. Jordan and Egypt are the only Arab countries to have made peace with Israel. Israel is a republic in Southwest Asia, on the Mediterranean Sea: established in 1948, in the former British mandate of Palestine, as a primarily Jewish state; 8 disputes with Arab neighbours (who did not recognize the state of Israel), erupted into full-scale wars in 1948, 1956, 1967 (the Six Day War), and 1973 (the Yom Kippur War). The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The Israel Defense Forces(founded during the 1948 Arab.Israeli War) is the military forces of the State of Israel, and consists of the army, air force and navy. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with the Mossad and Shabak. The IDF has been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world. The IDF maintains approximately 176,500 active troops and an additional 445,000 reservists. The nation``s military relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports. Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons. Israel has about 400 nuclear bombs secretly, and Israel prefers not to discuss the nuclear issue at all. Israel is one of the best equipped militaries in the world and its weapons industry is responsible for many technological advancements in modern warfare. It should come as no surprise, then, that Israel has the capacity to strike its targets with extreme precision. Deterrence also means restoring the standing of the Israel Defence Forces. Israeli military doctrine and its offensive, defensive and deterrence strategies are identified as the most important subcomponents of the security policy. Military service is compulsory in Israel, with men serving three years and women two. Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men serve three years and women two to three years. In particular, since military service is compulsory in Israel, many young people get a high-tech education unlike any other Although the regional security environment has deteriorated, Israel remains a strong state. Israeli society has displayed remarkable resilience in the past when faced with severe national security tests. Despite the impressionistic reports of a divided Israel, nowadays it is more united than ever, ready to continue to live by its sword. With the right leadership, Israel can make the right choices and weather the current crisis. We should learn many lessons and implication from major features of Israeli defense policy(①Self-reliant national defense posture, ②Reinforcement of military force that value quality over quantity, ③Maintenance of solid deterrence, ④Efficient management of integrated forces and constant reserve forces) and major features of Israeli military strategy(①Preemptive strike, ② Transferring the battlefield to the enemy’s territory, ③Promoting the quickest decisive victory). History may repeat itself if we do not learn our lessons from the sore past that we should be strong enough to repel aggression from any nation. The moment we forget, history will repeat itself. We always should keep in mind the universal lesson of history that we have to prepare for war if we really want peace.

Total nuclear disarmament: ethical and moral issues

Moving focus from the geostrategic and political realms to ethical and moral ones can lead to a better understanding of the paradox of “guaranteeing peace” by means of implementing an infrastructure for the extinction of mankind (i.e. the nuclear weapons industry). A possible way forward is derived from this major paradigm shift. The analysis is contextualized within the broader scope of questioning the implicit legitimization of unrestrained tampering with nature, from matter to life.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN NASIONAL (Studi kasus pada Industri Senjata)

Military weapons industries supporting industries most likely to be developed into a leading center of technology in accordance with the type of industry. With that goal achieved through Total Quality Management is an approach oriented to continuous quality improvement. Based on this analysis needs to be done related to the components of total quality management what are the qualities that support the quality of production and how its application in the arms industry and how to identify one component of total quality management that affect the quality improvement of quality related to changes in the occurrence of downtime in production with the method klongsong MVSM. On the basis of the proposed theoretical model, the analysis of corporate performance, descriptive analysis and analysis of TQM. TQM implementation is based on customer focus, obsession with quality, scientific approach, long-term commitment, teamwork, continuous improvement systems, education and training, unity of purpose, as well as the involvement and empowerment of employees

Exposure and genetics increase risk of beryllium sensitisation and chronic beryllium disease in the nuclear weapons industry

ObjectivesBeryllium sensitisation (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) are caused by exposure to beryllium with susceptibility affected by at least one well-studied genetic host factor, a glutamic acid residue at...

Development of Empirical formula Prediction on Critical Impact Energy for Perforation Phenomena on Concrete Structures

Concrete is basic construction material used for plentiful kind of structure. However, in the typical vital structures have to be designed as self-protective such as nuclear plants, Power plants, Weapon Industries, weapons storage places, water retaining structures, & etc., which provides protection against any natural disaster tragedy incident or intentionally produced horrible incidents such as dynamic loading, incident occurs in nuclear plants, terrorist attack, war, missile attack, Tsunami and etc. This paper questioningly is paying concentration on judgment on minimum required kinetic energy for perforation on the concrete structures generated by hard missile using curve fitting empirical study. Argue overcome from this newly developed empirical formula can be used for making design recommendations and design procedures for determining the dynamic reaction of the target to foil perforation.

Ogive Nose Hard Missile Penetrating Concrete Slab Numerical Simulation Approach

Great demand exists for more efficient design to protect delicate and serious structures such as nuclear plants, Power plants, Weapon Industries, weapons storage places, water retaining structures, & etc, against impact of kinetic missiles generated both accidentally and deliberately such as dynamic loading, incident occurs in nuclear plants, terrorist attack, Natural disasters like tsunami and etc., in various impact and blast scenarios for both civilian and military activities. In many cases, projectiles can be treated as rigid bodies when their damage and erosion are not severe. Due to the intricacy of the local impact damages, investigations are generally based on experimental data. Conclusions of the experimental observations are then used to guide engineering models. Local damages studies normally fall into three categories, i.e. empirical formulae based on data fitting, idealised analytical models based on physic laws and numerical simulations based on computational mechanics and material models. In the present study, 2D asymmetrical numerical simulation have done on concrete slab against the impact of ogive nose hard missile of 26.90mm and 76.20mm diameter with CRH ratio 2.0 and 6.0 respectively, for penetration by using Concrete Damaged Plasticity Model, and ABAQUS/Explicit dynamic analysis in ABAQUS. It is found that the strains/stresses are induced in the concrete slab and a very nicely propagation of the stresses inside the concrete slab in the form of waves, which is a clear indication for vibrations of the concrete. The lack of failure criterion in concrete damaged plasticity model does not allow the removal of elements during the analyses. This means that spalling, scabbing, and perforation cannot be modelled with the Concrete Damage Plasticity Model. The penetration depth results shows that the deeper penetration requires higher critical impact kinetic energies, and comparison shows the simulation results are more accurate than other formulae predicted results.